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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The boll weevil vitellogenin gene: nucleotide sequence, structure, and evolutionary relationship to nematode and vertebrate vitellogenin genes.

Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) eggs contain two yolk proteins, YP47 and YP160. Using anti-YP160 antiserum as probe, a partial-length complementary DNA (cDNA) was isolated from a lambda gt11 adult female cDNA library. A second partial-length cDNA was isolated from a lambda gt10 adult female cDNA library by differential screening with male vs. female cDNAs. Northern blot analysis showed that each cloned cDNA hybridized to a 6-kb female-specific transcript. These cDNAs were used to probe a genomic library, and two overlapping genomic clones were obtained that span the boll weevil vitellogenin gene. The entire transcription unit was sequenced, and introns were mapped by a combination of primer extension experiments, S1 nuclease protection experiments, and polymerase chain reaction-mediated synthesis of two additional cDNA clones. Based on these data, the vitellogenin mRNA is 5511 nucleotides [plus a poly(A) tail of undetermined length] and specifies a provitellogenin of 1790 amino acids. The deduced protein has a Glu+Gln content of 16.3%, which is a relatively high value that is typical of most vitellogenins. Protein sequence similarities including Cys clusters conserved between boll weevil vitellogenin and Xenopus laevis A2 or Caenorhabditis elegans vit-5 vitellogenins indicated that the boll weevil protein is a member of the ancient nematode-vertebrate vitellogenin family. Moreover, the six introns in the boll weevil vitellogenin gene interrupt the coding region at positions closely or exactly corresponding to a subset of the positions of the 34 vertebrate vitellogenin introns, further supporting the argument for a common evolutionary relationship. This report represents the first complete nucleotide sequence and structural analysis of a nondipteran insect vitellogenin gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Molecular characterization of eag: a gene affecting potassium channels in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genes encoding proteins involved in the function of the nervous system can be identified via mutations causing behavioral abnormalities. An example is ether à go-go (eag) in Drosophila melanogaster, which was identified originally as an X-linked mutation that displayed ether-induced leg-shaking behavior. Electrophysiological and genetic evidence suggests that the product of the eag locus is intimately involved in the normal functioning of one or more types of voltage-gated potassium channels. To initiate a molecular analysis of eag we first generated a collection of deletions to pinpoint its cytological location. On the basis of this location, we identified an existing inversion, In(1)sc29, with one breakpoint at the eag locus and the other in the scute (sc) complex. A genomic library was prepared from In(1)sc29 and screened with a genomic DNA fragment that spanned the sc breakpoint to isolate DNA from the eag region. Beginning from this starting point over 85 kb of DNA were isolated by chromosome walking. Three additional eag alleles, including two dysgenesis-induced insertion mutations and a gamma-ray-induced insertional translocation, were located on the molecular map of the eag locus by Southern blot analysis. The molecular defects associated with these alleles encompass a total of 27 kb within the chromosome walk. A 10-kb transcript derived from this region, which is expressed most abundantly in heads, was identified on Northern blots. Two different eag mutations separated by over 20 kb interrupt the same transcript identifying it as the likely eag message. cDNAs representing a portion of this transcript have been isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

An ordered, nonredundant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 transposon insertion mutants.

Random transposon insertion libraries have proven invaluable in studying bacterial genomes. Libraries that approach saturation must be large, with multiple insertions per gene, making comprehensive genome-wide scanning difficult. To facilitate genome-scale study of the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14, we constructed a nonredundant library of PA14 transposon mutants (the PA14NR Set) in which nonessential PA14 genes are represented by a single transposon insertion chosen from a comprehensive library of insertion mutants. The parental library of PA14 transposon insertion mutants was generated by using MAR2xT7, a transposon compatible with transposon-site hybridization and based on mariner. The transposon-site hybridization genetic footprinting feature broadens the utility of the library by allowing pooled MAR2xT7 mutants to be individually tracked under different experimental conditions. A public, internet-accessible database (the PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutant Database, http://ausubellab.mgh.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/pa14/home.cgi) was developed to facilitate construction, distribution, and use of the PA14NR Set. The usefulness of the PA14NR Set in genome-wide scanning for phenotypic mutants was validated in a screen for attachment to abiotic surfaces. Comparison of the genes disrupted in the PA14 transposon insertion library with an independently constructed insertion library in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 provides an estimate of the number of P. aeruginosa essential genes.

