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PubMed1992

Plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of men consuming a low-fat, high-fiber diet.

This study assessed the influence of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on blood lipid concentrations of 42 men with desirable or moderately elevated cholesterol concentrations. A low-fat diet (19% fat, 4% saturated fatty acids, 4.6 g fiber/MJ) was compared with a high-fat diet (41% fat, 15% saturated fatty acids, 2.0 g fiber/MJ) and with subjects' self-selected diets. Substituting the low-fat for the high-fat diet decreased total, low-density-lipoprotein, and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by 17-20%. Lipid changes between 6 and 10 wk were minor. A reduction in plasma cholesterol of greater than 0.52 mmol/L was achieved with the low-fat diet in 59% of men changing from their self-selected diets and in 79% changing from the high-fat diet. Percent reduction was independent of subjects' cholesterol classification. Results indicate that significant reductions in plasma cholesterol can be achieved by the majority of men committing to a low-fat, high-fiber diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Diet intervention methods to reduce fat intake: nutrient and food group composition of self-selected low-fat diets.

A multicentered pilot study was conducted to test an intervention protocol designed to reduce fat intake to 15% of energy intake. Eligible subjects were postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer whose baseline fat intake was more than 30% of energy intake. The low-fat diet intervention protocol consisted of bi-weekly individual counseling sessions with emphasis on substitution of lower-fat foods for high-fat foods and maintenance of nutritional adequacy. Nutrient intakes were calculated from 4-day food records collected at baseline and after 3 months of diet intervention. Mean daily fat intake for the 17 patients on the low-fat diet dropped significantly from 38.4 +/- 4.3% of energy intake at baseline to 22.8 +/- 7.8% at 3 months (p less than .001). A 25% reduction in mean energy intake, from 1,840 +/- 419 kcal at baseline to 1,365 +/- 291 kcal at 3 months, was accompanied by significant increases in protein and carbohydrate as percent of energy intake. A mean weight loss of 2.8 kg and a 7.7% reduction in serum cholesterol were observed; both changes were significant at the p less than .01 level. Absolute intakes of zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced. However, mean intake on the low-fat diet for 14 vitamins and minerals, including zinc and magnesium, exceeded two-thirds of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). When expressed as nutrient density (i.e., amount of nutrient per 1,000 kcal), increases were observed for all micronutrients. These results support the hypothesis that a nutritionally adequate low-fat diet can be successfully implemented in a highly motivated, free-living population.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Effects of DGAT1 variants on milk production traits in German cattle breeds.

Various QTL mapping experiments led to the detection of a QTL in the centromeric region of cattle chromosome 14 that had a major effect on the fat content of milk. Recently, the gene encoding diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) was proposed to be a positional and functional candidate for this trait. This study investigated the effects of a nonconservative lysine to alanine (K232A) substitution in DGAT1, which very likely represents the causal mutation, on milk production traits. Existing granddaughter designs for Fleckvieh and German Holstein, the two major dairy/dual-purpose breeds in Germany, were used to estimate allele frequencies and gene substitution effects for milk, fat, and protein yield, as well as fat and protein content. A restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was applied to diagnose the K232A substitution in DGAT1. Estimates of the allele frequencies for the lysine-encoding variant were based on maternally inherited alleles in sons and amounted to 0.072 for Fleckvieh and 0.548 for German Holstein. Effects of DGAT1 variants on content traits were pronounced; estimates of the gene substitution effect for the lysine-encoding variant were 0.35 and 0.28% for fat content and 0.10 and 0.06% for protein content in Fleckvieh and German Holstein, respectively. Conversely, negative effects of the lysine variant of -242 to -180 kg for Fleckvieh and -260 to -320 kg for German Holstein were revealed for milk yield from first to third lactation, resulting in enhanced fat yield of 7.5 to 14.8 kg in Fleckvieh and 7.6 to 10.7 kg in German Holstein. For protein yield, however, mainly negative effects of -3.6 to 0.2 kg in Fleckvieh and -4.8 to -5.2 kg in German Holstein were observed. Pearson correlations between residuals of milk yield and content traits were decreased when omitting DGAT1 effects in the analysis, thereby indicating that DGAT1 contributes to negative correlations between these traits. Molecular tests allow for the direct selection among variants; however, the benefits of the alternative alleles depend on economic weights given to the different milk production traits in the breeding goal.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1997

Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal fat oxidation in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the substitution of fish oil for visible fats in a control diet (52% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 32% fat; P:S 0.2) influences body fat mass and substrate oxidation in healthy adults. DESIGN: Six volunteers (5 men; 23 +/- 2 y; BMI: 21.9 +/- 1.6) were fed a control diet (C) ad libitum during a period of three weeks and, 10-12 weeks later, the same diet where 6 g/d of visible fat were replaced by 6 g/d of fish oil (FO) for another three weeks. RESULTS: Energy intakes (IKA-calorimeter) were unchanged. Body fat mass (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) decreased with FO (-0.88 +/- 0.16 vs -0.3 +/- 0.34 kg; FO vs C; P < 0.05). When adjusted for lean body mass (Ancova), resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry) was unchanged. Basal respiratory quotient decreased with FO (0.815 +/- 0.02 vs 0.834 +/- 0.02; P < 0.05) and basal lipid oxidation increased with FO (1.06 +/- 0.17 vs 0.87 +/- 0.13 mg kg(-1) min(-1); P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dietary FO reduces body fat mass and stimulates lipid oxidation in healthy adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Levels of selected ortho and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in UK retail milk.

Nineteen pooled samples of retail cow's milk were analysed for ortho (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) and non-ortho (PCBs 77, 126 and 169) polychlorinated biphenyls. Concentrations of individual congeners in whole milk were in the ranges 2 to 95 ng/kg for ortho substituted PCBs (51 to 2440 ng/kg fat) and 0.05 to 0.6 ng/kg for non-ortho substituted PCBs (1.3 to 15.4 ng/kg fat). These values provide a preliminary estimate of background contamination levels for polychlorinated biphenyls in UK milk. Results expressed in TEQs, using the recently proposed WHO/IPCS TEFs, averaged 0.06 ng TEQ/kg whole milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Changes in women's plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations due to moderate consumption of alcohol are affected by dietary fat level.

We studied the impact of substituting ethanol for dietary carbohydrate, in high- and low-fat diets, on plasma lipids and lipoprotein concentrations. During a 12-wk, weight maintaining, controlled feeding study, women consumed only food and beverage provided by the Human Studies Facility of the USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. Twenty-six women (age 41-59 y) consumed either a high-fat diet (38% of energy from fat) or a low-fat diet (18% of energy from fat) for 12 wk. The 12-wk feeding period was divided into two 6-wk periods in a cross-over design during which either ethanol or carbohydrate was added to the diet (5% of total daily energy intake). When the women consuming the high-fat diet had ethanol added to their diet, they had 6% lower plasma cholesterol (P = 0.003), 11% lower LDL cholesterol (P = 0.001) and 3% higher HDL cholesterol (P = 0.06) than when they had an equal amount (% energy) of carbohydrate added to their diet. The greater HDL cholesterol concentration was due to a 21% greater the HDL(2) subfraction (P = 0. 001). The ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol was 14% lower. No significant differences existed in plasma lipids in women consuming the low-fat diet between the periods in which they had ethanol or carbohydrate added to their diet. This study suggests that the decreases in cardiovascular disease risk factors typically seen with moderate alcohol consumption may not be evident in individuals consuming a diet low in fat. Therefore changes in the risk factors associated with a low-fat diet and moderate alcohol consumption do not appear to be additive.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The influence of supplemental corn oil and free fatty acids on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary corn oil (CO) and commercial free fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of blood plasma and egg yolk lipids and on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail. When quail were fed a semi-purified low-fat basal mix, the substitution of 3% of CO for corn starch (CS) improved egg weight (11.2 versus 10.8 g), reduced late embryonic mortality (16.7 versus 28.4%), and improved hatchability (75.7 versus 64.1%). Diets in which palmitic acid or oleic acid were substituted on a weight basis for 3% of CS performed as well as those in which CO was used. When linoleic acid replaced 3% of CS, late embryonic mortality was reduced (13.7 versus 28.4%) and hatchability was improved (80.1 versus 64.1%), but fertility was depressed (85.8 versus 93.6%). The substitution of linolenic acid for 3% of CS depressed feed consumption, body weight, and egg weight relative to the low-fat CS diet and did not improve the low 18-day embryonic livability and low hatchability. The fatty acid compositions of plasma and yolk were influenced by the lipid composition of the diets. Quail fed 3% of CO deposited more linoleic acid in the egg than those fed 3% of linoleic acid (15.2 versus 11.7%). Thus, quail fed a simplified basal breeder diet containing .6% of linoleic acid showed decreased embryonic livability and hatchability and these parameters achieved normal levels in response to the substitution of 3% of either CO, palmitic acid, oleic acid, or linoleic acid for CS.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

