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PubMed1978

Lysosomal accumulation of gallium-67 in Morris hepatoma-7316A and Shionogi mammary carcinoma-115.

Intracellular localization of gallium-67 was investigated in Morris hepatoma-7316A and Shionogi mammary carcinoma-115 cells by the cell fractionation method 48 hr after an intraperitoneal injection of the nuclide. When lysosomes were purified from both tumors by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, they had a strikingly high relative specific activity of the nuclide. From these results it was confirmed that gallium-67 is concentrated most specifically in the lysosomes of both tumor cells, which consist chiefly of phagolysosomes and can engulf only limited amount of foreign materials such as Triton and gallium-67.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

Thallium-201 scintigraphy in bone sarcoma: comparison with gallium-67 and technetium-MDP in the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response.

This study attempts to characterize thallium-201 (201TI) uptake in patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcoma and to compare these findings with gallium-67 (67Ga) and bone scintigraphy with emphasis on evaluating tumor viability before and after chemotherapy. Thirty-eight patients with surgically-proven sarcomas were evaluated. All patients had gallium and thallium studies. Nineteen patients underwent pre- and post-chemotherapy thallium and evaluation. Seven patients also had technetium-99m-MDP (99mTc-MDP) bone scintigraphy comparisons. Pathologic changes pre- and postchemotherapy were graded on the basis of %tumor necrosis as defined histologically. Scintigraphic comparisons demonstrated a high degree of correlation with 201TI and poor correlation with 99mTc-MDP. Thallium-201 was superior to 99mTc-MDP and 67Ga in predicting tumor response to chemotherapy as determined by %tumor necrosis determined histologically. Gallium was superior to Tc-MDP in predicting response to chemotherapy. However, both 67Ga and 99mTc-MDP appear to be affected by factors other than tumor activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production by transferrin-gallium.

Gallium resembles iron with respect to transferrin (Tf) binding and cellular uptake via Tf receptors. We have previously shown that transferrin-gallium (Tf-Ga) complexes interfere with the cellular incorporation of iron and inhibit the proliferation of HL60 cells. Since mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes express Tf receptors, we examined the effect of Tf-Ga on lymphocyte proliferation and on immunoglobulin synthesis by B-lymphocytes. Tf-Ga inhibited phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and tetanus toxoid-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by greater than 50%, an effect which appeared to be cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. In cocultures of T-lymphocytes or CD4+ T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, Tf-Ga also inhibited pokeweed mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin production by 84 to 100%. Tf-Ga inhibited both T-independent Epstein Barr virus-stimulated B-lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production; however, these effects appeared to be independent of each other, since immunoglobulin production was inhibited by 75% by a concentration of Tf-Ga which did not uniformly inhibit proliferation. Tf-Ga is capable of targeting Tf receptor-bearing T- and B-lymphocytes and interfering with their proliferation and function. Such effects may be of relevance to patients being treated with this metal. The potential immunosuppressive activity of gallium warrants further investigation.

Gallium↗
PubMed1988

Iso-intense gallium uptake in hepatocellular carcinoma: potential pitfalls in diagnosis.

Twenty-one patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had gallium scans were retrospectively reviewed. Four of them demonstrated iso-intense gallium uptake compared to the adjacent liver parenchyma. The importance is therefore emphasized of using radiocolloid scan with tracer angiogram performed at the same time in order to avoid the potential diagnostic pitfall of not recognizing the tumor on gallium scan alone.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Incidental diagnosis of pregnancy on bone and gallium scintigraphy.

Bone and gallium scintigraphy were performed as part of the diagnostic workup of a 21-yr-old woman who presented at our institution with a history of progressively worsening low back pain over a 1-wk period of time. The angiographic phase of the bone scan demonstrated a well-defined radionuclide blush within the pelvis just cephalad to the urinary bladder with persistent hyperemia noted in the blood-pool image. We attribute these findings to a uterine blush secondary to the pronounced uterine muscular hyperplasia, hyperemia, and edema that accompany pregnancy. Gallium scintigraphy demonstrated intense bilateral breast accumulation of the imaging agent in a typical doughnut pattern which is commonly found in the prelactating and lactating breast. Also demonstrated was apparent gallium accumulation in the placenta. This case is presented to emphasize the radionuclide findings that occur during pregnancy, particularly the incidental finding of radionuclide blush during the angiographic phase of a radionuclide scintigraphy which should alert the nuclear physician to the possibility of pregnancy in a woman of childbearing age.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Antimicrobial alternatives for calf diarrhea: enteric responses to Escherichia coli, deferoxamine, or gallium in neonatal calves.

