Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Growth and Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Growth, behavior, development and intelligence in rural children between 1-3 years of life.

In a rural cohort of 625 children registered from 1981 to 1983 in 10 villages of K.V. Block, Varanasi, 196 children were assessed for physical growth, development, intelligence and concept development between 1 and 3 years of age. Home environment was also assessed using Caldwell Home inventory. These rural children remained below 3rd centile of NCHS standard for weight, height, skull and mid-arm circumferences throughout the study. Malnourished children scored poorly in all the areas of development, i.e., motor, adaptive, language and personal social, 9% in Grade I and 16.6% children in Grade II + III had IQ less than 79 (inferior). Concept for color shape and size was poorly developed in malnourished children. Maternal involvement and stimulation was strongly associated with better behavior development and intelligence. Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of home environment on development and intelligence was of a higher magnitude as compared to status and family variables and nutritional status during 1-3 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Experimental studies on small hooks preceding large hooks in the growth and development of Taenia solium metacestodes.

In the present study, we have determined the growth and development pattern of rostellar hooklets of Taenia solium cysticerci (Zhengzhou and Harbin strains) in three pigs (1 SEM and 2 L-SEM strains) 89-196 days post experimental infection. A total of 3,675 cysticerci were collected from 3 pigs, 3,007 (82%) of 3,675 cysticerci were evaginated by enzyme method. 439 (15%) evaginated cysticerci were carefully examined and measured after dehydration, staining, and mounting on microscopic slides. Among 439 cysticerci, 234 (53%) had pair rostellar hooks, 88 (20%) with unpair hooks, 60 (14%) only small (outer row) hooks, and 57 (13%) no hooks including 34 hooks were completely dropped and 23 no hooks developed. The number ranged from 10 to 17 pairs for pair hooks and 1 to 29 for unpair ones. The length and width of rostallar hooks on the scolex of cysticerci were usually larger in the pig with longer infection time. Moreover, cysticerci with pair and unpair rostellar hooks had only small hooks and no hooks were present on their scolices. However, cysticerci with only large (inner row) hooks were not found. These findings indicate that the growth and development of small hooks precedes that of the large hooks in the formation of the two-row pattern rostellar hook in Cysticercus cellulosae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Redox signaling in the growth and development of colonial hydroids.

Redox signaling provides a quick and efficient mechanism for clonal or colonial organisms to adapt their growth and development to aspects of the environment, e.g. the food supply. A 'signature' of mitochondrial redox signaling, particularly as mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be elucidated by experimental manipulation of the electron transport chain. The major sites of ROS formation are found at NADH dehydrogenase of complex I and at the interface between coenzyme Q and complex III. Inhibitors of complex III should thus upregulate ROS from both sites; inhibitors of complex I should upregulate ROS from the first but not the second site, while uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation should downregulate ROS from both sites. To investigate the possibility of such redox signaling, perturbations of colony growth and development were carried out using the hydroid Podocoryna carnea. Oxygen uptake of colonies was measured to determine comparable physiological doses of antimycin A(1) (an inhibitor of complex III), rotenone (an inhibitor of complex I) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP; an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation). Using these doses, clear effects on colony growth and development were obtained. Treatment with antimycin A(1) results in 'runner-like' colony growth, with widely spaced polyps and stolon branches, while treatment with CCCP results in 'sheet-like' growth, with closely spaced polyps and stolon branches. Parallel results have been obtained previously with azide, an inhibitor of complex IV, and dinitrophenol, another uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Perhaps surprisingly, rotenone produced effects on colony development similar to those of CCCP. Assays of peroxides using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and fluorescent microscopy suggest a moderate difference in ROS formation between the antimycin and rotenone treatments. The second site of ROS formation (the interface between coenzyme Q and complex III) may thus predominate in the signaling that regulates colony development. The fat-rich, brine shrimp diet of these hydroids may be relevant in this context. Acyl CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first step in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids, carries electrons to coenzyme Q, thus bypassing complex I. These results support a role for redox signaling, mediated by ROS, in colony development. Nevertheless, other redox sensors between complexes I and III may yet be found.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2025

Lysine-rich rice enhanced muscle growth and development in young rats.

