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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Central cardiovascular effects of clonidine and another imidazoline derivative ST [600] in adult fowls.

In adult fowls (Gallus domesticus) with cannulae stereotaxically implanted into the III cerebral ventricle and into the hypothalamus, the effects of clonidine and another imidazoline derivative (St 600) were studied on arterial blood pressure and heart rate. It has been shown that clonidine and St 600 administration into the III ventricle or into the hypothalamus produced an immediate profound and long lasting decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Contrary to the intravenous administration, this response was not preceded by an initial rise in blood pressure. On an equimolar basis St 600 appeared to be at least one-tenth as potent as clonidine. Prior intraventricular administration of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, prevented changes in cardiovascular effects following intrahypothalamic infusion of clonidine and St 600. In conclusion, present experiments indicate that in fowls the hypothalamus represents the site or sites through which hypotension and bradycardia evoked by clonidine and related compounds are mediated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of tetanus toxin after intracerebral microinjection are antagonized by drugs enhancing GABAergic transmission in adult fowls.

In adult fowls (Gallus domesticus), the behavioural effects of small doses of tetanus toxin, after unilateral microinjection into the nucleus mesencephalicus profundus (NMP), homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra, were studied. A rich pattern of stereotyped movements, vocalization, ipsilateral head-neck rotation, wing abduction, occasional ipsilateral circling and escape responses from the box were observed; the intensity of such symptomatology was dose-related and fully reversible within approx. 4 hr. Pretreatment with sodium valproate (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.m.) or with ethanolamine-sulphate (EOS, 1.6 mumol into the NMP) completely prevented the effects of tetanus toxin. The present findings show that fowls can represent an ideal species for studying acute central effects of tetanus toxin and more interestingly that drugs enhancing GABAergic mechanisms are able to prevent the effects of tetanus toxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Vaccination for fowl plague.

Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens. The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for chickens and turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Possible genetic variation in resistance of turkeys to erysipelas and fowl cholera.

Natural disease outbreaks of erysipelas and fowl cholera occurred in several lines of turkeys maintained for genetic studies. There were line differences in mortality during both outbreaks, suggesting that there is genetic variation in resistance to these diseases. A line developed by selection for increased egg production had a higher mortality rate from fowl cholera than did the randombred control line from which it was developed. Both the egg line and its control line had a lower mortality rate in the erysipelas outbreak than did a line selected for increased growth rate. Both diseases induced high mortality in a line selected for increased growth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl.

The effect of hemorrhage on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 107--110. The blood arginine vasotocin (AVT) level of domestic fowl after hemorrage was determined on the isolated bladder of the frog. It was found that hemorrhage equivalent to 10--20% of the blood volume caused a 2--3 times greater increase in blood AVT level compared to that found before stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced biphasic responses of fowl rectum.

The present study investigated the mechanism of the biphasic action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on isolated fowl rectum. 5-HT (2.6 X 10(-6) M) very often produced a biphasic response i.e., an initial relaxation followed by contraction. Tetrodotoxin completely abolished the relaxatory component and partially inhibited the contraction. On the Remak's nerve denervated preparation (in which the non-adrenergic inhibitory and non-cholinergic excitatory neural elements are eliminated), 5-HT produced only contraction. Lysergic acid diethylamide or methysergide completely blocked the contractile component and significantly inhibited the relaxation. Caffeine, given alone, reduced the relaxation without affecting the contraction caused by 5-HT. Atropine, mepyramine, propranolol, pentolinium or indomethacin did not alter the biphasic responses to 5-HT. Thus, it is concluded that the 5-HT-induced relaxation is mediated by non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons, while the contractions of the fowl rectum are partly due to a direct myogenic action and partly mediated by an indirect stimulation of non-cholinergic excitatory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Time course of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine neurotoxic effects on fowl diencephalon and upper brain stem monoaminergic pathways.

