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[Endocrinology of cryptorchidism].

The testicular descent into the scrotum depends on a series of complex endocrine and mechanical interactions. The first stage or transabdominal that occurs during the first 3 months of gestation is probably produced by the differential growth of the fetus and is believed to be mediated by the Müllerian inhibiting hormone. The second stage or transinguinal migration that occurs during the 8th month of gestation is a complex event depending on the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormonal axis and mechanical factors as gubernaculum, intra-abdominal pressure, epididymis. This stage is believed to be androgen dependent. Although hormonal involvement in testicular descent appears clear-cut, there is nevertheless some discrepancy in the literature as to whether cryptorchid children show abnormalities in their hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Certainly cryptorchidism is a syndrome with various causes. Few cases show primary anatomical abnormalities or are associated to complex congenital anomalies or to clear hormonal defects. Most cases do not recognize an evident cause and an endocrinological abnormality has been suggested. A deficiency in LH and testosterone secretion has been reported in the cryptorchid child.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Estrogen production in epithelial tumors of the ovary--clinical and endocrinological study in postmenopausal women].

Estrogen-producing activity of common epithelial tumors (54 cases) and metastatic tumors (4 cases) of the ovary was clinically and endocrinologically studied in postmenopausal patients. High serum concentrations of E1 (greater than or equal to 50 pg/ml) and E2 (greater than or equal to 30 pg/ml) were demonstrated in 78% in the group of postmenopausal patients. Mucinous tumors were more commonly associated with high estrogen levels than serous tumors. Patients with malignant tumors more frequently have a high level of serum estrogen than those with benign tumors. Estrogen decreased to normal after complete resection of the tumor, but returned to the abnormal range following a recurrence. The local-peripheral gradient of the estrogen level was noted by measuring the estrogen concentration in the blood of the affected ovarian and peripheral veins at the time of laparotomy. These results indicated that serum estrogen in the patient was originally produced in the ovarian tumor mass. The increased estrogen were reflected in such target tissues as the endometrium and vaginal mucosa. Proliferation, hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and even a case of carcinoma of the endometrium were observed in patients with ovarian tumors. An increase in the karyopyknotic index (KPI) of the vaginal smear, as well as uterine bleeding, could be an important signs of asymptomatic ovarian tumors in postmenopausal women.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed1989

Age-related differences in the sensitivity to opiate-induced perturbations in reproductive endocrinology in the developing and adult male rat.

The effects of a single morphine pellet (75 mg) implanted in developing male rats at 27 days of age on reproductive endocrine parameters were compared to those found in adult (65-day-old) animals after the same treatment. The pellets were left in place to provide the release of morphine during critical phases of puberty and sexual maturation and to prevent an abrupt withdrawal syndrome upon pellet removal which would confound our results. Developing rats were sacrificed at representative intervals after pellet insertion to assess the development of key indices of reproductive endocrinology; adult rats were sacrificed at the same time intervals to permit an evaluation of age-related differences in the sensitivity to opiate-induced endocrine disturbances. Our results showed that morphine markedly influenced a number of endocrine parameters associated with the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in developing rats for prolonged periods of time, whereas the effects of the opiate in the adult rat were relatively modest and transient. In the developing rat, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, the wet tissue weights of the seminal vesicles and testes and hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) levels were substantially depressed immediately after pellet implantation and these effects persisted for up to 4 weeks when compared to placebo-implanted, age-matched controls. In contrast to these results, adult rats showed only transient effects (less than 1 week) of morphine on certain reproductive endocrine parameters (e.g., serum LH, testosterone and the weights of the seminal vesicles) and no effects on others (e.g., testes weights and hypothalamic LHRH).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

[Therapy of endocrine diseases in childhood and adolescence. 6: Endocrinologic emergencies in pediatrics].

Endocrinological emergencies in childhood include tetany - also in the form of epileptiform seizures - and Addisonian crisis. Acute tetany is treated by the administration of calcium, with subsequent calcitriol given as an adjunct. An Addisonian crisis or similar salt-loss crisis in the adrenogenital syndrome requires the administration of salt-containing solutions, replacement of gluco- and mineralocorticoids and the balancing of the acid-base household.

