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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Demonstration of Clostridium septicum infection in a goose flock.

Clostridium septicum infection causing 5.0 to 5.2% mortality is reported for the first time in the literature from six-week-old growing geese in three flocks comprising 5,200, 5,500 and 5,900 geese, respectively. The affected birds exhibited weakness, uncoordinated movement, ataxia and, frequently, oblique position of the head and neck (torticollis) as well as signs indicative of dysequilibrium. The affected birds died within 18-24 h. Gross pathological examination revealed anaemia, hepatitis with map-like necroses of irregular outline (Fig. 1), acute enteritis, pulmonary oedema and cardiac dilatation. Light and electron-microscopic examination showed that the sinusoids of the liver were markedly dilated (Fig. 2) and filled with serous exudate and gas (Figs 2 and 3), and the hepatocytes surrounding them exhibited severe oedema (Fig. 4). Among the hepatocytes, ciliated bacteria 7-10 mu in length and 1-3 mu in width, bounded by a well-defined cell wall and often showing signs of spore formation were observed (Figs 5 and 6). By bacteriological examination the pathogen was isolated, its properties were studied, and the clinical entity of malignant oedema was experimentally reproduced by intramuscular injection of guinea-pigs and rabbits. The applied antibiotic (oxytetracycline) and furazolidone therapy proved effective.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Interrenal cell zonation in the adrenal gland of the goose (Anser anser).

The adrenal medulla in mammalian species is surrounded by a cortex that contains three distinct layers, whereas the cortex and medulla are intermingled in poultry species. The objective of the present study was to determine the distinct zonation changes in the adrenal cortex of geese in various ages using both electron and light microscopy. Adrenal glands were obtained from French Geese (Anser anser) under deep ether anesthesia at posthach day 1, 5, 10, 21 and 30 (n= 5 per day). The cytoplasm of interrenal cells located beneath the adrenal capsule (sub-capsular zone, SCZ) were stained lighter than that of interrenal cells located inside the adrenal gland (inner zone, IZ) and contained several vacuoles for each sampling day. Additionally, unlike IZ cells, SCZ cells contained nuclei that were various shapes and surrounded by irregularly arranged membranes, lipid droplets which were not surrounded by a membrane, mitochondria with mostly shelf-like cristae. The arrangement of SCZ cells appears similar to that of zona glomerulosa and also the arrangement of IZ cells to that of zona fasciculata of mammalian adrenal cortex, suggesting the significant signs of zonation in goose adrenal cortex.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining the source of fecal contamination in recreational waters.

Public health departments bear the responsibility for investigating recreational water-associated disease outbreaks. Tracking the source of the disease is often problematic, however, because routine monitoring of recreational waters (for bacterial counts) is not source specific. The intent of the project reported here was to monitor Escherichia coli levels in a small recreational lake in Iowa and to determine their source. The authors monitored water samples for E. coli and used phenotypic methods to analyze multiple samples of lake water, well water, and known fecal sources. Moderate to high levels of E. coli were found in lake water samples from the swimming area throughout the summer. The highest levels of E. coli were found after rainfall events in both lake water samples and samples taken from monitoring wells. Phenotypic analyses indicated that likely sources of E. coli in the lake included both human and wildlife (goose) fecal material. The authors also found that the phenotype used to characterize E. coli isolated from geese frequenting this lake could not be used to characterize E. coli isolated from geese in a neighboring watershed. Identifying the source of fecal material will help authorities implement the proper preventive measures to avoid fecal contamination of the lake in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Sequence and structure analysis of mitochondrial tRNApro and tRNAthr genes in domestic goose breeds].

