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PubMed1992

Imaginal, sensory, and cognitive experience in spontaneous recovery from alcoholism.

Although alcoholism is often regarded as an intractable disorder that requires intensive treatment, studies of the natural history of alcoholism indicate that unaided, spontaneous recovery may be the most common pathway to remission from alcoholism. Negative environmental consequences of alcoholic drinking have been invoked to explain spontaneous recovery, but a more compelling reason for sudden changes in drinking behavior concerns shifts in the personal meanings surrounding alcohol use. Extensive interviews in a multimodal format were conducted with two groups of alcoholics: one group comprised of 7 subjects who spontaneously recovered without treatment and the other group comprised of 9 people who believed formal treatment was necessary to abstain from drinking. Spontaneously recovered alcoholics reported experiencing vivid sensations and images at the time they decided to quit drinking, and they reported subsequent transformations of their personal identities. Active alcoholics reported no comparable experiences in imaginal, sensory, and cognitive modalities. Implications of the results for current alcoholism treatments are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Guided imagination as an intervention in hopelessness.

Individual participants have returned to share the improvements made in scholastic and personal endeavors after continued use of the exercises/methods presented at the workshop. Other students requested repeated workshops/sessions directed toward reducing personal stress of negative expectations and for use with clients. Spreading the exercises over time appears to enhance integration and change. Future research is needed to document the efficacy of using imagery in nursing for students as well as for patients. For some clinical populations immediate results are often needed, for example those presenting with "giving up" behaviors in critical care areas. This concern remains for future research. It is speculated also that in the extreme of the data from this study, as evidenced in the unequal regression slopes, some significance may be hidden or masked. It is recommended that research continue utilizing academic as well as clinical populations identified as experiencing hopelessness. Indicators of short-term change must be developed and tested. It also is recommended that nurses interested in mind/body interaction pursue studies using imagery as a potential nursing intervention and begin the development of tools to document these interventions. Clients, staff, and students who experience hopelessness tend toward "giving up" behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a workshop in guided imagination techniques on the condition of hopelessness. Although no statistically significant results can be reported from this study, nurses need to continue to develop imagery intervention techniques and to investigate, through research, the efficacy of these interventions. It is hoped that nurses in psychiatric and non-psychiatric settings will read the abundant, rich literature on the uses of imagery in the health sciences and will begin to explore the possibilities that exist for its application in nursing.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Side preference in adults for holding infants: contributions of sex and handedness in a test of imagination.

Five hundred one right-handers (150 men, 351 women) and 53 left-handers (15 men, 38 women) were asked to imagine holding a young infant in their arms. Right-handers reported significant left-side biases--in 68% of the men and 73% of the women. For left-handers, side preferences were weaker, the left-side bias dropping to 47% for men and 60% for women, with neither figure different from chance. The results are discussed in the context of theory and research on the functional neuroanatomy of attention, emotional arousal, and the generation, maintenance, and manipulation of mental images.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The Alps and the imagination.

In the late 19th century, mountaineer and essayist Sir Leslie Stephen wrote that the Alps were "Europe's Playground." His words were prescient: the Alps are today one of the continent's most valued recreation areas. However, the importance of Stephen's words can only be appreciated when set in historical context. One hundred years earlier, his remark would have been laughed at. Until the late 18th century the Alps were a source of fear to travellers and of mystery to scientists. They were an uncharted wilderness at the heart of the world's most crowded continent. Yet, within a remarkably short space of time, they were mapped, developed and exploited. Their current status as "playground" is bound intrinsically to a shift in imagination, beginning in the 16th century and accelerating dramatically between the years 1800 and 1914, that has transformed them, in popular perception, from a realm of terror and superstition to one of beauty, relaxation and contemplation. Driven by fresh perspectives in the fields of science, music, literature and aesthetics, the metamorphosis has affected our appreciation not only of the Alps but of every mountain range in the world.

Cold Climate↗
PubMed2005

Commemorating nursing: an exercise in historical imagination.

