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The relationship between divorce, unemployment and female participation in the labour force and suicide rates in Australia and America.

Identical data sets for Australia and the USA from 1946 to 1984 were analysed to explore the association of unemployment rates, female participation in the labour force and divorce with suicide rates. While female participation in the labour force was related to suicide rates in Australia, unemployment was not. For the USA, both female participation in the labour force and unemployment were related to suicide rates.

Australia↗

Practical and emotional consequences of parental divorce.

This review explores divorce as a risk factor for psychological problems among children and adolescents and the difficult emotional and practical transitions it creates for them. The authors provide helpful suggestions for primary care pediatricians on how best to assist their adolescent patients and their families in dealing with the transition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

[Guilt and subjective feelings of guilt in the context of separation and divorce].

In this paper the vicissitudes of guilt and responsibility and development and function of guilt feelings are discussed in the context of the typical family dynamics in cases of divorce (delegation, claiming of loyalty, parentification). The "guilt" of the parents is often transformed to the feeling of guilt of the children in the sense of a traumatic feeling of guilt. This happens especially when sufficient mourning is not possible. Feelings of guilt by reason of the mere existence of the child (basic feelings of guilt) and the oedipal and other feelings of guilt out of rivalry can be reinforced (feelings of guilt out of vitality). Strivings for separation may be connected with guilt by the children (feelings of guilt regarding separation). The recognition of the adults' responsibility (especially choice of partners, functionalization of the child to facilitate the separation from the own parents, to maintain the image of an intact family or the struggle for power at the cost of the children) diminishes the feelings of guilt of the children.

Adult↗

[Delivery of counselling to divorcing families--new ways of interdisciplinary cooperation for the benefit of the child].

The essence of the reformed German law of parent and child (Kindschaftsrecht) for families who have filed for divorce is that parents need counselling and assistance rather than patronizing from the state when it comes to decisions regarding the custody of children. Prior to the passing of the new law, critics doubted whether parents would of their own accord avail of the services of youth counselling institutions. A survey of all youth welfare offices in Bavaria documents practices since the law was revised. The results indicate that closer cooperation between the parties involved is of vital importance and that the youth welfare offices must invest a great deal of energy in public relations in order to encourage families to avail of counselling. A pilot project, in which family courts and youth welfare offices work in close cooperation, illustrates how this might function.

Adult↗

[Neuropsychiatric disorders in children of divorced marriages].

From the standpoint of polyethiological methods of treating children's neuropsychiatric disorder images, the present paper is concerned with the question of environmental morbific agents which play a part in the genesis of these disorders. The results have made it clear that children of divorced marriages have to be treated at medical establishments for psychiatric disorders more frequently than those coming from normal family relationships, with a marked dependence on the environment to be observed in certain groups of diagnoses. The encephalopathic child must be regarded as being particularly endangered. Suggestions are given as to the prophylaxis of such disorders, which must primarily be oriented towards the family.

Adolescent↗

[Marriage rate, divorce rate, and the development of the Bulgarian family].

The author examines the new forms of consensual union that are becoming increasingly prevalent in Europe and their detrimental effects on the reproduction of generations and socialization. "Using data from the sociological study conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1977 and the data obtained in the latest population census in 1985, the development of the Bulgarian family and influence of [these] new social relations under socialism are investigated." Particular attention is given to trends in marriage and divorce rates. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Bulgaria↗

Parental alignments and rejection: an empirical study of alienation in children of divorce.

This study of family relationships after divorce examined the frequency and extent of child-parent alignments and correlates of children's rejection of a parent, these being basic components of the controversial idea of "parental alienation syndrome." The sample consisted of 215 children from the family courts and general community two to three years after parental separation. The findings indicate that children's attitudes toward their parents range from positive to negative, with relatively few being extremely aligned or rejecting. Rejection of a parent has multiple determinants, with both the aligned and rejected parents contributing to the problem, in addition to vulnerabilities within children themselves.

Adolescent↗

[Multi-parent families as "normal" families--segregation and parent-child-alienation after separation and divorce].

Decisive for the question as to how children cope with their parents' divorce is whether or not the parents continue to perform their parental role together even after separation, or have at least made arrangements for the child to maintain a good relationship with each parent. These are the findings of a longitudinal study of 150 postdivorce families. The case of a multi-parent family after remarriage, which sees itself as a "normal" family and segregates the visiting parent, shows what consequences the breakdown of parent-child relationships has for the psychological health and the development of children. