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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Detection of the swings of the lever arm of a myosin motor by fluorescence resonance energy transfer of green and blue fluorescent proteins.

The "lever-arm" model of a myosin motor predicts that the lever-arm domain in the myosin head tilts and swings against the catalytic domain during ATP hydrolysis, resulting in force generation. To investigate if this "swing" of the lever arm really occurs during the hydrolysis of ATP, we employed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two fluorescent proteins [green (GFP) and blue (BFP)] fused to the N and C termini of the Dictyostelium myosin-motor domain. FRET measurements showed that the C-terminal BFP in the fusion protein first swings against the N-terminal GFP at the isomerization step of the ATP hydrolysis cycle and then swings back at the phosphate-release step. Because the C-terminal BFP mimics the motion of the lever arm, the result indicates that the lever arm swings at the specific steps of the ATP hydrolysis cycle, i.e., at the isomerization and phosphate-release steps. The latter swing may correspond to the power stroke of myosin, while the former may be related to the recovery stroke.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Formation of surface tubules and fluorescent foci in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts expressing a fusion between the green fluorescent protein and the cauliflower mosaic virus movement protein.

The movement protein (MP) of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a multifunctional protein that potentiates the cell-to-cell and long distance movement of the virus. Functional domains in the CaMV MP were determined by analyzing deletions in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-MP fusions transfected into Arabidopsis thaliana leaf protoplasts. GFP-MP accumulated at fluorescent foci at the cell periphery and in tubular structures extending from the protoplast surface. A region located near the center of MP was required for targeting GFP-MP to foci, whereas a larger region extending nearly to the N-terminus was needed for tubule formation. Cytoskeletal assembly inhibitors did not disrupt tubule formation or the accumulation of GFP-MP at foci, but brefeldin A, which disrupts the plant cell endomembrane system, did interfere with the formation of tubules but not foci.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy in lipid-protein systems. II. Application to tryptophan fluorescence of bacteriophage M13 coat protein incorporated in phospholipid bilayers.

The subnanosecond fluorescence and motional dynamics of the tryptophan residue in the bacteriophage M13 coat protein incorporated within pure dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) as well as dioleoylphosphatidylcholine/dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPC/DOPG) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPC/DMPG) bilayers (80/20 w/w) with various L/P ratio have been investigated. The fluorescence decay is decomposed into four components with lifetimes of about 0.5, 2.0, 4.5 and 10.0 ns, respectively. In pure DOPC and DOPC/DOPG lipid bilayers, above the phase transition temperature, the rotational diffusion of the protein molecules contributes to the depolarization and the anisotropy of tryptophan is fitted to a dual exponential function. The longer correlation time, describing the rotational diffusion of the whole protein, shortens with increasing temperature and decreasing protein aggregation number. In DMPC/DMPG lipid bilayers, below the phase transition, the rotational diffusion of the protein is slowed down such that the subnanosecond anisotropy decay of tryptophan in this system reflects only the segmental motion of the tryptophan residue. Because of a heterogeneous microenvironment, the anisotropy decay must be described by three exponentials with a constant term, containing a negative coefficient and a negative decay time constant. From such a decay, the tryptophan residue within the aggregate undergoes a more restricted motion than the one exposed to the lipids. At 20 degrees C, the order parameter of the transition moment of the isolated tryptophan is about 0.9 and that for the exposed one is about 0.5.

Capsid↗
PubMed1994

Cheek cell membrane fluidity measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and steady-state fluorescence anisotropy.

Membrane fluidity of human cheek cells was determined using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and steady-state fluorescence anisotropy. The FRAP data showed that the lateral diffusion coefficient (D) and mobile fraction (%R) of lipid in the plasma membrane of control cells were 2.01 x 10(-9) cm2/sec and 54.25%, respectively. Trypsin treatment increased D and %R to 6.4 x 10(-9) cm2/sec and 72.15%. In contrast, the anisotropy (r) for control cells was 0.270 which remained unchanged by trypsin treatment. The results show that diffusion of lipids in the plane of the membrane is restricted by trypsin-sensitive barriers.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1994

Visualization of mitotic chromosomes in filamentous fungi by fluorescence staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Mitotic chromosomes of the plant pathogenic filamentous fungi Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata were observed. Chromosomes prepared by the germ tube burst method were stained with the fluorescent dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to yield figures with good resolution. Using this method, component chromosomes were clearly distinguished and the chromosome number could be determined. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was also successfully applied to the specimens, revealing one ribosomal RNA gene cluster, or nucleolus organizer region (NOR) in the genome of each fungus. A long attenuated chromatid thread expanding from a condensed metaphase chromosome, which had been called a thread-like structure in B. cinerea, was proved to be an NOR. This is the first report of the successful application of FISH to the chromosomes of filamentous fungi.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1989

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for detecting submicroscopic clusters of fluorescent molecules in membranes.

The formation of cell surface receptor clusters has been implicated or confirmed in the mechanism of signal transduction across biological membranes for a variety of processes, including receptor-mediated phagocytosis and endocytosis and cellular response to hormones and neurotransmitters. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is one technique that may provide insight into the kinetics and extent of receptor aggregation. Recent theoretical and experimental developments in FCS for the investigation of submicroscopic clusters of fluorescent molecules are described and the potential applications of the technique to receptor aggregation are reviewed.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1983

Interaction between rat alpha 1 fetoprotein and fluorescent derivatives of estrone in relation to the position and type of the fluorescent label.

A series of derivatives of estrone with fluorescent dyes (dansyl or coumarin) coupled at different positions on the steroid molecule, have been synthesized. These derivatives were tested for their quantum yields and their binding properties were determined with respect to rat alpha 1 fetoprotein. Derivatives at C-3 (estrone-3-hemisuccinate-dansyl-cadaverine and estrone-3-dansyl) compete with estrone for binding to the fetal protein; however derivates of estrone at C-6 (estrone-6-carboxymethyloxime-dansyl-cadaverine) and at C-17 (estrone-17-carboxymethyloxime-coumarine, estrone-17-carboxymethyloxime-dansyl-cadaverine and estrone-17-dansyl-hydrazine) compete poorly or not at all. The association constant of the radioactive derivative estrone-3-dansyl [3H] with rat alpha 1 fetoprotein was measured directly: the same number of high affinity binding sites (0.6) as that for estrone was found with an apparent association constant of 3.7 X 10(6) M-1. In addition to the high affinity binding sites, a low affinity class of binding sites was found which corresponds to the binding of the dansyl fraction of the fluorescent steroid derivative.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The fluorescence quenching resolved spectra and red-edge excitation fluorescence measurements of human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.

The human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) and its reactive site modified form (alpha 1-PI*) have been examined using the fluorescence quenching resolved spectra method. The red-edge excitation measurements were applied for the study of structural differences between these forms. The crystallographic data of alpha 1-PI* structure have shown that its polypeptide chain includes only two tryptophan residues. The fluorescence quenching data have indicated that the conversion of the intact inhibitor molecule into its nicked form is accompanied by changes in the tryptophan environments. The red-edge excitation measurements have proved that the dipolar relaxation process around the Trp-194 residue is much bigger in alpha 1-PI* form than in the nicked one.

Fluorescence↗
PubMed2005

Caspase-3 sensitive signaling in vivo in apoptotic HeLa cells by chemically engineered intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer mutants of green fluorescent protein.

Green fluorescent protein (UV5) was re-engineered to remove native cysteine residues, and a new cysteine was introduced near the C-terminus, approximately 20 A from the native fluorophore, for site-specific attachment of chemical fluorophores. The resultant efficient intramolecular FRET quenched GFP emission and gave a new emission band from the conjugated fluorophore. Caspase-3 cleavage of constructs with a caspase-3 sequence near the C-terminus in the sequence between the native fluorophore and the new cysteine, located C-terminal to the caspase site, destroyed the FRET, the emitted color reverting to that of unmodified GFP. This process was demonstrated in vitro with caspase-3 and lysates from cells undergoing apoptosis. Real-time emission changes for the Alexa Fluor 532 conjugate of this GFP, studied quantitatively in vivo for single HeLa cells using the ratios of fluorescence at the red and green maxima by confocal microscopy, showed that caspase-3 action in the cytosol preceded that in the nucleus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Light-induced changes of NADPH fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts: a spectral and fluorescence lifetime study.