From the early 1900s, New Zealand nurses joined an international tradition of commemorating nurses and significant nursing events by establishing memorials. These were acts of 'historical imagination'. This article proposes that nurses have erected four kinds of memorial 'stones' on their professional landscape: 'scratchstones' (simple markers of identity), touchstones (tangible links to nurses in the past), boundary stones (markers of exemplary service or extreme sacrifice) and milestones (markers of the past which guide professional direction). The article also argues that nursing memorials serve five functions: they perpetuate memory, honour, inspire emulation, shape professional identity and demonstrate the profession's worthiness. The article also explores the tensions surrounding memorials and finally considers their durability and place in the profession's present and future.

Environment Design↗
PubMed1990

Dreams and imaginative processes in American and Balinese artists.

A study is presented comparing the imaginative modes of American and Balinese artists. Strict survey comparison has not been possible owing to the lack of certain artistic types in the comparative culture and smallness of sample. By using an interview approach, a paradigmatic difference between the artistic members of the two cultures can be demonstrated. In American artists there is a more individualistic approach to creative imagery, with a stronger reliance on their dreams. In Balinese artists the creative endeavor is more collective, depending on more conscious imagery drawn from myths and common beliefs. The difference is correlated with the philosophical and cultural settings of each society in which the artist is embedded. Exemplar statements from interviews are presented to illustrate and support these propositions. Finally, it has been suggested that creative imagery should also be viewed in the perspective of differing concepts of self in the two societies.

Art↗
PubMed1977

[Intuition and imagination in Psychiatric diagnosis (author's transl)].

Intuition in the medical diagnostic sphere is a subconscious cognitive act, the result of which appears consciously as a flash of imagination. Scientific intuition presumes expert knowledge and works consciously with the mnemic reservoir and the associative forces from the subconscious. Low degrees of a hysterical and paranoic nature facilitate access to the subconscious and projection. Intuitive knowledge is corrected by rational thinking.

Cognition↗
PubMed1982

[Catathymic image experience as a psychotherapeutic imagination procedure--principles and practical approach].

The catathyme image experience conceived by Leuner is introduced as a psychotherapeutic imagination method structured into many standard motives. The general basic principles, the so-called direction principles as well as the special therapeutic techniques of the day dream technique mainly recommended as a short time therapy are explained. Further information on the use of the symbol drama in groups and the indication finding is given. Modification and combination opportunities with other psycho therapeutic methods is referred to.

Fantasy↗
PubMed1995

Using representations: comprehension and production of actions with imagined objects.

Previous research suggests that young children have difficulty producing actions with imagined objects (pantomimes): They frequently substitute a body part to represent the object involved in the action. This response has also been observed in neurologically impaired adults. Study 1 examined the comprehension and production of pantomimes in 3- and 5-year-old children and normal adults to explore further this aspect of representational ability. Results indicate that young children not only have difficulty producing imaginary object representations in contrast to normal adults, they also have difficulty comprehending imaginary object representations and are better at comprehending pantomimes with a body part representation. The results from the pantomime comprehension task were replicated in Study 2 with 3- and 4-year-olds. These findings are discussed in the context of the development of representational ability as children demonstrate increasing independence from concrete environmental support in their knowledge about actions.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness.

BACKGROUND: Body dysmorphic disorder (preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance) is a common and disabling disorder associated with high rates of delusional symptoms and suicide attempts. Although preliminary studies suggest that serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be effective for body dysmorphic disorder, to date no controlled treatment studies have been published. METHODS: Forty patients were enrolled and 29 were randomized into a 16-week, double-blind, crossover-design study of clomipramine, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and active control desipramine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Outcome measures included specific ratings of body dysmorphic disorder severity, delusionality, and functional impairment. RESULTS: Clomipramine was superior to desipramine in the acute treatment of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms as measured by assessment of patients' obsessive preoccupation with perceived body defects, repetitive behaviors in response to this preoccupation, and global ratings of symptom severity. Treatment efficacy was independent of the presence or severity of comorbid diagnoses of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, or social phobia. Likewise, clomipramine was equally effective regardless of whether the patients had insight or held their dysmorphic misperception with delusional intensity. Clomipramine was also superior to desipramine in improving functional disability. CONCLUSIONS: Clomipramine is more effective than desipramine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and is effective even among those patients who are delusional.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed1997

GAL4 enhancer traps expressed in the embryo, larval brain, imaginal discs, and ovary of Drosophila.