In adult fowls the time-course of the neurotoxic effects of 5,6-DHT on indolaminergic neurons (in comparison with controls and with animals pre-treated with mebanazine, a MAO-inhibitor) was studied. It was shown that 5,6-DHT given into the third cerebral ventricle produced a rather selective degeneration of indolaminergic neurons which was most dramatic 4 and 7 days after the injection. Injured axons characterized by a pile-up of strongly yellow fluorescent material were seen in areas bordering the third ventricle, and in the posterior, medium and anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, median eminence, n. tuberalis and paleostriatum augmentatum. A decrease in yellow fluorescence in areas distal to the injured axons was only detectable after 19 days. A certain regrowth of some terminal networks was observed 30 days after 5,6-DHT administration. Present data indicate that, in fowls, ascending indolamine neurons mainly originate in tegmental cell bodies and are organized in a large tract which runs along the medial forebrain bundle, sending terminals innervating several diencephalic and other subcortical areas.

5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed1980

Comparative evaluation of four registered acaricides for field control of northern fowl mites on caged laying hens.

Carbaryl and tetrachlorvinphos provided longer lasting control of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), than did coumaphos or malathion when the materials were applied to caged laying hens as aqueous sprays. The average duration of residual control was ca. 5 weeks for carbaryl, 4.3 weeks for tetrachlorvinphos, 3.5 weeks for coumaphos, and 2 weeks for malathion. No presumptive evidence of northern fowl mite resistance to carbaryl or tetrachlorvinphos was encountered. In contrast, malathion often failed to produce satisfactory control, and difficulty with adequate dispersion of coumaphos wettable powder was noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Histology and immunology of Peyer's patches in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Peyer's patches (PP) were identified in the small intestine of the domestic fowl by their thickened villi, flattened epithelium which lacked goblet cells and by the accumulations of lymphocytes in the form of encapsulated germinal centres (GC) and diffuse lymphoid tissue (DLT). Particles of orally administered carbon were seen in GC and DLT, in macrophages and within epithelial cells (M cells). Faults in the PP epithelium, which was positive for alkaline phosphatase, allowed the extrusion of lymphocytes into the intestinal lumen. Immunofluorescence detected more lymphoid cells with cytoplasmic IgG than IgA or IgM. Specific antibody production was seen in cells of GC ad DLT in PP from fowls that had received multiple injections of horse serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Immunoglobulin A in some avian species other than the fowl.

In immunodiffusion tests rabbit and pheasant antisera monospecific for fowl IgA detected a cross-reacting homologous protein in sera and/or secretions (saliva and bile) of pheasant, Japanese quail, guinea fowl, turkey and pigeon. Negative findings with duck samples do not preclude the occurrence of a similar immunoglobulin class in that species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella multocida virulence factors: selection of fowl cholera-inducing and non-inducing strains.

Relatively little information is available on Pasteurella multocida virulence factors involved in producing fowl cholera. Because of the complex nature of bacterial pathogenesis, the recommended approach for ascertaining these factors is to compare biological attributes of high- and low-virulence strains. To permit use of this approach for fowl cholera, P. multocida strains of high and low virulence were identified. Turkey poults were exposed intrapharyngeally and intravenously (IV) to two antigenically and biochemically similar strains. Based on mortality, strain P-1059 was highly virulent and strain P-1062 was avirulent. Microbiological examination indicated that only the virulent strain infected the pharyngeal mucosa of intrapharyngeally exposed poults and survived and multiplied in IV-exposed poults. These findings indicate strain differences in those virulence factors concerned with the colonization and multiplication stages of disease development.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Facial cellulitis associated with fowl cholera in commercial turkeys.

Severe cephalic swelling and facial cellulitis in turkeys associated with fowl cholera were present in seven accessions submitted to two laboratories in a 2-year period. Flocks ranged in age from 6 to 18 weeks and included both toms and hens. Interestingly, turkeys with facial cellulitis had no gross internal lesions of fowl cholera, whereas birds with gross lung, liver, and air-sac lesions did not have swollen heads. Histologically, the facial cellulitis was characterized by extensive fibrinonecrotic inflammation of the deep dermis with heterophilic perivasculitis and thrombosis. Additional characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from these cases was conducted retrospectively from lyophilized cultures. Serogrouping, serotyping, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for dermonecrotic factor were performed. All isolates were serogroup A or unencapsulated. Serotype 1 was the most prevalent serotype isolated in association with facial cellulitis. ELISA results for dermonecrotic toxin were inconclusive.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in female reproductive tract of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and its interactions with semen.

Presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) in female reproductive tract and its interaction with semen has been investigated in domestic fowl. Higher activity of ACE was detected in homogenates of infundibulum region followed by magnum and relatively low level was noticed in rest of the parts of the oviduct (i.e. isthmus, uterus, uterovaginal-junction and vagina). This decreasing order in ACE activity was, however, reversed when these segments were incubated with semen. ACE in the ovarian follicular wall increased with corresponding increase in the follicle size. Presence of some stimulatory or inhibitory substances for ACE in the oviduct of fowl is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of fowl cholera diagnosed in Georgia, 1989-91.

One hundred seventy-six cases of fowl cholera were diagnosed at the Georgia Poultry Laboratory over a 3-year period. The disease occurred throughout the year, with peak incidence during March and April. Fowl cholera was diagnosed in flocks from 4 to 83 weeks of age, with a mean of 33 weeks of age. The Pasteurella multocida isolates were highly susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested, except sulfonamides. The serotypic distribution of isolates showed that serotype 3,4 predominated (40%), followed by serotype 3 (22%), serotype 1 (18%), untypable (15%), serotype 5 (3%), and serotype 4 (2%). Associations were found between the P. multocida serotypes isolated from birds of different ages and between the age of the bird and the sites of choice for isolating the organism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera: induction of cross-protection in turkeys with bacterins prepared from host-passaged Pasteurella multocida.

Modified fowl cholera bacterins prepared by inoculating agar medium with infected liver tissue from birds which died of acute fowl cholera induced 70% cross-protection in turkeys, i.e., protection against a different immunologic type of Pasteurella multocida. Standard bacterins prepared from cultures which had been lyophilized and stored showed variable cross-protection (0--40%). Repeated subculturing of the standard inoculum on agar reduced cross-protection. The protection with either the modified or standard bacterins was comparable (80--100%) when immunity was challenged with the homologous strain. With lyophilization of P. multocida and subculturing on agar, it appears that antigens capable of inducing cross-immunity may be lost more readily than antigens capable of inducing homologous immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Branching of the coeliac artery in some domestic birds. iii. A comparison of the pattern of the coeliac artery in three breeds of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica).

The authors examined the pattern of the coeliac artery and its branches in 100 females of the domestic fowl of three breeds: White Leghorn (33 females), Brown Leghorn (34 females) and White Plymouth (33 females). The arterial pattern was injected by red-dyed latex. An exact analysis of the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in the individual breeds was made, the individual signs were compared and the level of statistical significance in the differen breed-related findings was determined. On the basis of study of the material it is possible to state that: a) There exist certain differences in the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in various breeds of the domestic fowl. b) These differences comprise especially the way of origin of the A. proventricularis dorsalis, the origin of spleen arteries, the existence of the accessory arteries for the gall bladder, bile ducts and the duodenum, the origin of the Aa. ileocaecales and the way of branching of the A. gastrica sin. c) It will be possible to compare the pattern of the coeliac artery in various species of birds no sooner than the breed-related differences are determined.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of low-level rofenaid, low-level chlortetracycline, and vaccination with commercial bacterin for preventing pulmonary form of fowl cholera in turkeys.

The pulmonary form of experimentally induced fowl cholera was controlled effectively either by Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine, at 0.01% in feed, chlortetracycline at 0.0055% in feed, vaccination with a commercial fowl cholera bacterin and a combination of Rofenaid and vaccination. The medicated or/and vaccinated turkeys had a significantly (P less than 0.05) better livability than the unmedicated or unvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by contact with carriers and administration of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water. Transmission from carriers to recipients through the water was demonstrated. P. multocida was isolated from the mouths of recipient turkeys receiving low-level medication one week after carriers were introduced.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of two avirulent vaccines for preventing experimental fowl cholera in turkeys, and use of one vaccine in the field.

The Clemson University (CU) strain of live cholera vaccine administered in water (LCVW) was effective in immunizing turkeys against the pulmonary, arthritic, and cranial forms of fowl cholera. The Missouri strain of LCVW immunized turkeys against the pulmonary and septicemic forms of fowl cholera. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the orifice of the auditory tube of 5% of the turkeys vaccinated with the CU strain 2 weeks postvaccination, but not 4 weeks after challenge. Mortality was not increased by administering the CU strain of LCVW at 5, 10, 20, and 40 x the standard dose of 4 x 10(8) P. multocida. A low concentration of Rofenaid (providing 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine) had no perceptible effect on the development of immunity with the CU vaccine.

Administration, Oral↗