Isolated chloroplasts show a light-induced reversible increase in blue-green fluorescence (BGF), which is only dependent on NADPH changes. In the present communication, we report a time-resolved and spectral analysis of this BGF in reconstituted chloroplasts and intact isolated chloroplasts, in the dark and under actinic illumination. From these measurements we deduced the contribution of the different forms of NADPH (free and bound to proteins) to the light-induced variation of BGF and conclude that this variation is due only to the redox change of the NADP pool. A simple model estimating the distribution of NADPH between the free and bound form was designed, that explains the differences measured for the BGF of reconstituted chloroplasts and intact chloroplasts. From the decay-associated spectra of the chloroplast BGF, we also deduced the participation of flavins to the green peak of chloroplast fluorescence emission spectrum, and the existence of excitation energy transfer from proteins to bound NADPH in chloroplasts. In addition, we re-examined the use of chloroplast BGF as a quantitative measure of NADPH concentration, and confirmed that chloroplast BGF can be used for non-destructive, continuous and probably quantitative monitoring of light-induced changes in NADP redox state.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed2002

Fluorescence resonance energy transfers measurements on cell surfaces via fluorescence polarization.

A method has been developed for the determination of the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency between moieties located on cell surfaces by performing individual cell fluorescence polarization (FP) measurements. The absolute value of energy transfer efficiency (E) is calculated on an individual cell basis. The examination of this methodology was carried out using model experiments on human T lymphocyte cells. The cells were labeled with fluorescein-conjugated Concanavalin A (ConA) as donor, or rhodamine-conjugated ConA as acceptor. The experiments and results clearly indicate that determination of E via FP measurements is possible, efficient, and more convenient than other methods.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Quantitation of fluorescence energy transfer between cell surface proteins via fluorescence donor photobleaching kinetics.

We describe practical aspects of photobleaching fluorescence energy transfer measurements on individual living cells. The method introduced by T. M. Jovin and co-workers (see, most recently, Kubitscheck et al. 1993. Biophys. J. 64:110) is based on the reduced rate of irreversible photobleaching of donor fluorophores when acceptor fluorophores are present. Measuring differences in donor photobleaching rates on cells labeled with donor only (fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated proteins) and with both donor and acceptor (tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated proteins) allows calculation of the fluorescence energy transfer efficiency. We assess possible methods of data analysis in light of the underlying processes of photobleaching and energy transfer and suggest optimum strategies for this purpose. Single murine B lymphocytes binding various ratios of donor and acceptor conjugates of tetravalent concanavalin A (Con A) and divalent succinyl Con A were examined for interlectin energy transfer by these methods. For Con A, a maximum transfer efficiency of 0.49 +/- 0.02 was observed. Under similar conditions flow cytometric measurements of donor quenching yielded a value of 0.54 +/- 0.03. For succinyl Con A, the maximum transfer efficiency was 0.36. To provide concrete examples of quantities arising in such energy transfer determinations, we present examples of individual cell data and kinetic analyses, population rate constant distributions, and error estimates for the various quantities involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Saturation effects in polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery and steady state fluorescence polarization.

