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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Regret after sex reassignment surgery in a male-to-female transsexual: a long-term follow-up.

This case report describes a four-decade presentation of a non-homosexual gender dysphoric male patient. The case material was collected from two main sources. One of the authors had weekly therapy sessions with the patient over a period of 2 years almost 15 years after sex reassignment surgery. Information was also gained from the patient's medical records covering the period from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. Over the years, the patient fulfilled the criteria for different diagnoses: overanxious reaction of childhood, fetishism and transvestism during adolescence, and transsexualism during adolescence and early adulthood. The purpose of this report was to shed light on aspects of regret, its manifestation in a male-to-female transsexual with psychiatric co-morbidity, and to show the complexity of the process of adjustment when regret is involved. The present case is an argument for a strict interpretation of the Standards of Care provided by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association in terms of evaluating patients' mental health, apart from the evaluation of the gender identity disorder, and the patients' subsequent need for treatment interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The aging gender dysphoria (transsexual) patient.

Ten aging gender dysphoria patients (eight men and two women, average age 52 years) were the subjects of this study. All had presented to the Gender Identity Clinic at Case Western Reserve University requesting sex-reassignment surgery. A psychiatric-psychological profile of the patients, their sexual functioning, problems with aging, diagnostic issues, and follow-up are discussed. The aging gender dysphoric patient presents in acute crisis, that is, exhibiting marked depression, increased suicidal ideation and behavior, and urgent perception of time. Diagnostic and treatment recommendations for aging gender dysphoria patients and their depressions are provided. Furthermore, guidelines are suggested for differentiating the aging transvestite with transsexual symptoms and the aging transsexual for whom sex-reassignment surgery may be indicated. Specific treatment strategies for an aging population, including sexual surgery, are also discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Parental contact in male and female transsexuals.

The parental contact reported by 12 biologically male and 12 biologically female transsexuals was compared with that reported by control subjects (109 conscripts in the Swedish Army; 101 pregnant nulliparous women). Parental contact was estimated for three different periods: 1) childhood, 2) adolescence, 3) the year before investigation. Transsexual patients generally reported less satisfactory relations to both parents than same-sexed control subjects. A pattern characterized by warm and intense contact with the cross-sexed parent and poor contact with the same-sexed one was observed in about half of the male transsexuals, but not in the female ones. Our findings suggest that disturbed emotional relations to the parents may be one contributory cause in the development of transsexualism and are in accordance with the hypothesis that gender identity grows out of an interaction of biological and environmental factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Exchanging hats: a gendered perspective on teaching clinical medical anthropology.

This article outlines the progression of topics used to highlight gender in a clinical medical anthropology class. As the class moves through themes such as the use of high-technology medicine and doctor-patient communication, issues of the socially constructed nature of gender are brought to the fore. Included in this article are students' reflections on how they try to make sense of diverse notions of human sexuality and gender identity, and how these insights can be included in anthropological studies of clinical spaces.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1990

The relation of gender understanding to children's sex-typed preferences and gender stereotypes.

Our goal was to explore how children's understanding of gender as a social category relates to their acquisition of sex-typed knowledge and preferences. Children's gender concepts, sex-typed preferences, and stereotyped knowledge were measured in 61 boys and girls (3-5 years). Gender concept measures included ability to identify and to discriminate the sexes, understanding gender group membership, temporal stability of gender, and gender consistency over situational changes. Children improved with age on most of the measures except gender consistency. With the exception of consistency, measures of gender concept understanding were found to be related to children's stereotyped toy and clothing knowledge and/or to their sex-typed toy preferences (with age controlled). It was shown that only rudimentary gender understanding is needed prior to children learning about sex stereotypes and prior to showing strong sex-typed preferences for peers or toys. The roles of gender identity, stability, consistency, and group membership in the sex-typing process are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Long-term effects of divorce on children: a developmental vulnerability model.

Research and clinical work with children of divorce have focused primarily on parental separation as a traumatic event and its effects on children as a crisis situation. The present paper, based on clinical experience, considers potential long-term problems of these children in key developmental areas: handling anger and aggression, separation-individuation, and gender identity. Implications for prevention and service delivery are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The sociocultural context of korean american men's smoking behavior.