Addison Disease↗

PubMed1989

[Tumor markers in endocrinology (without gynecology and urology)].

In tumours of the endocrine system there are very few real "tumour markers" (e.g. CEA); all other relevant tests measure by radioassay several endocrine materials which are produced in similar ways by tumours and normal glands. Therefore, tumour marker assays in endocrinology are usually performed in follow-up studies after more or less radical therapy of tumours of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas and the adrenal glands. On the basis of approximately 3000 assays of HGH, prolactin, thyroglobulin, calcitonin, CEA, insulin, gastrin, cortisol and aldosterone (in part with suppression and/or stimulation techniques), it is shown that these mostly indirect tumour marker assays are very important in follow-up programmes after therapy of neoplasms of the endocrine system. Their sensitivity amounts to 80%, their specificity is of the same degree.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗

PubMed1978

Haemodynamic and endocrinological profile of essential hypertension.

In this study the results are presented of the haemodynamic and endocrinological inventarisation of 207 patients with essential hypertension. After establishing the relations of the various parameters with age (part IIA), interrelations between these variables are described (part IIB). The general finding is an increase in total peripheral vascular resistance early in the course of essential hypertension. In particular, this rise in resistance is found in the renal vasculature. In part III emphasis is given to the natural history of essential hypertension on the basis of a follow-up study. Again a rise in renal vascular resistance is found. As pointed out in the discussion (part IV) the cause of the abnormal resistance remains unknown. Emphasis is given to the renin-angiotensin system, which plays only a minor role. Here the factors regulating long-term renin secretion are discussed in favour of the baroreceptor theory.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Endocrinology of reproduction in the female beagle dog and its significance in mammary gland tumorigenesis.

On the basis of the results of investigations from systemic tolerance tests (and carcinogenicity studies), an attempt is made to evaluate the effects of various progestagens, oestrogens and progestagen-oestrogen combinations on the mammary gland of the dog. The interpretation of such effects in the dog and its relevance in predicting a tumorigenic effect of contraceptive steroids in man is discussed in the light of comparative endocrinology of reproduction. The induction of mammary gland tumours in dogs by certain progestagens or progestagen-oestrogen combinations must be considered as being a species-specific effect, related to the high hormonal potency (progestational activity) of these compounds in the dog and their stimulatory effect on canine growth hormone. Based on the present state of our knowledge and because of the marked interspecies differences of action of contraceptive steroids in dog and man, the steroid-related canine mammary tumours, especially with regard to the doses necessary for contraception, are unlikely to be indicative of a potential hazard to the human female.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Endocrinological study of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor].

A 32-year-old woman, 3, para 2 with a testosterone producing tumor of the left ovary was studied endocrinologically. She complained of amenorrhea, hirsutism and abdominal mass. The peripheral testosterone level was 8.4 ng/ml, remarkably elevated. After the combined dexamethasone suppression/hCG stimulation test, the plasma testosterone level rose from 9 ng/ml to 15.1 ng/ml. Prior to removal of the tumor, venous samples were drawn directly from the right and left ovarian veins during surgery and simple total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Testosterone levels were 40.5 ng/ml on the tumor side and 7.1 ng/ml on the normal side. After tumor removal, the plasma testosterone level fell from 8.4 ng/ml to less than 1.0 ng/ml within 24 hours. Histological examination of the left ovarian tumor revealed a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. In incubation of small specimens of tumor tissues in oxygenated Krebs bicarbonate buffer, the release of testosterone into the medium containing hCG was twice as high as that into the medium without hCG. These results of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that this tumor was an hCG-dependent testosterone producing Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor.

17-Ketosteroids↗

PubMed1988

[Endocrinological and electron microscopical studies on the complete form of testicular feminization syndrome].