The significance of elevated plasma lipids in relation to the prevention of ischaemic heart disease.

In this report an attempt is made to assess the value of reducing elevated plasma lipids in the treatment and prevention of ischaemic heart disease. The main relationships between lipids and atheroma formation and between lipids and intravascular thrombosis are outlined, although no general review is undertaken. While there is probably a causal relationship between hypercholesterolaemia and the early development of atheroma, the nature of the association between elevated plasma lipids and ischaemic heart disease is uncertain. Epidemiological studies have indicated that certain environmental factors can be positively correlated with ischaemic heart disease and one of these is the intake of saturated fat. Although there is no entirely satisfactory method for reducing elevated plasma lipids over an indefinite period, a strict diet substituting unsaturated for saturated fats is the best at present available.Certain long-term dietary and hormonal studies of the benefit of reducing elevated plasma lipids in patients with ischaemic heart disease are reviewed. Provisionally, it is concluded that continued reduction of plasma lipids does not improve prognosis once myocardial infarction has occurred. Thus, the next step is a study of the value of reducing elevated plasma lipids in otherwise apparently healthy men. Some of the problems involved in the establishment of such a study are discussed.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1976

Short term study of sucrose polyester a nonabsorbable fat-like material as a dietary agent for lowering plasma cholesterol.

The efficacy, safety, and acceptability of sucrose polyester (SPE), a fat-like material that is neither digested nor absorbed, were assessed in 13 normal and seven hypercholesterolemic subjects for its potential as a cholesterol-lowering agent. Addition or substitution of SPE for culinary fats in the diets of the normocholesterolemic individuals produced a mean reduction of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 14 and 17%, respectively (P less than 0.001), despite the daily ingestion of a diet containing 800 mg of cholesterol and of dietary fat with a P/S ratio of 0.4. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not significantly reduced by similar 10-day feeding periods of SPE in seven subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not changed in normal or hypercholesterolemic subject receiving SPE. Plasma vitamin A and E levels were reduced by 10 and 21% (p less than 0.02 and less than 0.001) in both normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects on SPE. These returned to the basal levels when SPE consumption was discontinued. SPE was recovered quantitatively (greater than 97%) in the stools, with the last measurable SPE being found day 3 to 5 after cessation of SPE intake. Despite recovery of 50 g or more of unhydrolyzed SPE in stools during SPE feeding, there was no clinical or chemical steatorrhea. On subtracting SPE's input to total stool fatty acids, it was found that "non-SPE" fatty acids in the stool had not increased during SPE feeding, SPE was easily incorporated into routine foodstuffs in addition to, or in substitution for, conventional dietary fats. On the basis of this short term evaluation in humans and other investigations with the rat and dog. SPE appears to have potential as a cholesterol-lowering agent.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Clues for the development of food-based dietary guidelines: how are dietary targets being achieved by UK consumers?

Expert scientific advice to the UK Government has been translated into eight general dietary guidelines, which form the core of population-based dietary advice in the UK and are supplemented by a food selection guide showing the types and proportions of foods needed for a balanced and healthy diet. Data from the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults were used to identify statistically significant differences between subgroups of the study population that met, or failed to meet, population nutritional goals for intakes of total fat, saturated fat and dietary fibre. Several eating habits--including greater consumption of starchy foods (particularly wholemeal varieties), greater consumption of fruit and the substitution of reduced-fat milk for whole-fat milk--were shared by the subgroups that met each of the nutritional goals. This analysis provides clues for any future refinement of food-based dietary guidelines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Stearic acid absorption and its metabolizable energy value are minimally lower than those of other fatty acids in healthy men fed mixed diets.

