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Results for “Expressed Emotion”

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PubMed1999

Modulation of neutral face evaluation by laterally presented emotional expressions.

The present study examined hemispheric asymmetries in emotional processing. 40 right-handed women were presented sequences of Happy, Sad, and Disgusted facial expressions to their left and right visual fields followed by a Neutral face presented to ipsi- or contralateral visual field. After Happy sequences, Neutral faces were rated as significantly more pleasant than after Sad sequences. In respect to hemispheric asymmetries, the analyses gave a significant effect of visual field only for Sad sequences. The ratings of Neutral faces were significantly more positive after presentations of Sad sequences to the left than to the right visual field. These modulational effects are suggested to support recent findings of hemispheric asymmetries of human emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cultures of moderation and expression: emotional experience, behavior, and physiology in Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans.

Ethnographic accounts suggest that emotions are moderated in Chinese cultures and expressed openly in Mexican cultures. The authors tested this notion by comparing subjective, behavioral, and physiological aspects of emotional responses to 3 (warned, unwarned, instructed to inhibit responding) aversive acoustic startle stimuli in 95 Chinese Americans and 64 Mexican Americans. Subjective reports were consistent with ethnographic accounts; Chinese Americans reported experiencing significantly less emotion than Mexican Americans across all 3 startle conditions. Evidence from a nonemotional task suggested that these differences were not artifacts of cultural differences in the use of rating scales. Few cultural differences were found in emotional behavior or physiology, suggesting that these aspects of emotion are less susceptible to cultural influence.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Do infants see emotional expressions in static faces?

To determine whether young infants discriminate photographs of different emotions on an affect-relevant basis or on the basis of isolated features unrelated to emotion, groups of 17-, 23-, and 29-week-olds were habituated to slides of 8 women posing either Toothy Angry, Nontoothy Angry, or Nontoothy Smiling facial expressions and were then shown 2 new women in the familiarized expression and in a novel Toothy Smiling expression. At all 3 ages, recovery to the novel Toothy Smiling faces occurred only after habituation to Nontoothy faces (whether smiling or angry), not after habituation to Toothy Angry faces, indicating that infants had been responsive to nonspecific features of the photographs (presence or absence of bared teeth) rather than to affectively relevant configurations of features. In a second experiment, 2 older age groups (35 and 41 weeks) also proved to be insensitive to affect-related aspects of still faces, though more so for angry than for happy expressions. It is suggested that the young infant's difficulty in extracting emotional information from static stimuli may be attributable to the absence of the critical invariants (dynamic, multimodally specified) that characterize naturalistic expressions of emotion.

Anger↗
PubMed2003

Frontal lobe networks for effective processing of ambiguously expressed emotions in humans.

This study examines the neural substrates involved in the recognition of ambiguous facial expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects performed two tasks, one in which they judged facial expressions and another in which they identified gender. Subtraction between ambiguous expression and clear expression conditions revealed the activation of anterior cingulate (ACC), medial frontal (MeFG) and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Structural equation modeling showed that the functional connectivity between these areas was greater with the ambiguous expressions than with the clear ones. The activation of the ACC, MeFG, and right IFG was greater with ambiguous expressions than with ambiguous gender. These results suggest that the neural network involving these frontal regions plays a crucial role in the processing of the ambiguously expressed facial emotions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of written emotional expression on immune function in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether writing about emotional topics compared with writing about neutral topics could affect CD4+ lymphocyte count and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load among HIV-infected patients. METHODS: Thirty-seven HIV-infected patients were randomly allocated to 2 writing conditions focusing on emotional or control topics. Participants wrote for 4 days, 30 minutes per day. The CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were measured at baseline and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after writing. RESULTS: The emotional writing participants rated their essays as more personal, valuable, and emotional than those in the control condition. Relative to the drop in HIV viral load, CD4+ lymphocyte counts increased after the intervention for participants in the emotional writing condition compared with control writing participants. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with those of previous studies using emotional writing in other patient groups. Based on the self-reports of the value of writing and the preliminary laboratory findings, the results suggest that emotional writing may provide benefit for patients with HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cultural variation in hemifacial asymmetry of emotion expressions.

Photographs of hemifacial composites (left-left, right-right and normal presentation, right-left) of these cultures (Japanese, Oriental Indian and North American) displaying six emotions (happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust) and a neutral state were administered successively (one by one) as well as simultaneously (three hemifacial photographs of an expression at a time) to observers for judgment on a 5-point scale in terms of distinctiveness of expression. Observers' judgments were treated with a culture of expressor x sex of expressor x facial presentation x emotion category mixed factorial ANOVA. Cultures did not vary for their distinctiveness of facial expressions, suggesting universality in this respect. Culture-specificity was, however, observed with respect to hemifacial asymmetry and valence of emotion expressions: (1) Japanese showed a right hemifacial bias for positive and left hemifacial bias for negative emotions; Indians and North Americans showed left hemifacial bias for all emotions, and (2) negative emotion expressions were least distinctly identifiable in Japanese faces followed by Indian and North American faces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Dissociations between psychobiologic reactivity and emotional expression in children.