A 23-year-old patient with a complete form of testicular feminization syndrome (Tfm) was examined endocrinologically and morphologically by electron microscopy. 1. Serum testosterone, DHEA and estrone concentrations and the urine 17-KS concentration were higher than in adult males. Furthermore, serum pituitary gonadotropins, especially LH, were increased. 2. We found that testicular venous testosterone, estrone, estradiol and progesterone were remarkably increased compared with their peripheral concentrations, and that circulating concentrations decreased rapidly after gonadectomy. The electron microscopic study showed active steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. We believe that these results prove that these steroids are produced in Leydig cells. 3. We found that the administration of 10,000 IU/day of hCG for 2 days increased serum gonadal steroids but that of 225 IU/day of hMG for 2 days did not, that LH responded strongly to LH-RH but FSH response was weak, and that after gonadectomy serum LH immediately increased but FSH did not change for at least 24 hours. From these results, we assume that FSH is not related to steroidogenesis and that the mechanisms regulating serum LH and FSH are different. 4. The seminiferous tubules were occupied by two kinds of cells. Both kinds were Sertoli cells, one of which was numerous and of low electron density indicating an immature type, and the other was of high electron density indicating a mature type. Spermatogonia were not detected.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[Endocrinological reactions following UV A whole body irradiation].

The basal secretion of proteo-hormones alpha-MSH and ACTH in plasma as well as the changes of the plasma concentrations following UV A-whole-body irradiation were investigated on 40 young male volunteers with different pigmentation levels (Caucasians: skin types I, II, III. Blacks: skin type VI). Significantly lower mean basic values of alpha-MSH and ACTH of light-haired persons in comparison with dark-haired and black persons (p less than 0,05) were demonstrated. We observed furthermore a significant increase of these proteo-hormones (alpha-MSH: skin type I: 26,7%, skin type II: 22,7%) in persons less pigmented within a short time after UV A whole-body irradiation in contrast to the more pigmented volunteers. These results prove a cutaneous peripheral sensor for UV A-rays, reacting with a different sensitivity depending on disposition and inducing endocrinological reactions. How this cutaneous-hypothalamic-pituitary stimulus mediation functions in detail is not completely revealed up to now. In what respect the present results, which can be explained as a consequence of evolutionary development, have a connection with the induction of melanoma remains to be seen.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1986

[Endocrinologic reactions following exposure to fluorescent lamps].

Some reports on an increase of malignant skin tumors following fluorescent lighting made us investigate the systemic effects after exposure to fluorescent rays. Fluorescent rays induce small wavy fluctuations of the plasma concentration of alpha-MSH within normal ranges. Some test persons revealed a steep increase of cortisol values shortly after beginning of fluorescent lighting, indicating that fluorescent rays may induce endocrinological reactions. The significance of these findings with regard to the development of diseases, however, cannot be assessed by now.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1985

[Studies on the endocrinological metabolism of the parathyroid. I. The production of renal calcinosis by cyclic AMP injection in rat].

We found that a few patients with urolithiasis had normal parathyroid hormone levels but high cyclic AMP excretion. The purpose of this paper was to study the endocrinological mechanism. Male rats were given intraperitoneally dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP), a derivative of cyclic AMP, per 100 gm of body weight for 50 days. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Crystal formation or calcification in mainly the dystal tubules and collecting system were found in 3 out of 10 rats, and renal calcium stones in 2 rats. The cyclic AMP of the renal parenchyma, especially the renal medulla, was elevated by more than 100 times after DBcAMP administration. Serum calcium levels, urinary calcium and phosphate excretion, and the adrenaline levels of the renal parenchyma were significantly increased. Serum parathyroid hormone was slightly enhanced, but vitamin D and the noradrenaline levels of the renal parenchyma were not changed. Based on these findings, it is suspected that stone formation in rats injected DBcAMP occurs through the action of DBcAMP on the renal tubules to increase urinary calcium excretion and to make renal stones as a form of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Endocrinological and clinico-pathologic study of granulosa-theca cell tumors of the ovary].

