Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Healthy People Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

A federal agency's role in fulfilling the public health core functions: the childhood lead poisoning prevention program model.

The Institute of Medicine identified 3 core functions of public health: assessment, policy development, and assurance. Federal, state, and local public health agencies all have an obligation to provide these vital functions to ensure conditions in which people can be healthy. However, the few publications that provide core function applications only focus on applications at the local or state levels. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program uses a comprehensive public health approach. This article describes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's leading role in applying the core public health functions to prevent childhood lead poisoning.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1994

Healthy People 2000--health promotion and disease prevention, a new opportunity for optometrists.

The Healthy People 2000 objectives represent a major opportunity for optometry to expand its scope of practice, enhance its quality of patient care, and become involved in making policies and programs that will directly affect the services and patient care it provides. If optometrists take advantage of this opportunity they will: 1. Increase the visibility of optometry and enhance our image as the primary eye and vision care provider. 2. Increase the number of patients seen by optometrists. 3. Expand the number of organizations, policy makers and third party providers who understand the services optometrists provide and their importance in achieving the Healthy People 2000 objectives. 4. Increase the number of referrals from nontraditional sources. 5. Enhance the overall health of their patients. 6. Be recognized as the leader of health promotion and disease prevention activities involving eye and vision care. The question is, "Will optometrists become involved and use this opportunity?" We must look back from the perspective of the year 2000 and be able to answer this question with a definite YES!

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2003

Perceived and measured hearing ability in construction laborers and farmers.

BACKGROUND: Construction and farming are characterized by small independently operated enterprises; few are included in hearing loss prevention programs. This study describes perceived and measured hearing ability among construction laborers and farmers in order to further the Healthy People 2010 goal to reduce noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). METHODS: Construction laborers (n = 147) and farmers (n = 150) had screening audiograms at their workplace and a farm show, respectively. The relationship of the audiograms with a one-item measure of perceived hearing ability was explored using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: At the 4,000 Hz frequency, indicative of NIHL, a high percentage of both groups exhibited hearing loss greater than 25 dB: laborers 53%, farmers 67%. Perceived hearing ability was significantly worse (P < 0.05) for workers with a measured hearing loss. The sensitivities of perceived hearing loss compared to audiometry ranged from 0.30 to 0.72 suggesting that perceived hearing loss was not a good indicator of actual hearing loss in this sample. CONCLUSIONS: The poor relationship between perceived and actual hearing loss in this study suggests that best practice requires inclusion of audiometric screening as part of a complete hearing loss prevention program. Future development of an improved instrument to measure perceived hearing ability may be useful in assessing this dimension of hearing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Higher C-reactive protein concentration and white blood cell count in subjects with more coronary risk factors and/or lower physical fitness among apparently healthy Japanese.

Of 2,722 people (1.876 men, mean age: 51.3+/-10.3 years; 846 women, mean age: 51.4+/-11.1) who underwent the fitness check program at Aichi Prefectural Center for Health Care, the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the white blood cell count (WBC) were investigated in relation to the number of coronary risk factors, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) quartiles and physical fitness score. CRP was measured by conventional latex immunoturbidimetric assay. Both CRP and WBC were higher in those who had more risk factors. In men the lowest mean CRP was 0.07 mg/dl in those with only one risk factor (RF1) and the highest was 0.29 mg/dl in RF6 (p<0.0001). The lowest mean WBC was 4,868/mm3 in RF1 and the highest was 7,096/mm3 in RF6 (p<0.0001). In women the lowest mean CRP was 0.073 mg/dl in those with no risk factors (RF0) and the highest was 0.22mg/dl in RF5 (p=0.0379). The lowest mean WBC was 5,065/mm3 in RF1, and the highest was 6,792/mm3 in RF4 (p=0.0001). A similar relationship was noticed when the groups were analyzed by VO2max quartile or fitness score. CRP and WBC both showed a stepwise increase or decrease in men, but was generally in order in women in accordance with the number of risk factors, VO2max level or fitness score. In apparently healthy Japanese subjects, elevated inflammatory indices (ie, higher CRP and WBC) were associated with more coronary risk factors and poorer physical fitness. Therefore, high-risk coronary subjects might be screened by conventional measurement of CRP.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Factors affecting tooth loss among rural Khon Kaen adults: analysis of two data sets.