Intestinal malabsorption or transferable resistance in enteric bacteria are potentially serious complications of routine oral administrations of antibiotics. On the basis of reports on antimicrobial effects of host iron sequestration and on synthetic iron chelators or competitors in vitro, 2 iron antagonists were studied for their potential as alternative antimicrobials for Escherichia coli diarrhea. Deferoxamine, a fungal iron chelator used to treat acute iron intoxication, and elemental gallium, a competitive inhibitor of iron activity in metabolic enzyme systems, were examined for their effects on enteric morphology and function in neonatal calves. Twelve male calves were allotted to 4 groups: (1) given nonpathogenic E coli (control); (2) given enterotoxigenic B44 E coli; (3) given deferoxamine (50 mg/kg, twice a day); and (4) given gallium (4 mg/kg, twice a day). Calves were studied for 8 days, including the conduct of oral glucose and lactose tolerance tests on days 1, 3, and 7. By day 7, according to oral glucose and lactose tolerance tests, peak plasma glucose concentrations in all calves of groups 2, 3, and 4 were lower than those values in controls. The frequency of diarrhea was significant in all treated calves, and disease was most severe in the deferoxamine-treated calves. Quantitative cultural examination on day 8 showed significant numerical increases of jejunal and ileal E coli and ileal lactobacilli in deferoxamine-treated calves (group 3) and of ileal streptococci in gallium-treated calves (group 4) and showed jejunal and ileal overgrowths of Saccharomyces yeast in deferoxamine-treated calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Antimicrobial alternatives for calf diarrhea: sera trace element responses to Escherichia coli-, deferoxamine-, or gallium-induced diarrhea.

Aseptic and septic inflammatory diseases often are associated with marked changes in tissue and sera trace element kinetics. Iron and zinc sequestration by the host may serve as a protective effect against microbial proliferation, but may deprive host tissues of these necessary elements as well. Conversely, systemic iron administration has been shown to increase susceptibility to, and severity of, infectious diseases, although deficient iron stores may be repleted. Escherichia coli enteritis in calves provides a model wherein the effects of enteric iron antagonism and parenteral iron supplementation may be studied simultaneously. Male calves (n = 12) were given (IM injection) 300 mg of iron-dextran after base-line blood samples were obtained, then the calves were allotted to 4 groups (each of 3 calves): group 1 (control)--orally given nonpathogenic E coli; group 2--orally given enterotoxigenic B44 E coli; group 3--orally given deferoxamine (50 mg/kg, twice a day); group 4--orally given gallium (4 mg/kg; twice a day). Calves were studied for 8 days; blood samples were obtained each day (day 1 through day 8) for hematologic and serum biochemical analyses. There were significant increases in serum iron concentration and % saturation in all calves within 24 hours of iron-dextran administration, which returned to base-line values in all but group 4 (given gallium) within 3 days. In the exceptional group (4), total iron-binding capacity decreased with time, as in the other groups, but serum iron concentration remained significantly increased, implying gallium interference with systemic iron assimilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gallium-67 imaging in human heart transplantation: correlation with endomyocardial biopsy.

Endomyocardial biopsy seems to be the most accurate method to use for diagnosis and follow-up of acute rejection of the transplanted heart. This investigation compared a noninvasive procedure, gallium-67 imaging, with endomyocardial biopsy in the detection of acute rejection in heart transplantation. Seven male patients (aged 41 to 54 years) sequentially had 46 gallium-67 scintigrams and 46 endomyocardial biopsies between 1 week and 8 months after transplantation. Both studies were obtained in the same day, 48 hours after the administration of an intravenous injection of gallium-67 citrate. Cardiac uptake was graded as negative, mild, moderate, and marked according to an increasing count ratio with rib and sternal uptakes. Histologic findings were graded as negative, mild acute rejection, moderate acute rejection, severe acute rejection, resolving rejection, and nonspecific reaction. Negative biopsies were not found with moderate uptake, and neither moderate nor severe acute rejection were found with negative scintigrams. Imaging sensitivity was 83% with 17% false negatives and 9% false positives. Of seven studies with moderate uptake, five showed moderate acute rejection, and the patients had specific therapy with a decline in uptake, which correlated with resolving rejection. It is conceivable that in the future this technique may be used as a screening procedure for sequential endomyocardial biopsies in the follow-up of heart transplant patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Survival of rabbit platelets labeled with gallium 67.

