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PubMed2004

Emerging health sector problems affecting patient rights in Turkey.

It is accepted throughout the world today that a new approach is needed to health care, one that brings to the forefront the role of economic development. This situation has also increased the importance of the health care sector and health data have begun to take a significant place in countries' development indicators. Health care services as a basic indicator of social and economic development in Turkey, as in the rest of the world, continue to gain in importance. However, there is a significant difference between health indicators for Turkey, which is a candidate for full membership of the European Union, and European Union countries.

European Union↗
PubMed2003

Diseases of free-ranging chickens in the Qwa-Qwa District of the northeastern Free State province of South Africa.

A total of 177 free-ranging chickens from 19 Qwa-Qwa villages were bled from wing veins over a period of 6 months (June-November 2000). Serological tests indicated that 5% of chickens tested had been exposed to Newcastle disease, 43% to infectious bronchitis and 63% to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. McMaster and Visser sieve techniques were used to determine helminth and coccidia from pooled fresh faecal samples. Helminths isolated in 37% of the villages investigated were Heterakis, Ascaridia and Capillaria species. Eimeria species were also isolated in 32% of the villages investigated. The red fowl mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) was isolated from some of the birds and their nests. Data from a questionnaire survey indicated that all farmers interviewed had never received any technical support and that their chickens had never been vaccinated against any avian diseases. Only 10.5% of the owners interviewed had scientific knowledge on poultry diseases. There is an urgent need for the government to support free-ranging poultry farmers by providing subsidised vaccinations and technical support in order to develop and stimulate economic development in impoverished rural areas of South Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Conservation and development projects in the Brazilian Amazon: lessons from the Community Initiative Program in Rondônia.

Community-based conservation and development has become the prevailing programmatic paradigm of conservation organizations and development donors over the last 20 years, spawning a myriad of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDP) around the world. Appealing for its ambitious aspiration to harmonize sustainable economic development at the local level with the conservation of legally established protected areas (e.g., parks and reserves), the ICDP approach recently has drawn criticism from conservation biologists for failing to ensure adequate protection of biodiversity. Development planners and economists have also raised questions about the financial sustainability of ICDPs in practice and the replicability of the model from highly local contexts to larger regional scales. This paper briefly reviews the central elements of the concept of integrated conservation and development and the emerging debate over its effectiveness. A description of the Community Initiative Program (CIP), a pilot program of the Rondônia Natural Resources Management project (PLANAFLORO) in the western Brazilian Amazon state of Rondônia, follows. The CIP is a significant experiment because it boldly attempted to apply the principles of ICDP to the regional scale involving numerous different communities in one program simultaneously. Based on the author's mid-term review of the CIP in 1999, the development and conservation impacts of the program are considered. While the CIP has not significantly curbed the degradation of protected areas in Rondônia as intended, the evidence suggests lower rates of deforestation in municipios (i.e. counties) with the highest concentrations of CIP projects. Although the economic development impacts are mixed, approximately 50% of the projects delivered tangible benefits to local communities. Lessons learned from the CIP are presented in the final section. Among the lessons learned from the CIP, detailed in the final section, are several that will be familiar to other ICDP evaluators: the importance of thematic coherence in initial project design, the need for explicit attention on environmental conservation objectives, deficient institutional capacity of implementing organizations, inadequate attention to women's concerns and roles in community projects, and lack of technical criteria for measuring project sustainability.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

[BCG vaccination in the world].