BACKGROUND: Tooth loss is an oral health problem affecting Thai people and people of other nations as well. Not much of epidemiologic evidence concerning factors affecting tooth loss among Thai people has been reported although severity of tooth loss among Thai people has never been decreased. METHODS: This study employed two existing data sets to evaluate the role of health behaviors such as tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing (a common habit prevalent among rural Thai females), together with other factors in relation to tooth loss among rural Thai people. The study population in the first (phase I) and second (phase II) data sets included 1484 and 3471 male and female adults residing in rural areas of Khon Kaen province, Thailand during 1990-1991 and 1992-1994, respectively. The data were obtained through oral examination and interview. Employing descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable Poisson regression, key risk indicators of tooth loss were identified for both data sets. RESULTS: The findings from final multivariable Poisson regression models were consistent in that tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing, age, dental caries (defined as decayed plus filled teeth) and periodontitis were significantly related to tooth loss among these rural populations. CONCLUSION: Therefore, preventive programs aiming at discouraging Thai people from smoking tobacco and/or chewing betel quid should be established so that healthy natural teeth can be maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Toward the attainment of low-risk drinking goals: a 10-year progress report.

BACKGROUND: The Healthy People 2010 goals include reducing the proportion of U.S. adults whose alcohol consumption exceeds recommended daily and weekly limits, relative to baseline levels observed in 1991-1992. To date, there has been no assessment of initial progress toward attaining these goals. METHODS: Consumption data from the 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiology Survey (n = 42,862) and the 2001-2003 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 43,093) were used to evaluate the trend in the proportion of U.S. adults adhering to and exceeding recommended drinking limits. These included weekly limits of no more than 14 standard drinks for men and no more than 7 standard drinks for women and daily limits of no more than 4 standard drinks for men and 3 standard drinks for women. The percentages exceeding the limits are compared for the two time periods, for the total adult population and sociodemographic subgroups, and the association between risk drinking and sociodemographic characteristics is disaggregated into a series of conditional odds ratios. RESULTS: The proportion of U.S. adults classified as regular drinkers whose intake exceeded recommended daily or weekly limits declined from 32.1% to 29.3% in the 10-year period. The reduction in risk drinking occurred solely among persons who exceeded the daily drinking limits less than once a week but did not exceed the weekly limits. There was a very small but significant increase in the proportion of adults exceeding the weekly limits, from 9.4% to 10.3%. Reduction of sociodemographic disparities in adherence to drinking limits was limited. CONCLUSIONS: Progress to date is limited and may reflect changes in population composition rather than changes in drinking habits. Attainment of Healthy People goals and reduction of disparities in risk drinking will require sustained effort and more targeted prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Perceived exertion scales attest to both intensity and exercise duration.

The present purpose was to study the relationships between perceived exertion (RPE, ETL) and exercise duration for all-out runs eliciting vVO2 max. 12 endurance-trained men performed three exhausting exercises on an indoor track. The first test was an incremental exercise to measure their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), the velocity associated with VO2 max (vVO2 max), the velocity of the lacate concentration threshold (vLT) and the velocity delta 50 (vdelta50: the velocity halfway between vVO2 max and vLT). The second and third tests were a constant load all-out run at vVO2 max and vdelta50 to measure the time to exhaustion at these intensities (tlim vVO2 max and tlim vdelta50, respectively). vdelta50 corresponded to 90.1 +/- 2.5% vVO2 max; tlim vVO2 max and tlim vdelta50 were equal to 286 +/- 71 sec. and 547+/- 157 sec., respectively. For a same given relative time (%tlim), athletes perceived exercise as harder and felt that they could endure less for vVO2 max than vdelta50. When subjects began to perceive exercise as "hard" (RPE = 15), they had run for only 36.4 +/- 26.8%tlim at vVO2 max, whereas they had run for 46.1 +/- 15.7 %tlim at vdelta50. These results indicate that RPE and ETL scales were a combined subjective estimation of both intensity and exercise duration for all-out runs at 90 and 100% vVO2 max. Therefore, this scale could be used to assess duration as well as intensity of exercise for the practical application in sport. Moreover, it could be suggested that exercise duration can be prescribed as a function of perceived exertion for healthy normal people. Consequently, perceived exertion could be an important tool to individualize the prescription of a training program.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Year 2000 health status indicators: a profile of California.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the health status of Californians using a set of 18 health status indicators (HSIs) corresponding to goals set forth in Healthy People 2000 and to develop a health status profile for use in research and surveillance, policy development program planning, and program evaluation. METHODS: Federal, state, and county data were used to evaluate California's performance on 18 indicators of health status related to mortality, disease incidence, and health risks. RESULTS: By 1994, California had achieved Year 2000 objectives associated with seven HSIs and significant declines in mortality associated with two other HSIs. Nationally, California was ranked among the states with the lowest rates for infant mortality, lung cancer, female breast cancer, and syphilis but among states with the highest rates for homicide, AIDS, measles, tuberculosis, late prenatal care, childhood poverty, and poor air quality. CONCLUSIONS: California's experience may provide a useful model for other state and local health agencies monitoring the health status of populations using HSIs associated with Year 2000 objectives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Duration of breast milk expression among working mothers enrolled in an employer-sponsored lactation program.