Compared with other saturated fatty acids, stearic acid appears to have different metabolic effects with respect to its impact on risk for cardiovascular disease. These differences may in part reflect biologically important differences in absorption. This study was designed to compare the absorption and the metabolizable energy value of stearic acid with other fatty acids from mixed diets fed to healthy humans. Healthy men (n = 11) were fed four diets with multiple fat sources that contained approximately 15% of energy (en%) from protein, 46 en% from carbohydrate and 39 en% from fat with 8 en% substitution across diets of the following: trans monoenes, oleic acid, saturated fatty acids (lauric + myristic + palmitic) or stearic acid fed as triacylglycerides. Fats were incorporated into mixed diets comprised of foods typically consumed in the United States. After a 14-d adaptation period, volunteers collected all feces for 7 d. Across diets, absorption of stearic acid (94.1 +/- 0.2%) was lower (P < 0.0002) than that of palmitic acid (97.3 +/- 0.2%) and higher than generally reported. Absorption of lauric, myristic, oleic, linoleic and trans 18:1 monoenes did not differ from each other (>99%) but was higher than that of stearic and palmitic acids (P < 0.001). Metabolizable energy values were similar for all fatty acids. Although absorption of palmitic and stearic acids was affected by diet treatment, the magnitudes of the differences were small and do not appear to be biologically important, at least in terms of lipoprotein metabolism. On the basis of these results, reduced stearic acid absorption does not appear to be responsible for the differences in plasma lipoprotein responses to stearic acid relative to other saturated or unsaturated fatty acids.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

A substitution model of dietary manipulation is an effective means of optimising lipid profile, reducing C-reactive protein and increasing insulin-like growth factor-1.

There are two key methods in which fat intake may be manipulated; the 'substitution model' and the 'reduction model'. However insufficient information is known about the mechanisms of dietary fat reduction in individuals who have successfully reduced their fat intake, to be clear as to which strategy offers the greatest chance of success. Our objective was to ascertain the most effective dietary intervention for improving cardiovascular risk profile. Eighty female volunteers (high fat consumers) were recruited. Each subject was randomly allocated into one of the following groups. Substitution of high-fat foods was made with reduced-fat products, by the reduction of high-fat foods, by a combination of substitution and reduction strategies, or no advice was given. Each intervention lasted 3 months. Anthropometric measures and fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and follow-up. The substitution intervention resulted in weight loss (mean -1.4 (95 % CI -2.4, -0.2) kg) and reduced percentage body fat (mean -1.3 (95% CI -2.0, -0.5)%). There was no significant weight change with the other interventions. Fasting triacylglycerols (-0.2 (SEM 0.07) mm; P=0.04), cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (0.8 (SEM 0.2) mg/l; P=0.04) fell with the substitution intervention, but not with the other interventions. Insulin-like growth factor-1 increased with both substitution and reduction (P=0.02). There was no significant change in fasting insulin or glucose with any intervention. The substitution model of dietary intervention is effective even over a relatively short interval of time in reducing fasting total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and CRP. Although the group size for the present study was small and involved females only, it has significant implications for population intervention strategies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

Metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup: effect of an atypical rat milk substitute.

A substitute for rat milk [Messer et al., 1969 (1)] has been evaluated as a nutrient source to artificially feed rat pups from 4 days after birth. The rat milk substitute has a normal fat concentration, suboptimal protein concentration and a high carbohydrate concentration when compared to natural rat milk. Rat pups artificially reared on the mild substitute by intermittent infusion via miniaturized intragastric cannulae have: 1) atypical ketone body metabolism: lower than normal concentration and turnover of D-(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and less than normal amounts of D-(--)-3-hydroxybutyrate used for respiration, 2) atypical carbohydrate metabolism: higher than normal insulin and galactose concentrations in blood and a greater than normal amount of glucose used for respiration, and 3) atypical amino acid levels: the concentrations of several amino acids in blood were 60% or less than normal, and the concentration of taurine in plasma was negligible. We observed frequent head tremors, hyperreactivity to handling and about a 20% incidence of cataracts in rat pups reared on the milk substitute. We conclude this rat milk substitute is not suitable as a nutrient source for the developing rat pup.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Dietary recommendations for people with diabetes: an update for the 1990s. Nutrition Subcommittee of the British Diabetic Association's Professional Advisory Committee.