Rice is the staple food for half of the world's population but is low in lysine content. We previously developed transgenic lysine-rich rice with enhanced free lysine content in rice seeds and demonstrated that it could improve skeletal growth and development in rats. However, the effects of lysine-rich rice on muscle remain to be studied. We hypothesized that lysine-rich rice was able to improve muscle growth in weaning rats via its anabolic effects on muscle metabolism. Male weaning Sprague-Dawley rats received lysine-rich rice (HFL) diet, wild-type rice (WT) diet, or wild-type rice with various doses of lysine supplementation (WT + Lys) diet (+ 0%, + 10%, + 20%, and + 40% lysine) for 70 days. Muscle strength and quality were analyzed by biomechanical test and muscle fiber typing of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Molecular mechanisms of lysine on muscle growth were also explored by rat serum biochemistry and cell culture systems. Results indicated that the HFL diet improved rats' muscle growth, strength, and physiological cross-sectional area (CSA) over the WT diet group. The CSAs of fast-twitch muscle fibers (Type IIb and IIx) were also increased. In addition, the HFL increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and decreased serum myostatin (MSTN) concentrations. The cell culture model showed that lysine deficiency reduced IGF-1 expression and inhibited myoblast differentiation associated with muscle growth. Our findings showed that lysine-rich rice improved muscle growth and development in weaning rats. Higher dietary lysine possibly inhibited MSTN and activated of IGF-1 signaling pathway for muscle growth and development.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The effect of altitude on adolescent growth and development.

To evaluate the effect of altitude on adolescent growth and development, three groups of healthy, well-nourished youth of similar socioeconomic status and ethnic grouping who resided at sea level (n = 1262 subjects), mid-altitude (n = 1743 subjects), and high altitude (n = 1137 subjects) were studied. The following parameters were evaluated: weight and height in all subjects; genital and pubic hair development in the males; and the initiation of breast development and age of menarche in the females. At mid-altitude, puberty appears to start at a similar age, but lasts longer, than at sea level. At high altitude, puberty starts significantly later and is more prolonged than at sea level and mid-altitude. Our data reveal relatively little effect of altitude upon growth and weight-gain patterns or final attained heights and weights.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Early fetal growth and development in mice chronically exposed to ethanol during gestation.

The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal growth and development during mid-gestation was investigated in Swiss white mice. As early as day 12 of gestation alcohol-exposed fetuses are retarded in both weight and length and remain retarded by about 0.5 to 1 day through day 16, when the experiment was terminated. From day 12 to day 16 alcohol-exposed fetuses were retarded in morphological development by about one half day, compared to controls not exposed to alcohol. Palate development began later in alcohol-exposed fetuses and was not complete in most fetuses until about 15 days 18 hours, whereas fusion was complete in most control fetuses by 15 days 0 hours. No evidence for an effect of uterine position on palate development was observed, either in control or alcohol-exposed fetuses. The manner in which alcohol consumption may affect fetal growth and development is discussed in light of these results.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The Arabidopsis det3 mutant reveals a central role for the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in plant growth and development.

In all multicellular organisms growth and morphogenesis must be coordinated, but for higher plants, this is of particular importance because the timing of organogenesis is not fixed but occurs in response to environmental constraints. One particularly dramatic developmental juncture is the response of dicotyledonous seedlings to light. The det3 mutant of Arabidopsis develops morphologically as a light-grown plant even when it is grown in the dark. In addition, it shows organ-specific defects in cell elongation and has a reduced response to brassinosteroids (BRs). We have isolated the DET3 gene by positional cloning and provide functional and biochemical evidence that it encodes subunit C of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase). We show that the hypocotyl elongation defect in the det3 mutant is conditional and provide evidence that this is due to an alternative mechanism of V-ATPase assembly. Together with the expression pattern of the DET3 gene revealed by GFP fluorescence, our data provide in vivo evidence for a role for the V-ATPase in the control of cell elongation and in the regulation of meristem activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Involvement of heat shock proteins in bacteriophage Mu development.

