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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Inhibitory effect of Weissella cibaria isolates on the production of volatile sulphur compounds.

AIMS: The objective of this study was to characterize the inhibitory effects of Weissella cibaria isolates on volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) production both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We isolated and identified three hydrogen peroxide-generating lactobacilli from children's saliva, and assessed their inhibitory effects on VSC production and Fusobacterium nucleatum proliferation. Clinical studies were conducted with 46 subjects in order to measure the VSC of their mouth air. RESULTS: These lactobacilli were identified as W. cibaria. These isolates inhibited the production of VSC by F. nucleatum (p<0.05). The concentration of F. nucleatum was decreased by 5-log cycles as a result of exposure to the W. cibaria strains (p<0.05), whereas the catalase-treated W. cibaria cultures exerted no evident inhibitory effects on F. nucleatum replication. In the clinical studies, gargling with one isolate resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of H2S and CH3SH by approximately 48.2% (p<0.01) and 59.4% (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that W. cibaria isolates possess the ability to inhibit VSC production under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, demonstrating that they bear the potential for development into novel probiotics for use in the oral cavity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A cross-over study on the effect of various therapeutic approaches to morning breath odour.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tongue scraping and inter-dental flossing on morning bad breath in periodontally healthy subjects. METHODS: A four-step blind, cross-over study was conducted in 19 volunteers, divided into four groups: Group I: tooth brushing; Group II: tooth brushing and inter-dental flossing; Group III: tooth brushing and tongue scraping; and Group IV: tooth brushing, inter-dental flossing and tongue scraping. The volunteers performed these oral hygiene procedures three times a day for 7 days. Seven-day wash-out intervals were observed. Morning mouth breath was assessed organoleptically and by volatile sulphur compound concentrations. RESULTS: The highest mean organoleptic and volatile sulphur compound measurement values were found in the treatment groups in which tongue scraping was not performed and there were statistical differences between the two groups (p < 0.05). In the organoleptic evaluation (p > 0.05), inter-dental flossing did not show any statistical improvement in the effect of tongue hygiene on morning bad breath, but it significantly reduced the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that tongue scraping appears to be the most important hygienic procedure to reduce morning bad breath in periodontally healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Subjective reports of oral dryness in an older adult population.

In this study of an older adult population almost one-fifth reported oral dryness. It was the most common of 22 oral symptoms and complaints. In a logistic regression analysis of predictors of oral dryness three variables had significant independent effects: income, taking prescribed medications and experiencing a stressful life change within the previous 6 months. Subjects with oral dryness had more decayed crown surfaces than those without but there was no association with decayed root surfaces. Nor were there any significant associations between reports of oral dryness and a number of indicators of periodontal health. Those with dryness were more likely to report other oral symptoms such as unpleasant taste, a burning sensation in the tongue and other parts of the mouth and pain from dentures. They were also more likely to report problems chewing food, problems with eating and communication and were more likely to be dissatisfied with their oral health. Given its prevalence and effects, oral dryness constitutes an important health issue among older adults.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Oral health-related quality of life and periodontal status.

BACKGROUND: As patient-centered approaches become more popular, increasing attention is being given to assess the effects of various human health situations on an individual's overall quality of life (QoL). Measures have been used in dentistry to study the effects of orthodontic treatment and oral surgery, but so far little has been reported about the effects of periodontal disease. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the impact of periodontal health status on QoL. METHODS: A subsample of 767 subjects were selected from a community study (n=1000) which investigated the association between psychological factors and clinical periodontal attachment level (CAL). The sample included subjects with full-mouth mean CAL 3 mm (high/severe periodontal attachment loss group). The subjects were requested to complete the Chinese short-form version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14S) and a checklist of self-reported periodontal symptoms during the previous 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 727 subjects (95%) completed the questionnaire. The OHIP-14S and subscale scores were significantly associated with six of seven of the self-reported periodontal symptoms. A comparison of the mean OHIP-14S scores of the healthy/low and the high/severe periodontal attachment loss groups revealed significant differences in respect of the subscales of functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical and psychological disabilities. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant association between oral health-related QoL and periodontal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Oral self-care behaviours: comparing Greek and Japanese dental students.