We report here the results of the sequence and structure analysis of mitochondrial tRNApro and tRNAthr genes in domestic goose breeds by sequencing the mitochondrial DNA from a total of 25 samples from 6 breeds of Chinese geese and 2 breeds of domestic Europe geese. Sequences and the cloverleaf structure of tRNApro (69 bp) and tRNAthr (68 bp) in domestic goose breeds were described and analysed They were compared amongst the three domestic goose breeds as well as between Anseriformes (Anser cygnoides) and Galliformes (Gallus gallus domesticus, Genbank accession number NC001323). Both goose tRNApro and tRNAthr genes have normal cloverleaf secondary structures. The amino acid arm and the anticodon loop of the cloverleaf structure of tRNApro and tRNAthr are very conservative among Anser albifrons, Anser anser and Anser cygnoides. The gene sequences in this study were deposited to GenBank under accession numbers AY427800-AY427805 and AY427812-AY427814.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Pathogenicity of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum].

Eight axenic strains of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum were isolated from the caeca or cloacae of ducks and geese. Different growth curves were determined for each of the strains and the generation times were calculated, ranging from 2 h 36 min to 4 h 44 min. The axenic cultures of seven T. gallinarium strains were subjected to the Honigberg test on inbred mice. The average volumes of the six-day-old subcutaneous abscesses ranged from 129.98 to 185.63 mm3. Selected strains of trichomonads were used for experimental infection of ducks and geese. Neither the macroscopis examination nor the microscopic analysis did find any greater pathological changes in the mucosa of the caecum of the birds, though the Trichomonas organisms were observed in large quantities among the villi in the crypts. It is believed on the basis of the results that the species T. gallinarium carries no primary pathogenicity to the specific hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Serologic examination of birds from the area of Southern Moravia for the presence of antibodies against arboviruses of the groups alfa, flavo, Bunyamwera supergroup, and the virus Yaba 1-Lednice 110. I. Domestic fowls.

196 geese, 141 ducks, and 100 hens from 9 localities of the South Moravian region (District of Breclav) were examined by means of the haemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) for the presence of antibodies against 12 arbovirus antigens of the groups Alfavirus (Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Semliki, Sindbis, Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong), Flavovirus (Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE), Dengue and West Nile Virus (WN), Bunyamwera Supergroup (Tahna and Beta Calovo), and the Yaba 1-Lednice 110 Virus. In tested fowls antibodies were mostly found against Yaba 1-Lednice 110 Virus, namely 3.6% in geese and 17.7% in ducks. Antibodies against Calovo Virus were found in only 1 of the tested ducks. All sera of hens were negative. Antibodies against arboviruses of the Alfa-and Flavovirus groups were not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of blood protozoan parasites of avian species in Nsukka area of Anambra State, Nigeria.

A total of 165 avian species (110 chickens, 15 turkeys, 12 ducks, 10 each of geese and guinea fowls, and 8 pigeons) were examined for blood protozoan parasites. Blood samples were collected from the wing veins and smears with Giemsa stain. Plasmodium spp. were found in 2 chickens (1.6%) and 7 turkeys (46.6%). 5 turkeys were clinical cases. 3 (37.5%) of the pigeons were positive for Haemoproteus spp. No blood parasites were found in geese, ducks, and guinea fowls. The results show that avian malaria can constitute a health problem in poultry, especially turkeys, in Nigeria. The avian species may act as a reservoir host for human malaria parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Chemical composition of poultry livers].

Investigations were carried out on the basic and mineral composition of the liver of slaughtered birds. It was found that the water content of the liver depended on the age and sex, with broilers it being 73.09 g%, with laying hens--72.56 g%, and with cocks--70.62 g%. Proteins had highest percent in the liver of cocks, followed by those in the liver of hens, geese, broilers, and turkeys. The content of fats was highest in the liver of turkey, and in a descending order followed geese, broilers, hens, and cocks. Mineral salts varied from 1.20 to 1.35 g%; highest amounts of sodium were found in the liver of broilers, while highest levels of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and copper were established in the liver of turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serological investigations on the presence of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus in domestic animals and birds and in humans.

The presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus was investigated in serum samples from domestic animals (217 from swine, 214 from cattle, 179 from goats and 161 from sheep) and birds (214 from geese and 171 from ducks), as well as from 511 apparently healthy subjects of a biotope with particular ornithological and entomological characteristics. The proportion of positive reactions was very low in cattle (1.4%) and goats (1.1%) and more elevated in humans (11.3%). All the serum samples from swine, sheep, geese and ducks gave negative serological results.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regional femur blood flow measurements with radiolabelled microspheres in fatty liver-induced or corticosteroid treated animals: preliminary report.

Using radio-labelled microspheres, the authors studied bone blood flows in various segments of goose femurs (femoral head, trochanter, condyles). Experiments were conducted on three groups of geese: control, fatty liver induced and corticosteroid-treated animals. The preliminary results suggest that hyperlipemia and fatty liver conditions do not seem to obviously disturb intra osseous blood circulation in fatty geese, although corticosteroids might affect bone blood flows in condyles.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1994

[Occurrence of Campylobacter and salmonellas in relation to liver changes in slaughtered poultry].

On the occasion of slaughter, 97 laying chickens, 100 broilers, 48 geese and 36 ducks were examined for Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in liver, small intestine and caeca. Pathological changes in the liver were recorded. Campylobacters and salmonellas were isolated from 61 and 18% of the laying chickens, 63 and 3% of the broilers, 54 and 15% of the geese and from 81 and 39% of the ducks, respectively. Birds with diseased liver were found more often infected with campylobacters and salmonellas than those without. This correlation could be gathered from the isolation rates from the liver and from the intestine. The occurrence of campylobacters and salmonellas together in the liver was only observed in individuals with pathological changes of the liver. The own findings suggest that besides salmonellas also campylobacters can be responsible for diseases of the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Subordinates explore but dominants profit: resource competition in high Arctic barnacle goose flocks.

Social dominance plays an important role in assessing and obtaining access to patchy or scarce food sources in group-foraging herbivores. We investigated the foraging strategies of individuals with respect to their social position in the group in a flock of nonbreeding, moulting barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis, on high Arctic Spitsbergen. We first determined the dominance rank of individually marked birds. The dominance of an individual was best described by its age and its sex-specific body mass. Mating status explained the large variation in dominance among younger birds, as unpaired yearlings ranked lowest. In an artificially created, competitive situation, subordinate individuals occupied explorative front positions in the flock and were the first to find sites with experimentally enriched vegetation. Nevertheless, they were displaced quickly from these favourable sites by more dominant geese which were able to monopolize them. The enhanced sites were subsequently visited preferentially by individuals that succeeded in feeding there when the exclosures were first opened. Data on walking speed of foraging individuals and nearest-neighbour distances in the group suggest that subordinates try to compensate for a lower energy intake by exploring and by lengthening the foraging bout. Observations of our focal birds during the following breeding season revealed that females that returned to the study area were significantly more dominant in the previous year than those not seen in the area again. Copyright 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in slaughtered and game animal fats from the northern part of Poland.

Pooled samples of the adipose fat of swine, cows, sheep, rabbit, ducks, geese, turkeys, wild boar, roe deer and stags collected from the northern part of Poland in 1987-88 were analysed for the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorohexanes (HCHs), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and chlordanes (CHLs). All the fats contained detectable, but low concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. The mean PCB levels ranged from 9.2 to 47 micrograms/kg of which IUPAC nos. 138, 153, and 180 were dominating congeners in most of the samples. DDT concentrations were apparently lower in fat of the ruminants (45 to 84 micrograms/kg fat) while in rabbits, swine, turkeys and geese, it was from 79 to 140 micrograms/kg fat. Ducks and wild boar had the highest concentrations of 400 and 440 micrograms DDTs/kg fat, respectively. HCB was detected at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 18 micrograms/kg fat. The total HCH concentration ranged between 15 and 77 micrograms/kg fat. Aldrin and heptachlor remained undetected while dieldrin was found only in some slaughtered species with a range of positive measurements up to 9.1 micrograms/kg fat. Similarly, heptachlor expoxide was traced up to 9.1 micrograms/kg fat and the residues of CHLs from 0.34 to 4.1 micrograms/kg fat.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Organochlorines and mercury in waterfowl harvested in Canada.