Growth of bacteriophage Mu was severely inhibited at elevated temperature in mutants defective in the heat shock genes dnaK, groEL, and groES and in the rpoH (htpR) regulatory mutant, but not in mutants defective in the heat shock genes dnaJ or grpE; growth of a mutant of Mu deficient in functions encoded in the accessory region of the Mu genome was inhibited in the latter two host mutants. Phage production in the dnaJ mutant was restored by growth in low-salt medium. The stage in Mu development primarily affected in all except the groE mutants was phage late transcription. In contrast, the groE mutants did not support growth of Mu at any temperature; neither Mu DNA replication nor transcription was inhibited in these strains, suggesting that groE is required for phage morphogenesis as observed with several other coliphages.

Bacteriophage mu↗
PubMed1997

Impact of multiple antenatal doses of betamethasone on growth and development of mice offspring.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine in a randomized, placebo-controlled manner whether multiple antenatal doses of betamethasone affect long-term growth and development of exposed mouse offspring. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty pregnant CD-1 mice received either two, four, or eight antepartum doses of 0.1 mg betamethasone or placebo. Perinatal outcomes, growth, and development of the offspring were compared in a blinded manner. Variables were compared by analysis of variance or chi 2 testing. RESULTS: Betamethasone-exposed subjects gained less weight during pregnancy and were delivered of fewer live pups, with fewer male survivors and lower birth weights. These trends were dose related. Growth measurements were similar after the neonatal period. No differences in functional development and physical maturation in the offspring were noted. The reproductive capability, perinatal outcomes, and growth and development of the second-generation offspring were unaffected by betamethasone exposure. CONCLUSION: Multiple antenatal dosings of betamethasone, reaching toxic levels, did not have an impact on the long-term growth and development of the surviving mouse offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Mammalian oocyte growth and development in vitro.

This paper is a review of the current status of technology for mammalian oocyte growth and development in vitro. It compares and contrasts the characteristics of the various culture systems that have been devised for the culture of either isolated preantral follicles or the oocyte-granulosa cell complexes form preantral follicles. The advantages and disadvantages of these various systems are discussed. Endpoints for the evaluation of oocyte development in vitro, including oocyte maturation and embryogenesis, are described. Considerations for the improvement of the culture systems are also presented. These include discussions of the possible effects of apoptosis and inappropriate differentiation of oocyte-associated granulosa cells on oocyte development. Finally, the potential applications of the technology for oocyte growth and development in vitro are discussed. For example, studies of oocyte development in vitro could help to identify specific molecules produced during oocyte development that are essential for normal early embryogenesis and perhaps recognize defects leading to infertility or abnormalities in embryonic development. Moreover, the culture systems may provide the methods necessary to enlarge the populations of valuable agricultural, pharmaceutical product-producing, and endangered animals, and to rescue the oocytes of women about to undergo clinical procedures that place oocytes at risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The effect of unilateral partial facial paralysis and muscle ablation on craniofacial growth and development: an experimental study in the rabbit.

The effect of unilateral partial facial nerve ablation and unilateral partial midface muscle ablation on craniofacial growth and development was investigated. New Zealand White rabbits (12 days old) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: control group, to study normal craniofacial growth and development (n = 15); nerve ablation group, surgically induced unilateral paralysis of the buccal branches of the facial nerve (n = 15); and muscle ablation group, surgical unilateral ablation of the facial muscles innervated by the buccal branches of the facial nerve (n = 12). All animals were operated on at the age of 12 days; follow-up evaluations were performed at the ages of 2 months and 6 months. The age of 2 months represents the endpoint of the prepubertal craniofacial growth and development. At the age of 6 months, the animals are fully grown; therefore, the time period between 2 and 6 months is regarded as the pubertal growth period. Computerized dorsoventral roentgencephalometric (measurement of distances and angles) and computer tomographic (three-dimensional volumetric measurements) investigations were performed at both ages. Additional dry skull measurements were performed to determine more precisely the bone segments involved in the craniofacial growth alterations studied. The obtained results indicated the following. Unilateral partial facial paralysis involving the midface resulted in growth alterations analogous to those seen after unilateral total facial paralysis. The growth alterations were not to be seen as a growth restriction (reduction in bony volume) but as growth misdirections (alterations in shape). Major growth alterations were present in those regions closely related to the facial musculature, namely the nasal, maxillary, and premaxillary regions, resulting in a snout deviation toward the operated side. The growth alterations occurred during prepuberty and remained rather stable during puberty. Morphologic signs of muscle denervation were related to the craniofacial growth disturbances. The growth alterations after unilateral partial facial paralysis were mainly biomechanically induced, as they were analogous to those observed after unilateral midfacial muscle ablation. The fact that after unilateral midfacial muscle ablation at the age of 6 months the severity of the alterations had increased was attributed to the scar formation inherent to the surgical procedure.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1985