DNA Transposable Elements↗
PubMed1993

Genomic cloning, sequencing, and analysis of the hamster cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7).

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is the rate limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis and plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis. The Golden Syrian hamster has been used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis and cholesterol gallstone disease. We have screened a lambda DASH II hamster liver genomic library using a rat cDNA as a hybridization probe. A 14-kb genomic clone has been isolated and characterized by restriction mapping and Southern blot hybridization. The clone contained the full-length gene encoding cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase together with an upstream sequence of approximately 5 kb. DNA sequencing and analysis of about 11 kb of the gene revealed that the hamster CYP7 gene consists of six exons and five introns, which have the same structures and sizes as predicted in the rat and human CYP7 genes. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the hamster cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase have a high sequence identity of about 90% to the rat and 82% to the human sequences. Particularly, exons 2, 5, and 6 are highly conserved among these species, thus reflecting the presence of some domains that are crucial for the activity of this unique enzyme. The putative cholesterol-binding region, an aromatic amino acid region, and the P450 heme-binding region are completely conserved. Comparison of the 250-bp 5'-flanking sequence to the corresponding region in the rat and human genes revealed a high degree of homology ranging between 71% and 82%. Next to the canonical TATA and CCAAT boxes are many consensus sequences (LF-A1, LF-B1, TGT3) for liver-specific or -enriched transcription factors (HNF4, HNF1, and HNF5, respectively) and an imperfect direct repeat of thyroid hormone responsive element (TRE), which is located between TGT3 and LF-B1. These sequence motifs are completely conserved among the rat, human, and hamster CYP7 genes. Several modified sterol regulatory element (SRE)-like sequences are located in the upstream flanking region and in the first intron. This highly conserved proximal promoter may play important roles in the transcription activity and in the regulation of the CYP7 gene by physiological agents, such as bile acids and steroid/thyroid hormones. This is the first report describing the complete nucleotide sequence and confirming the structure of a CYP7 gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Artiodactyl emergence is accompanied by the birth of an extensive pool of diverse germline TRDV1 genes.

Molecular cloning of cDNA from gamma/delta T cells has shown that in sheep, the variable domain of the delta chain is chiefly determined by the expression of the TRDV1 subgroup, apparently composed of a large number of genes. There are three other TRDV subgroups, but these include only one gene each. To evaluate the extent and the complexity of the genomic TRDV repertoire, we screened a sheep liver genomic library from a single individual of the Altamurana breed and sheep fibroblast genomic DNA from a single individual of the Gentile di Puglia breed. We identified a total of 22 TRDV1 genes and the TRDV4 gene. A sequence comparison between germline and the rearranged genes indicates that, in sheep, the TRDV repertoire is generated by the VDJ rearrangement of at least 40 distinct TRDV1 genes. All germline TRDV1 genes present a high degree of similarity in their coding as well as in 5' and 3' flanking regions. However, a systematic analysis of the translation products reveals that these genes present a broadly different and specific repertoire in the complementarity-determining regions or recognition loops, allowing us to organize the TRDV genes into sets. We assume that selection processes operating at the level of ligand recognition have shaped the sheep TRDV germline repertoire. A phylogenetic study based on a sequence analysis of the TRDV genes from different mammalian species shows that the diversification level of these genes is higher in artiodactyl species compared to humans and mice.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Functional analysis of a Douglas-fir metallothionein-like gene promoter: transient assays in zygotic and somatic embryos and stable transformation in transgenic tobacco.