Although there are general assumptions that physiological and behavioral indices of emotion are interrelated, empirical research has revealed inconsistent findings with regard to their degree of association, particularly in children. Two studies were conducted to examine the relations between cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior. In the first study, 3- to 6-year-olds completed challenging tasks during which measures of their physiological responses and facial expressions were obtained. With age, children's heart rate decreased, vagal tone increased, and facial expressions became slightly more exaggerated. However, children's physiologic reactions were unrelated to their concurrent facial expression when all children were considered, when only boys were considered, and when children extreme in their physiologic reactions were considered. Only among girls was physiologic reactivity moderately associated with concurrent negative expressiveness. In the second study, 4- and 5-year-olds' physiologic reactivity was examined as a predictor of later overt emotional reaction to venipuncture episodes. Children's overt emotional reactions were consistent across repeated venipunctures, and girls were more visibly distressed than boys. As in the first study, physiologic reactivity was generally unrelated to children's behavioral responses. Findings have implications for assumptions about the degree of coupling between biological and behavioral emotional systems in childhood.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

A study of facially expressed emotions as a function of age, exposure time, and sex in children.

Facial expressions and body language constitute a major component of communication in the human population. There are no studies in the dental literature that have examined children's ability to recognize facial expressions. The purpose of this study was to determine children's accuracy and latency to respond to facial expressions (photographs) as a function of age and sex. Sixty children were recruited randomly and placed into three groups according to their age (3, 6, and 9 years) with 20 children per group. They were shown photographs of three different emotions (happiness, anger, and sadness) expressed by actors at three different exposure times (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 sec), tachistoscopically. The children's responses (accuracy and latency) were recorded. The results indicated that three year olds were significantly less accurate and took longer to respond than the older children. Factors that may have influenced the results and clinical implications are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Twin resemblances in creativity and in esthetic and emotional expression.

Three sources of observation relevant to the measurement of individual differences in emotional and esthetic expressiveness were employed to study their heritability by application to a sample of some 60 pairs of young adult like-sexed twins, approximately evenly divided between male and female and MZ and DZ pairs. The sources of observation were objective test performances, trait ascription using a standard list of adjectives, and videotaped enactments of mood and esthetic performances. Perceptual and esthetic abilities do appear to have substantial heritability, although esthetic preferences do not. Heritability is also indicated for such adjectives as artistic, inventive, original, and independent. Ratings of the videotape performances yielded somewhat ambiguous results, due to the presence of a marked halo effect; the most likely interpretation congruent with earlier results is that greater MZ twin resemblances in social extroversion generated greater resemblances in the videotape situation on such other trait-rating variables as creativity, naturalness, and dominance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Subjective and expressive emotional responses in depression.

Twenty-four depressed and twenty-three nondepressed male patients rated pleasantness of slides varying in hedonic content. Depressed patients rated positive slides as less pleasant and less arousing but did not differ from nondepressed patients in subjective response to normatively unpleasant images. Analysis of videotapes of facial expressions while watching the slide images showed that depressives exhibited more negative expressions than nondepressives to negative slides. Groups did not differ in facial expression to positive stimuli, but neither group displayed much affect to those stimuli. These data suggest a possible dissociation between self-reported and observable responsivity to emotional stimuli in depression and that diminished subjective emotional response in depression is restricted to hedonically positive stimuli and does not reflect generalized diminished emotional responsivity. These results also imply that clinical assessment of emotional responsivity in depression should be made using modalities in addition to observer evaluation of expressed emotion.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression.

Western gender stereotypes describe women as affiliative and more likely to show happiness and men as dominant and more likely to show anger. The authors assessed the hypothesis that the gender-stereotypic effects on perceptions of anger and happiness are partially mediated by facial appearance markers of dominance and affiliation by equating men's and women's faces for these cues. In 2 studies, women were rated as more angry and men as more happy-a reversal of the stereotype. Ratings of sadness, however, were not systematically affected. It is posited that markers of affiliation and dominance, themselves confounded with gender, interact with the expressive cues for anger and happiness to produce emotional perceptions that have been viewed as simple gender stereotypes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology. II.

Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while subjects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was compared with other smiling in which the muscle orbiting the eye was not active. As predicted, the Duchenne smile was related to enjoyment in terms of occurring more often during the pleasant than the unpleasant films, in measures of cerebral asymmetry, and in relation to subjective reports of positive emotions, and other smiling was not.

Adolescent↗