Modification of growth and development of muscles of poultry.

Growth curves of selected and unselected lines of broilers and Japanese quail show that chicks respond to selection for 8-week or 4-week body mass, respectively, by increasing the exponential growth rate during the first 2 weeks after hatching. Comparative studies indicate that growth rate varies among species of birds according to adult body mass, developmental maturity of the chick at hatching, and the postnatal growth increments of the skeletal muscles of the legs. Differentiation of tissues leading to mature function apparently precludes embryonic function and decreases proliferation and growth. Precocial species, such as the domestic fowl, grow only one-quarter as fast, on average, as altricial species of the same size, whose chicks are less mature at hatching and depend more on parental care for food, warmth, and protection. Among precocial species, those whose legs have the smallest postnatal growth increments grow most rapidly overall. The domestic fowl is among the slowest growing of precocial species. Although diet quality may limit growth rate, this should not be a factor in selection programs, because high quality diets can be provided. Rate of food assimilation apparently also is limiting, but it can be increased experimentally by force feeding and presumably is sufficiently selectable so as not to limit breeding programs designed to increase growth rate. The response of broilers and quail to selection of body mass apparently affects the rate of proliferation of skeletal muscles during the early posthatching period. Muscle quality is not affected. There is inconclusive evidence of a shift in muscle cell nuclei from differentiated to proliferative pools in selected lines. Furthermore, selected broilers apparently are less capable than unselected chicks of generating body heat, which requires functional skeletal muscle during the first week posthatching. Growth performance of broilers might be increased beyond present levels by selecting directly for reduced or delayed maturity (e.g., thermogenesis, flight) of chicks during the first 2 weeks and by selecting smaller legs in adult birds. Any attempt to formulate a selection program on these ideas would require additional basic research and might be thwarted by economic considerations or by offsetting selection caused by phenotypic responses that strain certain functional relationships in the growing chick.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins on growth and development.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are potentially toxic compounds which occur widely in the environment. Their effects on the growth and development of infants at the levels currently found in highly industrialised western countries is not well known. This Dutch multicenter study, combining animal and human studies, tries to answer this question. Animal studies showed that PCB 169, given once during pregnancy at a dose of 1.8 g kg-1 bodyweight, has an effect on developmental parameters, dopamine regulation and fertility. Effects on thyroid hormones were also found in animals, probably due to both a competitive binding of PCB metabolites to the thyroxine binding protein and increased glucuronidation. Perhaps to compensate for this, an increased diodase activity in the brain was found. Human studies involved 400 mother-infant pairs, half of them being breast-fed, the other half were fed a formula devoid of PCBs and dioxins. PCB levels were measured in serum and dioxin and PCB levels in breastmilk. Levels were found to be as high as previously found in highly industrialised countries. Growth and development were carefully documented, but no data are as yet available. In pregnant women, a significant negative correlation was found between some dioxin and PCB congeners in milk and plasma thyroid hormones, while newborn infants showed higher thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at higher levels of dioxin exposure. In summary, data from this combined multicenter study involving animals and humans increases our insight into the potentially negative effects of PCBs and dioxins on growth and development.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Growth and development of competence in the group H streptococci.