We have screened a collection of approximately 400 GAL4 enhancer trap lines for useful patterns of expression in the embryo, larval brain, imaginal discs, and ovary using a UAS-lacZ reporter construct. Although similar patterns of expression have previously been reported in the original P[lacZ] enhancer trap screens, these lines are useful for directing ectopic expression of genes in discrete patterns during these stages. In addition, we have identified some unique patterns of expression that have not been previously reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Expanded functions in the apical cell domain to regulate the growth rate of imaginal discs.

The Drosophila expanded (ex) gene encodes a product (Ex) that shares homology with the Protein 4.1 family of proteins, many of which are enriched at specific lateral cell junctions and the apical cellular domain. Ex colocalizes with actin in the apical domain of imaginal disc epithelial cells, where it partially overlaps the distribution of phosphotyrosine (PY)-containing proteins. This suggests that Ex is present in or associated with adherens junctions. Genetic studies show that Ex is necessary for proper regulation of final cell number in adult wings and for the formation of eyes, distal leg, and distal antennal segments. We have generated mitotic clones that lack Ex using the twin spot technique, and demonstrated that the primary function of Ex is to regulate cell proliferation. Overexpressing Ex protein results in a decrease in final cell number in wings, suggesting a direct relationship between Ex function and proliferation rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Muscle pattern diversification in Drosophila: the story of imaginal myogenesis.

There are two phases of somatic muscle formation in Drosophila. During embryonic development, one phase of myogenesis generates larval muscle elements that mediate the relatively simple behavioural repertoire of the larva. During pupal metamorphosis, a diverse pattern of muscle fibres are assembled, and these facilitate the more elaborate behavioural patterns of the adult fly. In this review, we discuss the current status of understanding of the cellular, genetic, and molecular mechanisms of pattern formation during the second phase, imaginal muscle development. We briefly compare aspects of embryonic and adult myogenesis in Drosophila and muscle development in vertebrates and highlight conserved themes and disparities between these diverse myogenic programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

New growth factors for imaginal discs.

Several families of peptide growth factors are implicated in regulating cell growth and proliferation of vertebrate cells in culture. Genetic studies in Drosophila implicate some of these factors in growth control in vivo. A recent report identifies a new family of growth factors, related to chitinase enzymes, required by Drosophila imaginal disc cells in culture. It will be of interest to determine how such factors relate to size regulation during development.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Regeneration and duplication in imaginal discs.

When two complementary fragments of a Drosophila imaginal disc are cultured in adult abdomens before transfer to host larvae for metamorphosis, the usual result is that one of the two fragments regenerates the missing parts while the other fragment duplicates the anlagen already present. To account for this it is proposed that in the disc there is a gradient of developmental capacity, by which new positional information can be generated from a cut surface only in the downward direction in the gradient, irrespective of the physical direction faced by the cut surface. The same kind of behaviour is shown by other epimorphic systems, such as the regenerating appendages of amphibians and of hemmimetabolous insects, and the regenerating body segments of annelids. The regeneration-duplication rule has been shown to apply for thirteen different cuts in the wing disc, some across the proximodistal and others across the anteroposterior axis. In both axes there is a reversal in the direction of regenerative ability at the approximate centre of the disc. As an alternative to the hypothesis of orthogonal double gradients, it is proposed that the wing disc has multiple gradients of developmental capacity which radiate from the centre of the disc. The location of this centre is known, and its properties are being studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Consequences of interspecies antennal imaginal disc transplantation on organization of olfactory glomeruli and pheromone blend discrimination.