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. SigmaDDT, SigmaCBz and SigmaPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. SigmaHCH and SigmaMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained SigmaPCB concentrations of 1.0-2.4 mg kg(-1), SigmaPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg(-1) wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a SigmaDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg(-1) ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg(-1) ww. The highest SigmaCHL (0.10 mg kg(-1) ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg(-1) ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0-1.5 mg kg(-1) ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Accumulation in and effects of lead and cadmium on waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho.

Waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho in 1987 had high levels of lead in their blood and tissues that originated primarily from mining and smelting activities. Four Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and one common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) found dead contained 8 to 38 microg/g (wet mass) of lead in their livers. These levels exceed the lower lethal limit of 5 microg/g in experimental birds. Two of the Canada geese (one each from the contaminated and reference areas) died with ingested lead shotgun pellets (shot) in their gizzards, whereas the other three birds from the contaminated area contained no ingested shot and evidently died from ingesting environmental lead in sediment or biota. Lead burdens in most American robins (Turdus migratorius) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were high, whereas those in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were slightly elevated. Lead accumulated to potentially hazardous levels in blood and tissues of some nestling robins (maxima of 0.87 microg/g in blood and 5.6 microg/g in liver) and mallards (maxima of 10.2 microg/g in blood and 2.8 microg/g in liver). In mallards, lead levels and associated physiological characteristics of blood were significantly different in juveniles (HY) versus adults (AHY). Activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was about 87 to 95% lower than values for control birds in experimental studies. Activity of ALAD was significantly inversely correlated with blood lead levels. Cadmium was detected in kidneys of most birds, but even the maximum concentration of 7.5 microg/g in an AHY mallard was below known harmful levels.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Estimating the mercury exposure dose in a population of migratory bird hunters in the St. Lawrence River region, Québec, Canada.

St. Lawrence River hunters (Québec, Canada) are exposed to the pollutants, especially mercury, that contaminate birds and fish. However, the health risks of this have remained unclear because of a lack of information about the hunters' duck, geese, and sportfish consumption habits. A nutritional survey was set up to characterize waterfowl and sportfish consumption in St. Lawrence River duck hunters and to estimate their daily exposure to mercury. During the winter of 2000, 512 hunters selected from the Canadian Wildlife Service database completed a self-administered questionnaire. Daily exposure to contaminants was measured using data from the Canadian Wildlife Service (waterfowl) and available data on St. Lawrence River sportfish. The annual average consumption was 7.5 meals of ducks and geese and 8.7 meals of sportfish. The daily exposure to mercury related to waterfowl consumption was below the Canadian tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.47 microg/kg body wt/day for all participants. The daily mercury intake associated with fish consumption was greater than the TDI in 2 duck hunters. The daily exposure to mercury was higher than the TDI in 4 participants when both waterfowl and fish consumption were combined. Our results suggest that fish consumption (especially freshwater fish) represents the main source of exposure to pollutants in duck hunters.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Factors influencing the shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 by beef suckler cows.

A study was designed to investigate management factors that might influence the shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 by beef cows in Scotland, where there is a particularly high rate of human infection. Thirty-two herds were visited at least monthly over approximately 1 year for collection of fresh faecal pat samples and information on management factors. The faecal pat samples were tested for VTEC O157 by established culture and immunomagnetic separation methods. Questionnaires were completed at the monthly visits to record management factors. Data were analysed using both univariate and multi-factor (GLMM) analysis. Changes in the number of cows in a group, dogs, wild geese, housing, and the feeding of draff (distillers' grains) were statistically significant as risk factors. The event of calving appeared to reduce the likelihood of shedding. Any effects of weaning or turnout were not statistically significant. It appears that the rate of shedding of VTEC O157 is influenced by several factors but possibly the most important of these are the circumstances of animals being housed, or, when outside, the presence of wild geese.

Animal Husbandry↗