BCG vaccination programme and BCG vaccination coverage in the world were summarized mainly based on the published informations from official organizations, such as World Health Organization (WHO), International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). From this review, we can see how widely BCG has been used for the prevention of tuberculosis in the world. In most of the developing countries, especially in Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Region, BCG vaccination is carried out to newborn babies soon after birth by intradermal injection according to the recommendations from WHO, but some of the developing countries in Asia and Europe have their own modified BCG vaccination programmes. In economically developed countries, BCG vaccination programme has been established according to the tuberculosis status of each countries. Some countries have general vaccination policy, and other countries have selected vaccination policy, but there is no country where BCG vaccination is not carried out at all. Among G8 contries, as representatives of the economically developed countries, Japan, United Kingdom, France and Russian Federation have BCG general vaccination policy for the specified age group. In these 4 countries revaccination (s) of BCG are still carried out. In Germany, some provinces have general vaccination policy and some others have selected vaccination policy. In the United States of America, BCG vaccination is recommended to selected high risk infants and health care workers by CDC. There are many debates as for the efficacy and safety of BCG vaccination, and the development of new vaccine better than BCG has been actively discussed and some encouraging results in animal models have been reported from several laboratories. But, there is almost no possibility to be able to use a new vaccine in the routine practice within a couple of years. From the practical point of view, therefore, the operational researches for the better and more appropriate usage of BCG are equally important and more practical than the researches for the development of new vaccines.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1993

Critique of zero population growth theory.

This is a critique of widely held theories concerning the relationship between population growth and economic development. "The central purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the zero population growth movement. The hypotheses of Neo-Malthusian theory or Zero Population Growth and the concept of Population Bomb will be briefly stated in Section 1. Section 2 will discuss the theory of demographic transition. Section 3 will critically examine the validity of the Neo-Malthusian theory of population growth. Our conclusions and recommendations will be stated in Section 4." The author's main contention is that overconsumption in developed countries is the major cause of the deterioration of the environment rather than overpopulation in the developing countries.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1996

Philippines and Indonesia: on the way to a migration transition.

"This paper, in a comparative analysis of the Philippines and Indonesia, examines first under what conditions can migration favorably contribute to the process of economic development and then to what extent can economic growth impact upon reducing emigration pressures in these labor surplus economies. The paper also argues that there is still considerable scope for putting in place [an] agreed set of rules and policies to ensure better protection for the more vulnerable migrants."

Asia↗
PubMed1996

[Population development and economic growth. A simulation analysis for Switzerland].

"A simulation exercise of a general equilibrium model for Switzerland makes clear that the macroeconomic impacts of aging populations are not very strong. There is no need for urgent policy actions to avoid severe negative economic consequences....However, the aging of population affects negatively the net income of the active labor force. An increasing share of their gross salaries goes to the retirement system to finance the pension payments of a growing number of pensioners. Attempts to moderate the elderly dependency ratio would lower this burden for the active labor force. Options are an increase of the female participation rate, an increase of the labor participation rate of the elderly--[which] also means a higher retirement age--and an increasing flow of immigrants. But socioeconomic problems might probably generate practical limits on the extent to which immigration can be increased." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1998

Stable isotope techniques in early drug development: an economic evaluation.

Stable isotope labeled (SIL) drug methods are compared with standard methods for performing early (phases I and IIa) drug development studies (mass balance, bioavailability, single-dose volunteer and patient, multiple-dose volunteer and patient). SIL methods offer considerable reduction in the cost (> 50%) and number of subjects (67%) required for bioavailability and multiple-dose patient studies. Moreover, a complete early drug development program is described for optimally combining SIL and standard studies, which can reduce cost by 23% and number of subjects by 36% compared with a program using standard methods. These reductions should result in development time savings of at least one year.

Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Ecosystem and human health assessment to define environmental management strategies: The case of long-term human impacts on an Arctic lake.