The purpose of this article is to explore the sociocultural context wherein Korean male immigrants learned and maintained smoking behavior. Participants were 11 current and 11 former cigarette smokers who resided in New York City. The participants attended one of four focus groups and talked about their experiences of smoking initiation, changes in smoking behavior over time, smoking in Korea and the United States, strategies used for smoking cessation, and suggestions for a smoking cessation program. The focus group interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Themes were identified from answers to the five topic questions and then compared across the four focus groups. Smoking is a common thread in Korean men's social world and a prime component of Korean men's gender identity. In contrast, smoking in the United States is increasingly being stigmatized.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

When two souls meet.

As a nurse specialist working in a regional gender identity unit, Rosemary Grimshaw is frequently called on for advice. Here she describes her role and some common misconceptions about transsexualism.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Childhood and transsexualism].

The introduction covers the ground that led the author to take an interest in transsexualism. The word "transsexualism" came into being at a specific time: 1953 (Benjamin). The concept, the facts, covered by this word, have existed in several known forms, as well as in "anonymous" ones. But the possibility of changing sex by hormonal or surgical means has given a new twist to the problem, with the role of the doctor and the media that go along with it. The definition is studied carefully and gives a description of transsexuals in its present forms working with biological males and biological females. The author suggests substituting "sexuel" and "sexué" in French for the distinction made in English between "sex" and "gender". The follow up should give a crucial value in order to justify turning a healthy subject into one who lives between the two genders. Unfortunately, such studies are neither numerous nor completely satisfactory because of insurmountable hurdles: a limited number of subjects who have been followed up, the impossibility of making up a test group, etc. Over the past few years, a reaction has sprung up, giving psychotherapy a more important role in treating patients, taking advantage of the treatment borderline cases have been given and what it has taught us. In all fairness, no one can speak of transsexual or transvestite children as has been done in the past, but only of feminine or effeminate boys and tomboy girls. When samples of such children have been followed longitudinally, one realizes that an extremely small number of them becomes transsexual, becoming for the most part homo- or bi-sexual, though some become heterosexual. Treating these children and their parents seems very important to everyone, given how hard it is to treat adult transsexuals. Only a few kinds of treatment have been published, and more especially, there is no data on the long-term future of those children having received treatment. We are trying to bring together data on the childhood of adult patients. Often, they have little to say about their own childhood. Interviews with parents give still another point of view. Most of the cases seen in consultation resulting from problems with gender-identity are mixed and secondary, rarely in a pure, clear-cut state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Androgens, androgen receptors, and male gender role behavior.

Studies of genetic males with single gene mutations that impair testosterone formation or action and consequently prevent development of the normal male phenotype provide unique insight into the control of gender role behavior. 46,XY individuals with either of two autosomal recessive mutations [17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17 beta-HSD3) deficiency or steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 (5 alpha-R2) deficiency] have a female phenotype at birth and are raised as females but frequently change gender role behavior to male after the expected time of puberty. In contrast, genetic males with mutations that impair profoundly the function of the androgen receptor are also raised as females and have consistent female behavior as adults. Furthermore, the rare men with mutations that impair estrogen synthesis or the estrogen receptor have male gender role behavior. These findings indicate that androgens are important determinants of gender role behavior (and probably of gender identity) and that this action is mediated by the androgen receptor and not the result of conversion of androgen to estrogen. The fact that all genetic males with 17 beta-HSD3 or 5 alpha-R2 deficiency do not change gender role behavior indicates that other factors are also important determinants of this process.

Androgens↗
PubMed1982

Drinking patterns in homosexual and heterosexual women.

The lifetime prevalence of heavy and problem drinking was found to be significantly higher in a sample of homosexual women (N = 57) compared to a demographically matched sample of heterosexual women (N = 43). This prevalence of excessive drinking is not explained by personality traits, psychiatric diagnosis, gender identity, history of frequenting gay bars, or family history of alcoholism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The Southeast Asian interpretation of gender dysphoria: an illustrative case report.