AIM: This study explored cross-cultural differences of self-reported oral health behaviours between Greek and Japanese dental students. PARTICIPANTS: The sample population included 877 dental students, 539 students registered at the University of Athens Dental School, and 338 registered at the Hiroshima University Dental School. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Oral health behaviour was assessed using the Greek and Japanese versions of a 20-item questionnaire entitled Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI). RESULTS: The mean questionnaire score of the Japanese students (7.40) was significantly greater than that of the Greek peers (6.86, P = 0.001), indicating better oral self-care behaviour amongst the Japanese students; however, the overall difference was mainly attributed to their additional sixth study year. Greek and Japanese students provided significantly different answers to 14 of 20 HU-DBI items. Greeks significantly more often were required by their dentist to evaluate their brushing technique (OR = 14.4, P < 0.01), checked their teeth in the mirror after brushing (OR = 8.1, P < 0.01), worried about bad breath (OR = 6.7, P < 0.01), and believed that gum disease is preventable by tooth brushing alone (OR = 2.1, P < 0.05), whereas their Japanese peers significantly more often felt comfortable to clean their teeth without the use of a toothpaste (OR = 0.3, P < 0.01), believed that they take much time to brush their teeth (OR = 0.3, P < 0.01), used a child-sized toothbrush (OR = 0.2, P < 0.01), and put off going to the dentist until having toothache (OR = 0.4, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Considerable differences in dental health attitudes/behaviour exist amongst students in the two countries reflecting the different culture and the health education system of the students; moreover, it is possible to distinguish Greek dental students from Japanese peers with a probability of more than 89% by using the HU-DBI instrument.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Organic solvents and oils as vehicles for triclosan in mouthrinses: a clinical study.

Previous experiments have shown that the nature of the detergents used in aqueous triclosan-containing mouthrinses affects the plaque-inhibiting effect of these mouthrinses, probably because of the properties of the micelles formed. It has also been shown that triclosan has a marked plaque-inhibiting effect when dissolved in pure propylene glycol. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effect of triclosan dissolved in oils and in the pure solvents glycerol (GLY) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). A test panel of 12 volunteers rinsed with the allocated mouthrinses for 4 days in a double-blind, crossover study. Three different oils were tested: olive oil, soy oil, and sunflower seed oil, as well as PEG and GLY. Triclosan was used in a 0.3% concentration to facilitate comparison with previous studies. However, only 0.15% triclosan was added to the GLY-containing rinse (maximum soluble concentration). In addition, soy oil without triclosan was tried. The mean plaque score for water was 1.42 +/- 0.19; for olive oil, 1.08 +/- 0.34; for soy oil with triclosan, 0.95 +/- 0.35; for pure soy oil, 0.94 +/- 0.09; for sunflower seed oil, 1.19 +/- 0.19; for PEG, 1.04 +/- 0.22; and for GLY, 1.12 +/- 0.28. The results indicate that triclosan dissolved in oils loses its clinical effect. However, oils in themselves exhibit significant plaque inhibition. In vitro tests showed no antibacterial activity of triclosan dissolved in oils. Toothpastes and mouthrinses contain flavoring oils and occasionally also GLY and PEG. Such substances may well interfere with the clinical effect of triclosan in these products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Breath odor: etiopathogenesis, assessment and management.

Oral malodor is a significant social disability which usually has a local cause, particularly arising from the oral flora. Malodor may arise from the lingual or periodontal flora, gram-negative anaerobes being the main organisms capable of releasing sulphur compounds from the putrefaction of debris and other material. Volatile sulphur compounds, cadaverine and other substances appear responsible for much of the malodor. Systemic disease may underlie some cases of oral malodor. The objective assessment of malodor is still best performed by the human sense of smell (organoleptic method) but more quantifiable measures are being developed.

Bacterial Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

The Hungarian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile.

Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is increasingly of interest in dentistry. The current internationally accepted instruments used to measure OHRQoL need to be cross-culturally adapted for use in other cultural environments. It was the aim of the present study to develop a Hungarian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-H) following accepted guidelines. The original English-language version was translated into Hungarian, back-translated into English, and tested for its psychometric properties. Construct validity was tested on 144 prosthodontic patients and 200 randomly selected subjects. A priori hypothesized associations between OHIP summary scores and self-reported oral health and six self-reported oral conditions were investigated. The pattern of the observed associations supported the new instrument's construct validity. Responsiveness tested in 28 oral surgery patients was indicated by a statistically significant mean OHIP score change from 39.2 to 23.0. Test-retest reliability was demonstrated by intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.81-0.90 for OHIP summary scores and subscales in 31 prosthodontic patients. Cronbach's alpha values between 0.71 and 0.96 proved to have high internal consistency. Adequate psychometric properties in typical patient populations make the new instrument suitable for assessment of OHRQoL in Hungary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The history of oral hygiene products: how far have we come in 6000 years?

How far have we come in the past six millennia? Numerous dental epidemiological studies indicate that people are keeping their teeth longer than over before in this century. Agents and devices have evolved, by custom and by research, to enable people, with professional assistance, to maintain good oral health. Our diets, our lifestyles and our professional colleagues have "conspired" as pathogenic influences on oral health. The profession has met the challenge by developing and perfecting a myriad of devices and agents to thwart these pathogenic factors. Patient motivation and professional acceptance of preventive dentistry procedures still remain challenges. We certainly eat well, speak well, look fine and "smell fresh"--but we also have plaque, gingivitis and dental caries. The reader can determine how much progress has been made by reflecting on his or her personal oral health status!

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed1992

Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease.

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in mouth air were estimated by gas chromatography. The amount of VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were significantly increased in patients with periodontal disease. These two parameters also increased in proportion to the bleeding index and probing depth. A study was also done on the effect of removal of tongue coating on VSC concentrations in mouth air from patients with periodontal involvement. VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were reduced to 49% and 35%, respectively, by removal of the tongue coating. The average amount of tongue coating removed from patients with periodontal disease was significantly higher than from controls (90.1 mg vs. 14.6 mg, p less than 0.01). Estimated production of VSC from tongue coating was 4 times higher than the control value, and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio was also markedly increased. However, a saliva putrefaction study suggested that saliva does not contribute to the elevated ratio of methyl mercaptan in mouth air. These results strongly suggest that, in addition to periodontal pockets, tongue coating has an important role in VSC production, in particular leading to an elevated concentration of methyl mercaptan, which is more pathogenic than hydrogen sulfide.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Modulation of human gingival fibroblast cell metabolism by methyl mercaptan.

Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is a malodorous compound whose levels are elevated in mouth and crevicular air of individuals with active periodontal disease. Since it may play a role in the disease process, its effects were evaluated using human gingival fibroblast cultures and viable porcine unkeratinized oral mucosal tissue sections. Results showed that the protein content of CH3SH-exposed cell cultures pulsed with [14C]-labelled glycine and proline was decreased by approximately 25%. Furthermore, this deleterious effect was irreversible in test cultures subsequently incubated for 24 h in a control 95% air/5% CO2 mercaptan-free environment. The supporting slab-gel electrophoresis profiles yielded evidence that exposure to CH3SH caused an alteration in collagen metabolism and a pooling of Type I procollagens. In addition, DNA synthesis was suppressed in CH3SH-exposed cultures by 44.1% at the 24 to 26 h peak of DNA synthesis. This is a true inhibition and not a shift in peak of maximum DNA synthesis as the shape and location of time-course curves of control and test systems is very similar. Proline transport study using [14C]-proline indicated a reduction in proline transport in the range of 40 to 50% in cultures exposed for 24 to 30 h to CH3SH. Significantly even 15 min exposure to 6.7 ng CH3SH/ml of incubating atmosphere suppressed proline transport by approximately 24%. This indicates that even brief exposure to low concentrations of CH3SH has a significant adverse effect on proline transport. Fluorescent staining of tissue sections exposed to mercaptan indicated that the agent elevated the number of cells stained with vital dye.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Collagen↗
PubMed2005

In vitro models for oral malodor.