The antennal imaginal disc was transplanted between male larvae of two different heliothine moth species, Heliothis virescens (HV) and Helicoverpa zea (HZ). Males of these species respond to distinct pheromone blends, have different peripheral and central olfactory neuron specificities, as well as distinct arrangements of antennal lobe olfactory glomeruli, in the specialized male macroglomerular complex (MGC). After pupal development and adult eclosion, unilateral (with one antennal disc left intact) and bilateral antennal transplant males were assayed in a wind tunnel to both species' pheromone blends to determine their ability to discriminate between the two signals. The postmetamorphic developmental effects of interspecific transplantation upon the primary olfactory centers in the moth brain were then examined in these same individuals. Behavioral tests showed that both types of unilateral transplant continued to exhibit upwind anemotactic flight to the normal recipient blend with occasional flights to the donor blend. In contrast, bilateral transplants preferred the HV pheromone blend regardless of the direction of transplant, with some males of each type also responding to the HZ blend. Neuroanatomic evaluation of the MGC revealed that the donor arrangement of MGC glomeruli was induced in 73% HZ donor to HV recipient transplants and 56% of the reciprocal transplant. Surprisingly, several V-Z bilateral transplant males responded to both HV and HZ pheromone blends and had two HV MGC structures. This behavioral outcome was unexpected, because responses to the HV blend are mediated by inputs that are normally antagonistic to HZ males and the normal HV antenna lacks olfactory receptor neurons capable of responding to the essential minor pheromone component of the HZ blend. These data indicate a plasticity in developmental pathways regulating the expression of peripheral olfactory receptor neurons and in the glomerular processing of species-specific olfactory information.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Drosophila Lipid Storage Droplet 2 gene (Lsd-2) is expressed and controls lipid storage in wing imaginal discs.

Lipid droplets are the major neutral lipid storage organelles in higher eukaryotes. The PAT domain proteins (Perilipin, ADRP [adipose differentiation related protein], and TIP47 [tail-interacting 47-kDa protein]) are associated with these structures. Perilipin and ADRP are involved in the regulation of lipid storage and metabolism in mammals. Two genes encoding PAT proteins, Drosophila Lipid Storage Droplet 2 Gene (Lsd-2) and Lsd-2, have been identified in Drosophila. Lsd-2 is expressed in fat bodies and in the female germ line and is involved in lipid storage in these tissues. We showed that Lsd-2 is expressed in third-instar wing imaginal discs in Drosophila, with higher levels in the wing pouch, which corresponds to the presumptive wing region of the wing disc. This specific expression pattern is correlated with a high level of neutral lipid accumulation. We also showed that neutral lipid deposition in the wing disc is severely reduced in an Lsd-2 mutant and is increased with Lsd-2 overexpression. Finally, we showed that overexpression of the vestigial (vg) pro-wing gene induces Lsd-2 expression, suggesting that Lsd-2 mediates a vg role during wing formation. Our results suggest that Lsd-2 function is not restricted to tissues directly involved in lipid storage and could play additional roles during development.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Isocitrate dehydrogenase in D. melanogaster imaginal discs: pattern development and alteration by homoeotic mutant genes.

The distribution of the soluble form of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) was examined in Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs. Development of the enzyme patterns and the specific transformations of the patterns by homoeotic mutants were studied. ICDH pattern formation was followed in eye-antennal discs and wing discs from the late 2nd instar stage through 3rd instar and 8 hours into prepupal development. The patterns formed gradually in both disc types. The most interesting pattern developed in the eye portion of the eye-antennal disc complex. ICDH distribution as well as staining intensity correlated well with differentiation of the ommatidia. The spatial distribution of ICDH within the discs was under genetic control. The patterns reflected the state of determination of the disc. When the presumptive tissue type was transformed via mutant homoeotic genes to different determinative states, the ICDH pattern likewise transformed to the pattern characteristic of the newly acquired structure.

Animals↗