In the West gender dysphoria is commonly attributed to a biological abnormality, parental influences favoring assumption of a gender opposite to the subject's anatomical sex, or a combination of these factors. In Southeast Asia (among Hindus and Buddhists), numerous cases of gender dysphoria occur. They generally receive less attention than they do in the West and evoke relatively little concern on the part of the persons affected and the members of their families. The condition is attribwted to residues of a previous life as a member of the opposite sex. Some persons with gender identity confusion claim to remember details of previous lives. A case illustrating such claims (without verifiable details) is presented.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1982

Bisexual feelings and opposite-sex behavior in male Malaysian medical students.

The sexual identity of 65 Malaysian male medical students was investigated by anonymous questionnaire. Of these students, 40% were aware of homosexual feelings prior to age 15 years, and 16% were so aware currently. There were correlations between current homosexual feelings and feminine sex dimorphic behavior during childhood and between current homosexual feelings and feminine gender identity. The results are discussed in light of results of a similar questionnaire completed by 138 male medical students in Sydney, Australia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Female-to-male transsexualism and sex roles: self and spouse ratings on the PAQ.

The sex-role-based perceptions of self and spouse in a group of female-to-male transsexuals, their wives, and a matched control group were studied. Each participant was given four copies of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and asked to rate self, spouse, ideal self, and ideal spouse. The transsexual group rated themselves significantly higher than the control male group on the F scale, while there were no significant differences between the two groups on the M and M-F scales. The transsexuals' wives rated their spouses higher than did the control women on the F scale, and this difference approached significance. There were no significant differences between the spouse ratings of these two groups on the M and M-F scales. These results are discussed in terms of the relationship between sex role and gender identity and in terms of the theories that propose role strain as the cause of transsexualism.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria.

This study investigated why more males than females complain of dissatisfaction with their anatomical sex (gender dysphoria). New referrals to a university gender identity clinic were dichotomously classified as heterosexual or homosexual. There were 73 heterosexual and 52 homosexual males; 1 heterosexual and 71 homosexual females. The average heterosexual male was 8 years older at inception than the homosexual groups. The heterosexual males reported that their first cross-gender wishes occurred around the time they first cross-dressed, whereas the homosexual groups reported that cross-gender wishes preceded cross-dressing by 3-4 years. Some history of fetishistic arousal was acknowledged by over 80% of the heterosexual males, compared to fewer than 10% of homosexual males and no homosexual females. The results suggest that males are not differentially susceptible to gender dysphoria per se, but rather that they are differentially susceptible to one of the predisposing conditions, namely, fetishistic transvestism.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Aesthetics of feminizing the male face by craniofacial contouring of the facial bones.

The "forceful" and macho look of a prototypical man may not be unduly appealing to others whom he meets. This "forceful" look might not even appeal to the individual himself. In order to soften this appearance, a series of operative procedures has been devised for use on the craniofacial skeleton. These surgical steps can be done in a single operation or as a series of multiple operative procedures. Moreover, the needs of some patients may require that only special segments of these procedures be performed. This article presents these operative procedures and describes the feasibility with which they can be performed. Complications and unfavorable outcomes, when they occur, are usually related to unrealistic expectations on the part of the patient. The surgical steps routinely performed are those that contour the forehead, orbits, malar eminence, cheeks, chin, angle of the mandible, and larynx. Three categories of patients are described: the female with a male face; the male with a "forceful look"; and the patient requesting a gender identity change. The psychosocial, psychological, and behavioral problems leading to the decision for surgery will be the basis of final patient selection.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Psychological aspects of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in preadolescent boys.

This paper examines the psychotherapeutic treatment of two preadolescent boys who presented with recurrent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The diabetic ketoacidotic episode is interpreted as a developmentally primitive response to stress in emotionally immature patients who have failed to master age-appropriate developmental tasks in areas of separation, gender identity, and self-esteem. Individuation, differentiation, and acquiring the capacity to use language to express emotions are major therapeutic goals.

Child↗