The viability of rabbit platelets labeled with radioactive gallium was determined to analyze the feasibility of using platelets labeled with gallium 68 as an imaging reagent for positron emission tomography. Platelets were labeled with a complex of the longer lived gallium 67 and mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (MPO) or with sodium chromate Cr 51. Their survival after transfusion was measured. Labelling efficiency of 67Ga-MPO was 6.5% to 45.8% (26.8% +/- 2.8%) when platelets were suspended in saline solution, but was much lower (1.6% +/- 0.8%) in plasma. Platelets labeled with either radioisotope in a saline medium survived as well as platelets labeled with 51Cr in plasma. Recovery values 1 hour after transfusion and mean platelet survivals were 68.6% +/- 4.9% and 3.4 +/- 0.2 days for 67Ga in saline solution, 76.5% +/- 6.8% and 3.8 +/- 0.5 days for 51Cr in saline solution, and 73.7% +/- 7.4% and 3.6 +/- 0.5 days for 51Cr in plasma. Labeled platelet concentrates always contained extra radioactivity not firmly bound to viable platelets. A postlabeling wash in saline solution did not reduce this contamination and resulted in reduction of the number of viable platelets. The results showed that rabbit platelets labeled with 67Ga-MPO survived in the circulation as well as those labeled by a standard protocol with sodium chromate Cr 51.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Scintigraphy with gallium-67 citrate in staging of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremity.

We performed a retrospective study of sixty patients who had a soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity to determine the usefulness of scintigraphy with gallium-67 citrate as a staging modality. Abnormal activity of the gallium was present in forty-one of forty-eight sites in which there was macroscopic primary tumor. In six of the forty-eight patients, the imaging demonstrated non-pulmonary metastases that had not been detected by any other staging studies. Scintigraphy with gallium-67 citrate should be employed routinely for staging of soft-tissue sarcomas because of its utility in detecting non-pulmonary metastases that are not otherwise detected on routine staging studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Gallium scanning in lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis of children with AIDS.

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is a frequent pulmonary complication in the child with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We report the gallium scan findings in two children with AIDS and LIP. Gallium scintigraphy in both children demonstrated increased radionuclide concentration throughout the lungs, a pattern indistinguishable scintigraphically from that of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). This should alert nuclear medicine practitioners and referring physicians to another cause of diffusely increased gallium uptake in the lungs of patients with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

[Clinical applicability of myocardial scintigraphy with gallium-67 in the study of dilated cardiomyopathy].

Gallium-67-citrate imaging has been recently proposed, in addition to endocardial biopsy, to detect myocardial inflammation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this method, 33 patients (pts) suffering from IDCM, 24 pts with various other cardiac diseases (inflammatory etiology in 7), and 11 controls underwent Gallium-67 scintigraphy (anterior and 30 degrees left anterior oblique projections; acquisition at 48 and 72 hrs). In 31 pts repeated scintigraphic examinations (at least two) were obtained. Scans were interpreted by two independent observers. Positivity of scintigrams was based on three different criteria: 1) myocardial activity greater than that of the sternum; 2) presence of focal myocardial activity; 3) semiquantitative index (index = activity of sternum/myocardial activity). Significant differences, either in the percentage of positive scans or in the values of the semiquantitative index, were found between controls and all pts with cardiac diseases. However, no difference was observed when comparing pts with IDCM to pts with other cardiac diseases. Finally, among the pts with cardiac disorders other than IDCM, the qualitative and semiquantitative results of the 7 pts with inflammatory etiology of the disease were similar to those obtained in the remaining 17. Of those pts who underwent longitudinal study, about a third showed modified scintigraphic results later on. No significant difference in behaviour was observed between IDCM and other cardiac disorders. Therefore, we conclude that Gallium 67-citrate imaging does not appear to be a suitable method for the identification of pts. with IDCM. The usefulness of this technique should be tested in samples of pts should previously selected with other more specific methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Three cases demonstrating the role of gallium scanning in relapsing Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Restaging of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma for chemotherapy traditionally requires chest radiograph and abdominal computerized tomogram (CT) for routine follow-up examination. Although gallium scanning has had a poor record in the past, recent studies suggest that improved techniques have given this method high sensitivity. We present three cases in which gallium correctly staged lymphoma that had been missed or misinterpreted by chest radiographs and abdominal CT. Gallium imaging is useful in follow-up of lymphoma patients especially when the CT scan is difficult to interpret.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The effect of previous thoracic surgery on gallium uptake in the chest.