A model is a representation of some real phenomena and contains aspects or elements of the real system to be modeled. The model reflects (or duplicates) the type of behavior (or mechanisms) seen in the real system. The main characteristic of any model is the mapping of elements or parameters found in the system being studied (e.g. tongue dorsum biofilm in situ) on to the model being devised (e.g. laboratory perfusion biofilm). Such parameters include correct physico-chemical (abiotic) conditions as well as biotic conditions that occur in both model and reality. The main purpose of a model is to provide information that better explains the processes observed or thought to occur in the real system. Such models can be abstract (mental, conceptual, theoretical, mathematical or computational) or 'physical', e.g. in the form of a real disaggregated in vitro system or laboratory model. A wide range of different model systems have been used in oral biofilm research. These will be briefly reviewed with special emphasis on those models that have contributed most to knowledge in breath odor research. The different model systems used in breath odor research are compared. Finally, the requirements for developing an overall 'bad breath model' from considering the processes as a whole (real oral cavity, substrates in saliva, biotransformation by tongue microflora, odor gases in the breath) and extending this to the detection of malodor by the human nose will be outlined and discussed.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2005

Malodour in denture wearers: an ill-defined problem.

Denture plaque has not been studied to the same extent as dental plaque, and although there are many similarities in microbial composition, there are some significant differences. Denture-induced stomatitis is associated with poor denture hygiene, a more acidogenic plaque and the presence of Candida albicans. Obligate Gram-negative anaerobic micro-organisms, although present in denture plaque, have rarely been specifically investigated. Opportunist pathogens including coliforms and staphylococci have been isolated from dentures. Teeth adjacent to partial dentures are more susceptible to caries and periodontal diseases, perhaps due to an increased plaque buildup at the prosthesis/tooth interface. Little work has been published on malodour associated with dentures. The inert material provides a substratum for the plaque biofilm, which encompasses a range of odour-producing species. The microbiology of the tongue in denture wearers has not been specifically studied. Thus the nature, origin and extent of malodour in denture wearers is ill-defined, but many species capable of producing malodorous compounds are present. The wide age and health range presented by denture wearers further confounds investigation. There is a need for further work in the area, both for cosmetic- and health-associated reasons in the increasing elderly population.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Pilot study of a breath test for volatile organic compounds associated with oral malodor: evidence for the role of oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: We performed a pilot study of a new method to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath associated with oral malodor, using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). METHODS: Oral cavity breath was collected from seven patients with oral malodor. Breath samples (150 ml) were concentrated onto sorbent traps and analyzed by GC/MS. RESULTS: Organoleptic scores ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 (mean = 3.3) on a scale of 0-5. Twenty-four of 30 (80.0%) of the most abundant oral malodor volatile organic compounds (OMVOCs) were alkanes and methylated alkanes. These VOCs are products of oxidative stress, generated by lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. CONCLUSIONS: Increased oxidative stress in the oral cavity of patients with oral malodor may account for the increased risk of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke associated with periodontal disease. The breath test for OMVOCs could potentially provide an objective new test for the assessment of oral malodor.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2005

Effects of training on odor judges scoring intensity.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study was intended to test whether a training protocol improved validity of odor judges (OJs), with or without experience, and whether odorant types differed in error proneness. METHODS: The OJs (four experienced, two inexperienced) completed a 4-phase training protocol based on the American Society of Testing and Materials standards (ASTM): (i) introduction to sensory scales, n-butanol reference, sniffing techniques; (ii) pretraining measurements; 20 samples of varying intensities of four unpleasant and three pleasant odorants; (iii) exercises assessing quality, intensity, ranking, and matching; and (iv) post-training measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects' intensity scores were analyzed as the absolute difference from the 'true' intensity (ASTM n-butanol standard) using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Training significantly (P = 0.02) reduced OJ errors. Experienced and novice judges did not differ in average errors (P = 0.99), or in improvement in error from pre- to post-training (P = 0.94). Improvement was consistent from pre- to post-training for all odorants except dimethylsulfide for which errors worsened (P = 0.01). Unpleasant and pleasant odorants differed (P = 0.006) in error. After removing water the effects of water control scores from the pleasant odorants, the difference was not significant (P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The OJs improved in their ability to assess odor intensity irrespective of previous experience. Training is recommended for all OJs prior to research trials.

Breath Tests↗