BACKGROUND: Maternal employment has been one of the greatest barriers to breastfeeding. Women are increasingly solving this problem by expressing milk at work and taking it home to their infants. PURPOSE: The objective was to determine duration of breast milk expression among working mothers enrolled in an employer-sponsored lactation program. DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective reviews were conducted on the lactation records of 462 women employed by 5 corporations in order to describe and characterize their experiences. The lactation program included the employees' choice of (a) a class on the benefits of breastfeeding; (b) services of a certified lactation consultant (CLC); and (c) private room in the workplace with equipment for pumping. RESULTS: Breastfeeding was initiated by 97.5% of the participants, with 57.8% continuing for at least 6 months. Of the 435 (94.2%) who returned to work after giving birth, 343 (78.9%) attempted pumping milk at work, and 336 (98%) were successful. They expressed milk in the workplace for a mean of 6.3 months (SD = 3.9, range 2 weeks to 21 months). The mean age of infants when the mothers stopped pumping at work was 9.1 months (SD = 4.1, range 1.9 to 25 months). Most of the women who pumped their milk at work were working full time (84.2%). The mean postnatal maternity leave was 2.8 months. The proportion of women who chose to pump at work was higher among women who were salaried than among those who were paid hourly wages (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Company-sponsored lactation programs can enable employed mothers to provide breast milk for their infants as long as they wish, thus helping the nation attain the Healthy People 2010 goals of 50% of mothers breastfeeding until their infants are 6-months-old.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1993

Significance of cholesterol in health and disease.

A large number of studies indicate that the process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood; and that this process is related to elevated levels of serum cholesterol which are often predictive of elevated serum cholesterol levels in adulthood. Despite substantial success in reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the past two decades, CHD disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Preventing or slowing the atherosclerotic process in childhood and adolescence could mean years of healthy life for many people. The US Department of Health and Human Services has recently published a report on these findings [National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the expert panel on blood cholesterol levels in children and adolescents 1991]. In this and following series of articles, a summary from these data is discussed. The articles have been arranged in the following sub groups: 1) Cholesterol levels in children and adolescents. 2) Nutrition recommendations for healthy children and adolescents for cholesterol control. 3) Cholesterol detection, diagnosis and evaluation in individuals, and 4) treatment for normalizing levels of cholesterol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Intervention strategies for children: a research agenda.

This background review has attempted to pinpoint problems and issues of intervention strategies to promote health among children. Some traditional interventions as they are now provided in preventive service packages, for example, are critically assessed; new interventions like neonatal intensive care, prenatal diagnosis, periconceptional vitamin supplementation, and nutritional supplementation during later pregnancy are welcome; supportive outreach services through nurse home visitors to bring proved technologies to those in greatest need, while they may not be new have shown renewed effectiveness. Recently recognized problems like the "new morbidity," and newly recognized prevention potentials like the great prospects for accident prevention, adequate school health programs, and special adolescent care programs are promising areas for preventive services effectiveness. We do not claim that a comprehensive list has been presented. Rather, an attempt has been made to challenge some traditional preventive techniques, e.g., preoperative x-rays, to stimulate thinking about new organizational forms of care delivery, and to keep an open agenda. As a result, the reader will feel a "lack of closure"--challenges without definitive answers. The general assertion is that personal preventive care is only weakly related to health and that preventive care delivery is not a simple technical problem. Let me summarize the main points. First, the lack of evidence and comprehensiveness. Other reviews of preventive care packages could have been discussed. The presentation by Fielding [164] in the Institute of Medicine's background papers to Healthy People also includes service listings for pregnant women, normal infants, preschool children, schoolchildren, and adolescents. The Lifetime Health-Monitoring program by Breslow and Somers [165] set goals and services that have already become practice patterns for large parts of the country. Many more cost-effectiveness studies of immunizations and screenings could have been cited. The point, however, is not whether technologies with the potential for prevention exist, but whether these technologies have been used and are now used effectively for that purpose, and whether their performance in the real world represents the best use of scarce and expensive resources. Scientific evidence of organized delivery effectiveness is rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2006