The time-resolved anisotropy produced in polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery experiments has been successfully used to measure rotational correlation times in a variety of biological systems, however the magnitudes of the reported initial anisotropies have been much lower than the theoretically predicted maximum values. This small time-zero anisotropy has been attributed to fluorophore motion, wobble and rotation, during the photobleaching pulse. We demonstrate that inclusion of the possibility of saturation of the fluorophore's transition from its ground state to its excited state during the photobleaching pulse leads to the prediction of reduced time-zero anisotropy. This eliminates the need to rely solely on the assumption of fluorophore motion during the photobleaching pulse as the cause of the reduced initial anisotropy. We present theoretical and experimental results which show that the initial anisotropy decreases as both the bleach pulse intensity is increased and bleach pulse duration is decreased so as to keep the total integrated bleach pulse constant. We also show theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that at high excitation intensity the effects of saturation cause the steady state fluorescence polarization to decrease. We estimate that saturation may occur using common photobleaching conditions.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of fluorescent-labeled lysophospholipid and taurodeoxycholate aggregates.

Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated that the environment-sensitive lysolipid N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)- monomyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-NBD-MPE), at concentrations below its critical micelle concentration (CMCN-NBD-MPE = 4 microM), reached maximum fluorescence yield upon the addition of taurodeoxycholate (TDC) at concentrations well below its CMC (CMCTDC = 2.5 mM). These data indicated the formation of micellar aggregates of the two amphiphiles at concentrations below both of their CMCs. In the present study, fluorescence lifetime and differential polarization measurements were made to determine the size of these aggregates. In the absence of TDC and at 0.5 mM TDC a single lifetime (tau) and rotational correlation time (phi) were measured for N-NBD-MPE at the submicellar concentration of 2 microM, indicating a lack of interaction between the two molecules at this concentration. Above 0.5 mM TDC, two discrete lifetimes were resolved. Based on these lifetimes, two distinct rotational correlation times were established through polarization measurements. The shorter phi(0.19-0.73 ns) was ascribed to local probe motions, whereas the longer phi was in a time range expected for global rotation of aggregates the size of simple bile salt micelles (3-6.5 ns). From the longer phi, molecular volume and hydrodynamic radii were calculated, ranging from approximately 15 A at 1 mM to approximately 18 A at 5 mM TDC. These data support the conclusion that monomeric lysolipids in solution seed the aggregation of numerous TDC molecules (aggregation number = 16 at 1 mM TDC) to form a TDC micelle with a lysolipid core at concentrations below which they both self-aggregate.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Fluorescence, polarized fluorescence, and Brewster angle microscopy of palmitic acid and lung surfactant protein B monolayers.

Fluorescence, polarized fluorescence, and Brewster angle microscopy reveal that human lung surfactant protein SP-B and its amino terminus (SP-B[1-25]) alter the phase behavior of palmitic acid monolayers by inhibiting the formation of condensed phases and creating a new fluid protein-rich phase. This fluid phase forms a network that separates condensed phase domains at coexistence and persists to high surface pressures. The network changes the monolayer collapse mechanism from heterogeneous nucleation/growth and fracturing processes to a more homogeneous process through isolating individual condensed phase domains. This results in higher surface pressures at collapse, and monolayers easier to respread on expansion, factors essential to the in vivo function of lung surfactant. The network is stabilized by a low-line tension between the coexisting phases, as confirmed by the observation of extended linear domains, or "stripe" phases, and a Gouy-Chapman analysis of protein-containing monolayers. Comparison of isotherm data and observed morphologies of monolayers containing SP-B(1-25) with those containing the full SP-B sequence show that the shortened peptide retains most of the native activity of the full-length protein, which may lead to cheaper and more effective synthetic replacement formulations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Rapid estimation of avidin and streptavidin by fluorescence quenching or fluorescence polarization.