There are rich deposits of mineral and fossil natural resources in the Arctic, which make this region very attractive for extracting industries. Their operations have immediate and vast consequences for ecological systems, which are particularly vulnerable in this region. We are developing a management strategy for Arctic watersheds impacted by industrial production. The case study is Lake Imandra watershed (Murmansk oblast, Russia) that has exceptionally high levels of economic development and large numbers of people living there. We track the impacts of toxic pollution on ecosystem health and then--human health. Three periods are identified: (a) natural, pre-industrial state; (b) disturbed, under rapid economic development; and (c) partial recovery, during recent economic meltdown. The ecosystem is shown to transform into a qualitatively new state, which is still different from the original natural state, even after toxic loadings have substantially decreased. Fish disease where analyzed to produce and integral evaluation of ecosystem health. Accumulation of heavy metals in fish is correlated with etiology of many diseases. Dose-effect relationships are between integral water quality indices and ecosystem health indicators clearly demonstrates that existing water quality standards adopted in Russia are inadequate for Arctic regions. Health was also poor for people drinking water from the Lake. Transport of heavy metals from drinking water, into human organs, and their effect on liver and kidney diseases shows the close connection between ecosystem and human health. A management system is outlined that is based on feedback from indices of ecosystem and human health and control over economic production and/or the amount of toxic loading produced. We argue that prospects for implementation of such a system are quite bleak at this time, and that more likely we will see a continued depopulation of these Northern regions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relations between population, development, and poverty, according to Mexican university professors].

"With data from a survey applied to random samples of university professors in seven Mexican cities during the late eighties, this article examines professors' opinions on the relations between population, development, and poverty. After reviewing tendencies and arguments on population and development found in [the] literature, it provides three simple typologies of population consciousness, poverty determinants, and best economic development plans for the country. It then studies their relations, and concludes by outlining the type of reasoning in each of the main orientations detected by the analysis." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2001

Childhood cancer registrations in the developing world: still more boys than girls.

It has been shown previously that in many developing countries the reported incidence of childhood cancer for boys is substantially higher than for girls and that this difference is related to economic development of the country under study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the sex ratio of children registered with malignant diseases and national economic development. Sex ratios for childhood cancer registration were obtained for populations within 53 countries from the second volume of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer (range boys:girls 1.09-2.05). Demographic, economic and health data for the corresponding countries were obtained from published statistics and used to determine the extent to which sex ratios were associated with national economic status. The ratio of boys:girls registered with childhood cancer increased with decreasing gross domestic product and with increasing infant mortality, suggesting that boys are increasingly more likely than girls to be registered with increasing economic disadvantage. Combining these results with childhood cancer registration data from northern England suggests that little of the predominance of boys reaching a specialist centre can be explained by differences between boys and girls in early deaths from the disease. The previously observed differences in the childhood cancer registration sex ratio in developing countries still exist. Hence, international differences in the incidence of childhood cancer should be interpreted cautiously as they may not necessarily reflect only differences in the underlying occurrence of disease

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Historical demography in China: review and perspective.

"This paper argues that the development of historical demography in China will not only contribute greatly to our understanding of the particular population and social development dynamics in China, but will also enhance our understanding of the role of population for social and economic development in general.... After a review of the recent development of population studies in China, this paper will review the current state of Chinese historical demography and examine some research issues and data sources which can help broaden the horizons of population research in China."

Asia↗
PubMed2005

The global burden of non-conflict related firearm mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding global firearm mortality is hindered by data availability, quality, and comparability. This study assesses the adequacy of publicly available data, examines populations for whom firearm mortality data are not publicly available, and estimates the global burden of non-conflict related firearm mortality. DESIGN: The design is a secondary analysis of existing data. A dataset of countries, populations, economic development, and geographic regions was created, using United Nations 2000 world population data and World Bank classifications of economic development and global regions. Firearm mortality data were obtained from governmental vital statistics reported by the World Health Organization and published survey data. A qualitative review of literature informed estimates for the 15 most populous countries without firearm death data. For countries without data, estimates of firearm deaths were made using quartiles of observed rates and peer reviewed literature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Non-conflict related firearm deaths. RESULTS: Global non-conflict related firearm deaths were estimated to fall between 196,000 and 229,000, adjusted to the year 2000. 162,800 firearm deaths adjusted for the year 2000 came from countries reporting data and represent 35% of the world's 186 countries. Public data are not available for 122 of these 186 countries, representing more than three billion (54%) of the world's population, predominately in lower and lower middle income countries. Estimates of firearm death for those countries without data range from 33,200 to 66,200. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that the burden of firearm related mortality poses a substantial threat to local and global health.

Cost of Illness↗