Qualitative perceptions and caloric estimations of healthy and unhealthy foods by behavioral weight loss participants.

People are inundated with messages about foods' healthiness/unhealthiness and capacity for weight gain/loss. This study examined how people evaluate foods for 'healthiness/unhealthiness' or 'capacity for weight gain/loss' and whether these evaluations influence 'caloric' estimation accuracy. Fifty-five participants in a behavioral weight loss program rated eight 'healthy' and eight 'unhealthy' foods on perceived 'healthiness/unhealthiness', 'capacity to influence weight loss or gain' and 'caloric' content. Open-ended questions inquired why a food was 'healthy/unhealthy' or would 'contribute to weight gain/loss'. Open-ended questions were coded into 29 independent food categories (e.g. high fat). While similar foods were often judged as 'healthy' and 'contributing to weight loss' or 'unhealthy' and 'contributing to weight gain', participants provided different explanations for their 'health' and 'weight' ratings. Healthy/weight loss foods were systematically underestimated in 'calories', while unhealthy/weight gain foods were systematically overestimated in 'calories'. Errors in 'caloric' estimation decreased from pre- to post-weight loss treatment, but were not associated with weight loss. Higher baseline BMI was associated with greater inaccuracy in 'caloric' estimation. Fat content was the most common category used for evaluating foods. Participant evaluations of healthy/weight loss foods or unhealthy/weight gain foods were systematically associated with 'caloric' estimation.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1999

A survey of the ethnic and racial distribution in orthopedic residency programs in the United States.

This study examined the racial and ethnic composition of orthopedic training programs in the United States. A questionnaire was mailed in January 1995 to chairpersons at 159 orthopedic programs in the United States. Eighty-nine (56%) responses were received. The distribution of orthopedic residents and fellows was as follows: white non-Hispanic, 84.2%; Asian, 6.6%; African American, 3.6%; Native American, 2.2%; Puerto Rican, 1.2%; Mexican American, 0.8%; and other Hispanic, 1%. African Americans and Hispanics were under-represented in orthopedic training programs compared with their numbers in the general population. The percentage of residents in these two minority groups also were below goals established by the Council on Graduate Medical Education and the US Government's Healthy People 2000 report. In contrast, Native Americans and Asians were overrepresented. If racial balance is to be achieved in orthopedics, new incentives must be created to encourage more African Americans and Hispanics to enter orthopedic residency training programs.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Master's degree nursing education: state of the art.

This study examines the state of the art in master's nursing education in the United States in light of projected national trends in the health care delivery system. The specific questions addressed are: What are the general characteristics of master's programs, including admission requirements and prerequisites, program requirements, major and minor areas of clinical concentration, functional role preparation, and career mobility options? What is the curricular organization, particularly with respect to required core courses? Is there a difference between master's programs in schools with a doctoral program in nursing and those with master's programs only? Is there a difference between master's programs with public support and master's programs with private support? Data were collected from 175 accredited master's programs in 1990. Study results and the projected trends derived from Nursing's Agenda for Health Care Reform, Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives, and Healthy America: Practitioners for 2005 provide the foundation for recommendations. Recommendations are organized around communication and curricular issues that master's nursing education needs to address as the profession approaches the 21st century.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2005