Nine granulosa-theca cell tumors (four pure theca cell tumors, one granulosa cell tumors, two granulosa-theca tumors and two juvenile granulosa-theca tumors) were studied endocrinologically and clinico-pathologically. The cases of juvenile granulosa-theca tumors developed precocious pseudopuberty. Three of seven other cases were re-feminized and four cases showed no hormonal manifestation clinically. The peripheral vein serum values of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and prolactin were elevated in six of eight cases, three of four cases, four of six cases, and two of three cases, respectively. The concentration ratios between tumor harboring ovarian vein samples and peripheral vein (or opposite normal ovarian vein) samples was 2.7 to 16.9 for estrone, 8.8 to 28.6 for estradiol, 3.6 to 4.7 for progesterone, 1.6 to 6.6 for testosterone and 0.6 to 1.0 for prolactin. Estradiol was localized in both granulosa cells and theca cells, and testosterone was localized in granulosa cells in half of the cases and in theca cells in 60% of the cases. Also, testosterone was localized in all three cases in which luteinized theca cells were present. There were no cases with positive prolactin localization. These results are compatible with the concept that in granulosa-theca cell tumor, both granulosa and theca cells can produce a wide range of steroid hormones.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

[Endocrinological and metabolic disorders in the patients with massive bowel resection in the newborn period].

Massive (70%) resection of the small bowel was performed in seven newborn infants. Follow-up study was undertaken in four of these patients and the growth and endocrinological status were evaluated. Body weight and height of three patients were below 50th percentile. On glucose tolerance test, peak IRI was low and insulinogenic indices were below normal range. These findings suggest that there are some mechanisms which suppress the secretion of insulin. Pituitary and thyroid function were within normal limits but secondary sexual manifestation was not seen in a fifteen year old boy. Hyperoxaluria was seen in three children, and one had kidney stone with some impairment of renal function.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Endocrinological status of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The knowledge of the endocrinological status of postmenopausal osteoporosis has considerably progressed in recent years, although many issues remain to be settled. Better knowledge will foster better understanding of the pathogenesis of this disabling condition, and will be of help in designing more effective ways of preventive therapy in a disease where a recent survey showed that 34% of the physicians were unsure as to whether or not it is preventable. Other approaches dealing with exercise, fitness, nutrition, environment, genetic and racial background, or the quality of bone, should not be neglected. Many of these other factors may also be related, at least partially, to the hormonal status.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed1986

[Infant and juvenile gynecology; endocrinological study and present status of juvenile pregnancy].

Three topics were reviewed and our recent study on juvenile menstrual disorders was presented. Endocrinology of puberty and mechanism of onset of puberty: Review. Menstruation and its disorders during puberty. Age of menarche at present was investigated with 7,400 high school girls. No advance of menarche was recognized compared with that of 10 years ago. The rate of irregular menstruation was similar to that of 20 years ago. High occurrence of LH and testosterone increase was recognized among juvenile menstrual disorders. The prognosis of high LH/androgens girls was poor when followed for 5.6 years. Sexual activity among young girls keep increasing. Participation of gynecologist in sexual education was discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Endocrinological control of growth.

Many endocrinological factors control cellular growth of different tissues (cell multiplication and cell volume) and skeletal growth. The role of neuro-transmitters and of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors of growth hormone secretion will be reviewed. The importance of the somatomedins on cartilage growth will be stressed. Thyroid hormones, androgens, and oestrogens have important stimulating actions on skeletal growth and maturation. Conversely, glucocorticoids have an important inhibitory effect on growth. The precise roles of these hormone factors in the regulation of growth hormone secretion, somatomedin production and tissue growth, particularly the cartilage, remain to be completely elucidated.

Androgens↗

PubMed1988

[Significance of endocrinology in clinical pediatrics].

Hormones are involved essentially in the general biological program of growth and differentiation. An important aim of clinical endocrinology is to recognise variants of normal development which should be evaluated against pathological conditions. As a context, growth in length and pubertal progress may be seen as "key-words" leading to special diagnostic procedures. With regard to some endocrine disorders, data being of principal and actual importance and dealing with diagnosis and therapy, were discussed shortly.

Child↗