To determine the frequency, average duration, and characteristic patterns of persistent gallium uptake caused by thoracotomy, serial postsurgical scans of 51 patients were reviewed. In each of these cases a thoracotomy had been performed for resection of lung cancer, and there had been no evidence of recurrent tumor for at least 2 yr following surgery. Postoperative gallium activity due to non-neoplastic postoperative changes occurred in 15 patients. Five of six patients scanned within 3 mo of surgery and six of 21 scanned 3 to 6 mo following surgery showed persistent uptake at the operative site. All 13 patients who had subsequent scans demonstrated eventual clearing. Activity persisted more than 18 mo postoperatively in only one patient. Patterns of gallium accumulation included both focal chest wall uptake at the incision site and diffuse pleural activity.

Gallium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1985

[Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Study of the distribution of active alveolitis assessed by comparison of data from radiological examination, gallium 67 scintigraphy and double bronchoalveolar lavage].

Abnormal uptake of gallium in alveolar structures, raised lymphocyte levels, ECA and, to a lesser degree, proteins in alveolar washings are the principal currently known criteria used to recognise cases of sarcoidosis with persistent immunological activity. The contribution of data concerning broncho-alveolar washings (BAW) in the context of this diagnostic assessment has never been the subject of a critical evaluation. It would nevertheless seem that the distribution of sarcoidosis lesions is not always diffuse and homogeneous, leading to the possibility of errors of assessment in this technique. The aim of the present study was to assess the true existence, degree and consequences of this risk. It was based upon the study of 41 cases of active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Search for homogeneity and heterogeneity between lesions and active alveolitis involved precise radiological study, gallium isotope scan with determination of the index of uptake as well as the quality of the latter, and double BAW carried out in the most radioactive and least radioactive regions respectively. Comparative study of the results obtained showed that zones of active alveolitis were distributed unevenly and heterogeneously in more than half of the patients (71% for gallium and 54% for BAW). This would explain the fact that in 14 cases (34%) criteria of alveolar activity were present in only one of the two specimens of washings. Identification of the zones which should be included in BAW cannot be determined accurately by radiological analysis, regardless of the degree and distribution of radiological abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the localization of abscesses: preparation, analysis, tissue distribution, and comparison with gallium-67 citrate in dogs.

Leukocytes have been labeled with indium-111-8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Seventy-five to 85 per cent of the initial activity has been obtained in the complex form of which 75 to 95 per cent is incorportaed with leukocytes. The polymophonuclear leukocytes are predominantly labeled, and the label has been found stable for at least 27 hours after invivo administration. The radioactivity clears from the circulating blood with a half time of 8 to 9-hours and accumulates in normal liver and spleen and in experimentally induced abscesses. The cells which have been labeled and damaged by heat concentrate mainly in the lungs. The in vivo distribution of the indium-111 labeled cells has been compared with the gallium-67 administered as citrate. The abscess to blood ratios of the indium-111 activity varied between 35 to 117, compared to 1.2 to 8 of the gallium-67. The abscess to liver, spleen, and kidney ratios are several fold higher with indium-111 leukocytes than with gallium=67 citrate. These results plus the suitable physical characteristics of indium-111 make the labeled leukocytes a better agent for the localization of abscesses.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

Metabolic effects of gallium nitrate administered by prolonged infusion.

Gallium nitrate was recently found to be effective treatment for resistant cancer-related hypercalcemia. In vitro and in vivo experiments have suggested that the drug directly inhibits calcium resorption from bone; however, the overall effects of gallium nitrate on calcium balance were unknown. We have completed metabolic balance studies in four patients who received this drug by prolonged infusion. All patients were in positive calcium balance while receiving the drug. Each patient also showed a substantial decrease in urinary calcium excretion. Serum phosphorus decreased in all four patients. There was no change in phosphorus, sodium, chloride, or magnesium balance or in creatinine clearance. We conclude that prolonged infusions of gallium nitrate reduce urinary calcium excretion and that the hypocalcemic effect of this drug is primarily due to inhibition of calcium resorption from bone. Thus, the drug may prove useful in reducing accelerated bone resorption in patients with bone metastases or chronic cancer-related hypercalcemia.

Antineoplastic Agents↗