Learning potential: a new method for assessing cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, it has been claimed that learning potential (also called cognitive plasticity or rehabilitation potential) may be a good predictor of the course of cognitive impairment and the process of dementia. The basic objective of this research program is to test the extent to which the "Battery of Learning Potential for Assessing Dementia" (BEPAD) discriminates healthy people from those diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHODS: Two hundred people: 100 healthy elders (51 women, 49 men, mean age: 73.13), 50 diagnosed with MCI (30 women, 20 men, mean age: 74.89), and 50 diagnosed with mild AD (36 women, 14 men, mean age: 75.07). Learning potential was assessed through dynamic assessment (or testing-the-limits), using experimental test-training-post-test, a form of evaluation closely related to functional or stress testing in medicine. In several previous studies the BEPAD was developed, with four tasks: visuo-spatial, verbal recall (including delayed verbal recall), executive control and verbal fluency. For all of these tasks, training procedures were developed, converting them into learning potential tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All "dynamic" or learning scores (post-test) discriminate better healthy, MCI and AD subjects than all static or pre-test scores. A total of 89% of cases are correctly classified by the BEPAD: 95.7% of the healthy subjects, 90.6% of AD patients, and 71.1% of the MCI individuals were correctly classified.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Age of first use of cigarettes among rural and small town elementary school children in Illinois.

This study determined age of first use of cigarettes among rural and small town elementary school students. Data were collected from 1,950 elementary school students, grades kindergarten through sixth, attending seven different schools in southern Illinois. Bivariate odds ratios and multivariate logistic regression procedures identified risk factors of cigarette use among this elementary school population. A Duncan multiple-range test revealed no significant difference in cigarette use between grades kindergarten through fifth (average percentage of use for those grades was 4.7%), but use increased significantly to 17.4% in the sixth grade. Predictor variables with the greatest odds ratios were having tried alcohol (OR = 8), having tried chewing tobacco or snuff (OR = 4.4), and being in the sixth grade (OR = 2.2). Healthy People 2010 draft objectives emphasize prevention and reduction of tobacco use among youth. To be effective, tobacco prevention programs must begin in the elementary school years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

[Medical students' image of the elderly and the effect of medical education: a literature review].

In American studies in the sixties and seventies caregivers, including physicians, showed a negative attitude towards the elderly. There are indications that such a negative attitude affects the quality of care and the communication with the elderly. Based on predominantly American literature this article reviews research on medical students' knowledge about and attitudes towards older people as well as the impact of geriatric training on the image of older patients and physician-patient communication. In medical students who did not receive a geriatric training, attitudes improved in the eighties and nineties up till a slightly positive level but general gerontological knowledge displayed as many shortcomings as in former days. A few studies show that instructional modules in geriatrics do not have an impact on the attitude towards the elderly. Several studies show that contact with aged persons has a positive influence. Rather than geriatric residency or work in a nursing home, contact with healthy elderly has favourable effects. Attitude improvement based on interactions with older people is maintained during medical education. A program in gerontology as well as geriatric instructional modules can lead to knowledge improvement. Since significantly positive correlations between knowledge and attitude are sometimes demonstrated, increasing gerontological knowledge may lead to more positive attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research and commentary: Change in exercise tolerance, activity and sleep patterns, and quality of life in patients with cancer participating in a structured exercise program.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of an exercise program patterned after a phase II cardiac rehabilitation program to improve selected physiologic and psychological parameters of health in patients with cancer. DESIGN: Prospective, repeated measures study. SETTING: Two major military medical centers in the southwestern United States. SAMPLE: 62 patients diagnosed with cancer within the previous two years. Ages ranged from 24-83 (meanX = 59). Half of the participants were male and half were female. Minorities made up 29% of the sample. Participants had a wide range of cancer diagnoses and all stages of cancer. Fifteen subjects were undergoing treatment when they enrolled in the study. More than half of the subjects exercised prior to their cancer diagnoses, but fewer than half were able to resume an exercise routine following their cancer diagnoses. METHODS: Subjects met two days each week for 12 weeks for exercise and education. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Exercise tolerance as measured with a graded exercise test, activity and sleep patterns as measured with a wrist actigraph, and quality of life (QOL) as measured with the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form. FINDINGS: Significant improvements were observed over time in exercise tolerance, selected activity and sleep patterns, and QOL among the 46 (74%) subjects who completed the program. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with various types and stages of cancer can safely exercise using a cardiac rehabilitation model and can realize significant improvements in exercise tolerance, selected activity and sleep patterns, and QOL. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Most people are aware that regular exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle. After cancer diagnosis and treatment, patients experience uncertainty regarding how to resume exercise or how to begin an exercise program as part of their rehabilitation. Participation in a structured exercise program can provide patients with a safe environment within which to exercise at an intensity appropriate to their individual needs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