The growth and development of competence by group H streptococci, strain Challis, were compared in synthetic, semisynthetic, and complex media with respect to the cultural conditions required, time of onset and persistence of competence and transformation efficiency. Provided that cultural conditions were strictly controlled in the synthetic system, transformation frequencies of 1% or above were routinely observed. The initial pH must be between 7.3 and 7.6, and the addition of freshly prepared bicarbonate ion was required. Furthermore, competence was sensitive to the degree of initial agitation of the culture. There was no evidence that "step-down" or "unbalanced" growth conditions were required. Competence could be provoked in the incompetent strain Wicky, growing in complex or semisynthetic media, by the addition of heat-killed or filtered cultures of strain Challis prepared during the competent period of growth in synthetic medium.

Albumins↗
PubMed1995

Image analytical observation on the growth and development of Clonorchis sinensis in rats.

For the two-dimensional observation on the growth and development of Clonorchis sinensis, an image analysis system (IBAS 2000, Kontron, Germany) was used in this study. On 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21, 30 and 90 days of infection, 474 worms were collected from rats infected with 50 metacercariae each. The overall recovery rate was 31.6%. The worms grew rapidly in their length and width up to 30 days of infection and then, did slowly to 90 days of infection. However, the growth pattern of body area was not similar to that of body length and width, because the body area increased continuously even after 30 days of infection. With the image analysis system, the sizes of irregular-shaped genital organs were measured easily, which showed sigmoidal growth patterns. The growth rate of genital organs increased rapidly until 21 days of infection when the uterus was filled with numerous eggs, and then gradually slowed down to 90 days. There was no difference in growth pattern between the anterior and posterior testis. The seminal receptacle, however, showed an abrupt increase in size between 15 to 21 days of infection when it was filled with condensed semen. Therefore, the growth pattern of seminal receptacle might be used as another criteria to estimate the extent of sexual maturation of C. sinensis. From this study, it is suggested that image analysis system is very useful to reveal the growth and development pattern of C. sinensis, especially of their internal organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

STS-95 space experiment for plant growth and development, and auxin polar transport.

The principal objective of the space experiment, BRIC-AUX on STS-95, was the integrated analysis of the growth and development of etiolated pea and maize seedlings in space, and the effect of microgravity conditions in space on auxin polar transport in the segments. Microgravity conditions in space strongly affected the growth and development of etiolated pea and maize seedlings. Etiolated pea and maize seedlings were leaned and curved during space flight, respectively. Finally the growth inhibition of these seedlings was also observed. Roots of some pea seedlings grew toward the aerial space of Plant Growth Chamber. Extensibilities of cell walls of the third internode of etiolated pea epicotyls and the top region of etiolated maize coleoptiles which were germinated and grown under microgravity conditions in space were significantly low. Activities of auxin polar transport in the second internode segments of etiolated pea seedlings and coleoptile segments of etiolated maize seedlings were significantly inhibited and extremely promoted, respectively, under microgravity conditions in space. These results strongly suggest that auxin polar transport as well as the growth and development of plants is controlled under gravity on the earth.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2001

Growth and development of children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital.

A number of concerns have been raised about children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In this study, 75 babies in the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital ICSI programme were determined during pediatric follow-up to assess the growth, development and congenital malformations from April 1997 to December 2000. Male to female ratio was 1:1.27. Mean birth weight for singletons was not different from the general population. Thirty six per cent of the babies weighed less than 2,500 g, which was almost four times higher than naturally conceived babies. Approximately 27 per cent of deliveries were multiple pregnancies compared to 0.93 per cent from natural conception. Prematurity rate was 25 per cent and 85.7 per cent of deliveries were carried out by caesarian section. One baby (1.3%) had major congenital malformation and 37 babies (49.3%) had one or more minor defects. Most of the babies had weight, height, and head circumference within normal ranges. After correction for gestational age, all the premature babies caught up growth within the first year of life. Eleven babies (14.7%) had abnormal or questionable results or Denver II at different ages. Longer-term follow-up is necessary to properly assess the growth and developmental outcome of the ICSI babies.

Adult↗