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb] Franco) metallothionein (PmMT) cDNA encodes a novel cysteine- and serine-rich MT, indicating a new subtype or prototype MT from which other plant MTs may have evolved. A genomic library of Douglas-fir was screened using MT cDNA probes, and genomic sequences that mediate tissue-specific, temporal as well as inducible expression of the embryo-specific MT-gene were analyzed. The promoter region of the PmMT genomic clone (gPmMT) contained a hexameric G-box, two putative ethylene-responsive elements and an inverted repeat of a motif similar to the core metal regulatory element. Interestingly, comparison of the upstream region of Douglas-fir gPm2S1 and gPmMTa genes revealed a conserved motif, CATTATTGA, not found in any known angiosperm gene promoter. Chimeric gene constructs containing a series of deletions in the gPmMTa promoter fused to the uidA reporter gene were assayed in Douglas-fir and transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Transient-expression assays in Douglas-fir megagametophyte and zygotic embryos indicated that the sequence -190 to +88 of gPmMTa was sufficient to drive the expression of the reporter gene and that the 225-bp fragment (-677 to -453) contained sequences necessary for high-level expression. In transgenic tobacco seedlings the beta-glucuronidase activity was localized in the vacuolar tissue and proliferating tissue of the auxiliary buds and stem elongation zone. The gPmMTa promoter was not active in the seeds of transgenic tobacco or in the roots of seedlings up to 3 weeks old. Detailed studies of transient expression and stable transformation provided important information on evolutionary conservation as well as novel features found in the conifer promoter. This is the first report of an MT-like gene promoter from conifers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum.

Microsatellites are repetitive genomic elements that show high levels of variation and therefore provide excellent tools to study the genetics of eukaryotic organisms. Hookworms are extremely common and important nematode parasites of humans and animals, causing potentially serious disease morbidity. Control of hookworms in dogs is achieved by frequent treatment with anthelmintics, and in humans, anthelmintics are frequently administered in a mass-treatment community-wide approach. Understanding the population genetics of hookworms has important implications for studies on the development and spread of drug resistance. We investigated the genome of Ancylostoma caninum for microsatellites by developing and then screening an enriched genomic library as well as by data mining published sequences of a whole genome shotgun library. Investigations revealed a high abundance of trinucleotide repeats. Dinucleotide repeats were characterized by a high number of AT, GA, and GT repeats. After testing and optimization of 68 markers, a panel of 34 polymorphic microsatellite markers were selected. Microsatellite analysis of hookworm isolates revealed a high degree of polymorphism, which was not influenced by the length of the repeats. This panel of microsatellite markers makes it possible to pursue investigations on the population genetics of A. caninum. Furthermore, a number of the markers demonstrated suitability for analysis of the human hookworm species Necator americanus and A. duodenale.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1995

Isolation, properties and chromosomal localization of four closely linked hamster interferon-alpha-encoding genes.

Three recombinant phages containing hamster interferon-alpha-encoding genes (Ha Ifa) were isolated from a Ha genomic library, using a murine (Mu) Ifa probe. The phage inserts contained overlapping genomic fragments which span a total length of approx. 30 kb, on which four Ha Ifa genes are localized. The Ifa gene cluster could be assigned to hamster chromosome 2q. The nt sequences of the four Ifa genes were determined. Two of the genes are functional (Ha Ifa-1 and Ifa-3) and two are pseudogenes (Ifa-ps2 and Ifa-ps4). Ha Ifa-1 and -3 were transiently expressed in COS cells and they gave rise to protein products (A1 and A3, respectively) with antiviral properties on hamster CHO cells. In addition, Ha A1 revealed high antiviral activity on murine L929 cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

High-throughput screening using genome-wide siRNA libraries.

Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) technology is a new approach for blocking the production of a protein by specific degradation of the messenger RNA that encodes the protein. The high potency of siRNA and the relative ease of application have led to broad implementation of the method in many aspects of the life science research. The combination of the developments in its application and in siRNA libraries to cover whole genomes has further enabled genome-wide high-throughput functional screening.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗
PubMed1998

An anchored framework BAC map of mouse chromosome 11 assembled using multiplex oligonucleotide hybridization.

Despite abundant library resources for many organisms, physical mapping of these organisms has been seriously limited due to lack of efficient library screening techniques. We have developed a highly efficient strategy for large-scale screening of genomic libraries based on multiplex oligonucleotide hybridization on high-density genomic filters. We have applied this strategy to generate a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) anchored map of mouse chromosome 11. Using the MIT mouse SSLP data, 320 pairs of oligonucleotide probes were designed with an "overgo" computer program that selects new primer sequences that avoid the microsatellite repeat. BACs identified by these probes are automatically anchored to the chromosome. Ninety-two percent of the probes identified positive clones from a 5.9-fold coverage mouse BAC library with an average of 7 positive clones per marker. An average of 4.2 clones was confirmed for 204 markers by PCR. Our data show that a large number of clones can be efficiently isolated from a large genomic library using this strategy with minimal effort. This strategy will have wide application for large-scale mapping and sequencing of human and other large genomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pseudoexons and regulatory elements in the genomic sequence of the beta-chemokine, alternative macrophage activation-associated CC-chemokine (AMAC)-1.

Recently, the authors reported the cloning of a novel human CC chemokine of alternatively activated macrophages (AMAC-1), whose expression is induced by Th2-associated cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-13 and IL-10; vice versa, AMAC-1 expression is inhibited by Th1-associated cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). In order to study the genomic organization and transcriptional regulation of the AMAC-1 gene, genomic clones were isolated by screening a human lambda genomic library. Sequencing of a clone with a 1.7-kb insert gave a partial genomic sequence for the AMAC-1 gene. The complete AMAC-1 genomic sequence was obtained by bioinformational methods and the whole region spanning the AMAC-1 gene was verified by PCR amplification of subfragments and sequencing. The AMAC-1 gene consists of three exons. Whereas exons 2 and 3 were separated by a small intron of 411 bp, exon 1 and exon 2 were separated by 6 kb of non-translated genomic sequence containing two pseudoexons that are not expressed although they feature intact exon/intron boundaries and complete open reading frames. In order to allow a detailed analysis, a 2.7-kb fragment containing the promoter region and the first exon of AMAC-1 gene was cloned into a reporter gene construct. In the AMAC-1 promoter, two possible transcription start points were identified. In addition, several putative regulatory sequences for IL-4- and IFN-gamma-dependent transcriptional pathways were found including STAT6 and STAT1 binding sites as well as several AP-1 and C/EBP elements. Interestingly, a combined STAT6/STAT1 binding element is located in the direct vicinity of the first putative transcription start point. Competitive binding of IL-4-induced STAT6 versus IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 to this site may explain the antagonistic effects these cytokines exert on AMAC-1 expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Structure of the mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene.