The broad principles of the 1982 British Diabetic Association dietary recommendations remain valid. For the overweight, reduction in energy intake remains the most important aim. Carbohydrate should make up about 50-55% of the dietary energy intake, the majority of this coming from complex sources, preferably foods naturally high in dietary fibre or hydrolysis resistant starch. Up to 25 g of added sucrose may be allowed, provided it is part of a diet low in fat and high in fibre, and that it substitutes for an isocaloric amount of fat or high glycaemic index food or other nutritive sweeteners. Some high-carbohydrate diets have been shown to worsen blood glucose control and serum lipid abnormalities. Some previous recommendations for fibre intake have proved unrealistically high and of limited value. A modest increase to 30 g day-1, concentrating on soluble fibre, is recommended. Reduction of fat intake to 30-35% of energy intake remains an important goal which should help to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes and aid weight loss. Of this only 10% of total energy should be saturated fat, 10% polyunsaturated fat, and 10-15% may be mono-unsaturated fat. The latter has been shown to provide a useful alternative energy source which may have beneficial effects on blood glucose control and serum lipids. Cholesterol intake should not exceed 300 mg day-1. Protein should comprise about 10-15% of energy intake. Reduction in intake of protein and associated nutrients may help to slow down progression of nephropathy. Limitation of salt intake to 6 g day-1 is recommended. Reduction in fat intake may be relatively more important in Type 2 diabetic patients, whereas limitation in protein intake may be more important in Type 1 diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Dietary lipids and risk of autoimmune disease.

In summary, it is well established that moderate calorie restriction or reduction in overall high calorie food intake prevents or forestalls the development of age-associated disease incidence such as breast cancer and renal disease in rodents. A similar approach could also readily be applied in humans for preventing the risk and rise of life-shortening diseases. Many age-associated diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases with viral etiology, appear to be exacerbated in the presence of adverse lipid intake such as an increased level of vegetable oils or trans-fatty acids from the usage of hydrogenated dietary oils. At present, nearly 35-40% of the total calories are from dietary fats and/or of lipid origin. Although usage of saturated fat, which increases cardiovascular disease, has been reduced to a large extent in the United States, consumption of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats of omega-6 origin has either increased or simply been substituted in place of saturated fats. Further, for the past 50 years, a significant reduction in highly polyunsaturated fat consumption such as marine oil has also occurred specifically in the United States. The reduction in omega-3 lipids of marine or vegetable source occurs primarily because of short shelf life due to rancidity. However, the increased consumption of omega-6 or a vegetable source of oils and decreased omega-3 intake may increase in vivo the production of free radicals and higher proinflammatory cytokines. Our ongoing studies reveal that proinflammatory vegetable oil could increase autoimmune disease by increasing the free radical formation by decreasing the antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels, thereby further decreasing immune function, particularly the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2 and TGF beta mRNA levels. In contrast, omega-3 lipid intake in the presence of an antioxidant supplement appears to exert protection against autoimmunity by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and TGF beta mRNA levels and by preventing the rise in oncogene expression. However, detailed studies are required to establish the protective and deleterious role of different commonly consumed lipids or dietary oils by the general population, particularly during middle and aging years. Further, we also propose that combining nonsteroidal drug therapy along with moderate calorie reduction in the presence of more protective omega-3 dietary lipids of either marine or vegetable source and decreasing the levels of mono- and polyunsaturated lipids may provide additional protection against the age-associated rise in malignancy and autoimmune disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect on serum lipids of monounsaturated oil and margarine in the diet of an Antarctic Expedition.

A 13-wk dietary intervention was carried out with 23 members of the 1991 wintering party of an Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition. Canola margarine and canola cooking oil were substituted for usual dietary fats (butter, a margarine containing 28% saturated fat, a polyunsaturated margarine, and vegetable oil). Mean energy intake slowly decreased although body weight slowly increased during the 42-wk wintering-over period. During 13 wk of dietary substitution, mean total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations fell by 7.0% and 10.0%, respectively (P < 0.05, repeated-measures ANOVA). These changes were not found in a second wintering-over group that did not experience this dietary intervention. The data indicate that a relatively simple change to the food supply has the potential to produce significant beneficial changes in lipoprotein lipid profile.

Adult↗