A new biotin-carboxyfluorescein conjugate has been presented in the accompanying study (G. Kada et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 000 (1999) 000-000) which contains ethylene diamine as a 4-atom spacer. This so-called biotin-4-fluorescein showed exceptionally fast and tight binding to avidin and streptavidin, and binding was accompanied by strong quenching. In the present study the specific quenching of 'biotin-4-fluorescein' was utilized to measure (strept)avidin concentrations (0.2-2 nM) by the extent of fluorescence quenching at 8 nM ligand concentration. Adsorption of (strept)avidin to the assay tubes was suppressed by inclusion of bovine serum albumin (0.1 mg/ml). Virtually the same specific response to avidin and streptavidin was also observed with commercial 'fluorescein-biotin', except that >10 h incubation times were required. The slow association of 'fluorescein-biotin' was attributed to the anti-cooperative binding which is due to the much longer spacer as compared to 'biotin-4-fluorescein'. The third ligand tested in this study was 'biotin-4-FITC' which was analogous to 'biotin-4-fluorescein' except that carboxyfluorescein was replaced by the fluorescein isothiocyanate residue. Surprisingly, this probe was much less quenched by avidin but this was compensated by an exceptionally high fluorescence polarization in the avidin-bound state. In conclusion, the new ligand 'biotin-4-fluorescein' appeared to be the most general and convenient probe: quenching was most pronounced and linearly dependent on (strept)avidin concentrations, the dose response for streptavidin was almost the same as for avidin, and the association kinetics were fast enough to reach equilibrium within 30 min incubation time.

Avidin↗
PubMed1992

Determination of the location of fluorescent probes attached to fatty acids using parallax analysis of fluorescence quenching: effect of carboxyl ionization state and environment on depth.

In this report, parallax analysis of fluorescence quenching (see the preceding paper in this issue) was used to determine the location (depth) of anthroyloxy and carbazole probes attached to model membrane inserted fatty acids. A monotonic increase in depth was found as the number of carbon atoms between the attachment site of the probe and the fatty acyl carboxyl group is increased. It was also found that depth is sensitive to pH, with an increase in probe depth upon protonation of the fatty acid carboxyl group of around 0.5-2.5 A, depending on probe location and identity. This result shows that carboxyl protonation causes an increase in depth all along a fatty acid chain. In addition, it indicates that parallax analysis is very sensitive to small changes in depth. At a given pH, no significant change in probe depth was observed in vesicles containing anionic phospholipid or at various ionic strengths, suggesting these parameters do not strongly regulate fatty acyl chain location. It was also found that there is a decrease of the apparent depth of each of the fatty acyl attached probes both at longer excitation wavelengths and at longer emission wavelengths. This is consistent with there being a distribution of depth for each fluorophore, with shallower fluorophore dominating the fluorescence at red-shifted wavelengths. Solvent relaxation effects also appear to contribute to this wavelength dependence.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2001

Interaction of fluorescence labeled single-stranded DNA with hexameric DNA-helicase RepA: a photon and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to characterize the interaction of fluorescence labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with hexameric RepA DNA-helicase (hRepA) encoded by plasmid RSF1010. The apparent dissociation constants, Kd(app), for the equilibrium binding of 12mer, 30mer, and 45mer ssDNA 5'-labeled with BFL to hRepA dimer in the presence of 0.5 mM ATPgammaS at pH 5.8 and 25 degrees C were determined to be 0.58 +/- 0.12, 0.52 +/- 0.07, and 1.66 +/- 0.32 microM, respectively. Binding curves are compatible with one binding site for ssDNA present on hRepA dimer, with no indication of cooperativity. At pH 7.6 in the presence of ATPgammaS and at pH 5.8 in the absence of ATPgammaS, complex formation between ssDNA and hRepA was too weak for measuring complete binding curves by FCS. Under these conditions, the dissociation constant, Kd(app), is in the range between 10 and 250 microM. The kinetics of complex formation at pH 5.8 are faster than the time resolution (approximately 10-20 s) of FCS experiments under pseudo-first-order conditions, with respect to BFL-ssDNA. Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) experiments yielded, within the experimental error range, the same values for the apparent hydrodynamic radii, R(h), of hRepA dimer and its complex with ssDNA as determined by FCS (R(h) = 6.6 +/- 1 nm). hRepA starts to aggregate under acidic conditions (<pH 6.0) which are optimal for ssDNA binding. CD spectra taken at pH 5.8 in the presence of ATPgammaS showed a structural change induced by ssDNA binding to hRepA which is not visible at pH 7.6 and with ADP as nucleotide cofactor.

Binding Sites↗