Three overlapping cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylasecDNAs were cloned from total mouse liver RNA by a combination of the polymerase chain reaction and mouse liver cDNA library screening. One of the cDNA clones was used to screen a mouse genomic library; three genomic clones were isolated and one of them was fully characterized. The mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene spans approximately 10 kb. The gene contains six exons including a 1509-bp open reading frame encoding 503 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence of mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase showed 93 and 82% identity to the rat and human enzymes, respectively. The transcription initiation site is mapped to 64 bases 5' of the translation initiation codon. Several transcription factor binding sequences are identified in the 5' flanking region of the mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Assignment of the human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) gene to chromosome 12p12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) of human liver mediates the basolateral hepatocellular uptake of numerous cholephilic anions and steroidal compounds. The aim of this study was to clone the human OATP gene and to map its chromosomal localization by fluorescence in situ hybridization. METHODS: A polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragment of the human OATP gene was used to isolate a genomic OATP clone from a P1-derived artificial chromosome human genomic library. Human metaphase chromosomes were hybridized with digoxigenin-labeled DNA from the genomic OATP clone and incubated in fluoresceinated antidigoxigenin antibodies for in situ detection of specific hybridization signals. RESULTS: Sequence analysis revealed that the isolated P1-derived artificial chromosome clone contained a large portion of the human OATP gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of human chromosomes with the genomic OATP clone resulted in the specific labeling of the OATP gene on the short arm of chromosome 12 at band 12p12. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping of a genomic OATP clone to chromosome 12p12 represents a first step towards the molecular characterization of the human OATP gene. While no liver disease has so far been associated with cytogenetic abnormalities of the short arm of chromosome 12, the genomic OATP sequence provides the basis for studies on gene structure and on the tissue-specific regulation of OATP gene expression.

Anion Transport Proteins↗
PubMed1998

Random exploration of the Kluyveromyces lactis genome and comparison with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The genome of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis was explored by sequencing 588 short tags from two random genomic libraries (random sequenced tags, or RSTs), representing altogether 1.3% of the K. lactis genome. After systematic translation of the RSTs in all six possible frames and comparison with the complete set of proteins predicted from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic sequence using an internally standardized threshold, 296 K.lactis genes were identified of which 292 are new. This corresponds to approximately 5% of the estimated genes of this organism and triples the total number of identified genes in this species. Of the novel K.lactis genes, 169 (58%) are homologous to S.cerevisiae genes of known or assigned functions, allowing tentative functional assignment, but 59 others (20%) correspond to S.cerevisiae genes of unknown function and previously without homolog among all completely sequenced genomes. Interestingly, a lower degree of sequence conservation is observed in this latter class. In nearly all instances in which the novel K.lactis genes have homologs in different species, sequence conservation is higher with their S.cerevisiae counterparts than with any of the other organisms examined. Conserved gene order relationships (synteny) between the two yeast species are also observed for half of the cases studied.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Integration of Cot analysis, DNA cloning, and high-throughput sequencing facilitates genome characterization and gene discovery.

Cot-based sequence discovery represents a powerful means by which both low-copy and repetitive sequences can be selectively and efficiently fractionated, cloned, and characterized. Based upon the results of a Cot analysis, hydroxyapatite chromatography was used to fractionate sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genomic DNA into highly repetitive (HR), moderately repetitive (MR), and single/low-copy (SL) sequence components that were consequently cloned to produce HRCot, MRCot, and SLCot genomic libraries. Filter hybridization (blotting) and sequence analysis both show that the HRCot library is enriched in sequences traditionally found in high-copy number (e.g., retroelements, rDNA, centromeric repeats), the SLCot library is enriched in low-copy sequences (e.g., genes and "nonrepetitive ESTs"), and the MRCot library contains sequences of moderate redundancy. The Cot analysis suggests that the sorghum genome is approximately 700 Mb (in agreement with previous estimates) and that HR, MR, and SL components comprise 15%, 41%, and 24% of sorghum DNA, respectively. Unlike previously described techniques to sequence the low-copy components of genomes, sequencing of Cot components is independent of expression and methylation patterns that vary widely among DNA elements, developmental stages, and taxa. High-throughput sequencing of Cot clones may be a means of "capturing" the sequence complexity of eukaryotic genomes at unprecedented efficiency.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1998

[Exon-intron structure of the fet5+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and physical mapping of genome encompassing regions].

Plasmid pYUK3 bearing the fet5+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was isolated from a genomic library of the fission yeast, and a detailed physical map of the whole genomic insert (ca. 9.6 Kbp) was constructed. The primary structure of the fet5+ gene and its flanking regions is established. The gene contains a single 45-bp intron in its distal part. A typical TATA-box (TATAAG) was found in the 5'-noncoding region ca. 50 bp upstream of the putative start of transcription, and the 3'-noncoding region contains AT-rich palindromes, which are probably involved in termination of the fet5+ transcription. A previously unidentified gene of Sz. pombe encoding a protein with some similarity to one of the transcriptional activators from the TBP (TATA-binding protein) group of SPT factors of transcription was found in the vicinity of the fet5+ gene. Taking into account that cDNA of the fet5(+)-gene was isolated as a suppressor of the genetic-defect of nuclear RNA polymerases I-III (Bioorg. Khim., 1997, vol. 23, No 3, pp. 234-237), this vicinity may be the first evidence of possible clustering, in the genome of the fission yeast, of genes participating in transcription regulation.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2001

The pdx genetic marker adjacent to the chloramphenicol biosynthesis gene cluster in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230: functional characterization.

The pdx-4 mutation in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 confers a growth requirement for pyridoxal (pdx) and is a marker for the genetically mapped cluster of genes associated with chloramphenicol biosynthesis. A gene regulating salvage synthesis of vitamin B6 cofactors in S. venezuelae was cloned by transforming a pdx-4 mutant host with the plasmid vector pDQ101 carrying a library of wild-type genomic DNA fragments, and by selecting for complementation of the host's pdx requirement. However, the corresponding replicative plasmid could not be isolated. Southern hybridizations and transduction analysis indicated that the complementing plasmid had integrated into the chromosome; after excision by a second crossover, the plasmid failed to propagate. To avoid loss of the recombinant vector, a pdx-dependent Streptomyces lividans mutant, KAA1, with a phenotype matching that of S. venezuelae pdx-4, was isolated for use as the cloning host. Introduction of pIJ702 carrying an S. venezuelae genomic library into S. lividans KAA1, and selection of prototrophic transformants, led to the isolation of a stable recombinant vector containing a 2.5 kb S. venezuelae DNA fragment that complemented requirements for pdx in both S. venezuelae and S. lividans mutants. Sequence analysis of the cloned DNA located an intact ORF with a deduced amino acid sequence that, in its central and C-terminal regions resembled type-I aminotransferases. The N-terminal region of the cloned DNA fragment aligned closely with distinctive helix-turn-helix motifs found near the N termini of GntR family transcriptional regulators. The overall deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned DNA showed 73% end-to-end identity to a putative GntR-type regulator cloned in cosmid 6D7 from the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) genome. This location is close to that of pdxA, the first pdx marker in S. coelicolor A3(2) identified and mapped genetically in Sir David Hopwood's laboratory. The S. venezuelae gene and S. coelicolor pdxA are postulated to be homologues regulating vitamin B6 coenzyme synthesis from pdx.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Nucleotide sequences and novel structural features of human and Chinese hamster hsp60 (chaperonin) gene families.

A number of clones that specifically hybridize to the human hsp60 cDNA (chaperonin protein; GroEL homolog) were isolated from human and Chinese hamster ovary cell genomic libraries. DNA sequence analysis shows that one of these clones, pGem-10, is completely homologous to the human hsp60 cDNA (in both coding and noncoding regions) with no intervening sequences. The other human clones analyzed were all nonfunctional pseudogenes containing numerous small additions, deletions, and base substitutions, but no introns. On the basis of sequence data, six different hsp60 pseudogenes were identified in human cells. In addition, we also cloned and completely sequenced a genomic clone from CHO cells. This clone, which was also a pseudogene, contained a small 87-nucleotide intron near the 3' end. Southern blot analysis of human, mouse, and Chinese hamster DNA, digested with unique restriction enzymes (no sites in cDNA), indicates the presence of about 8-12 genes for hsp60 in the vertebrate genomes. The sequence data, however, suggest that most of these genes, except one (per haploid genome), are likely to be nonfunctional pseudogenes.

Animals↗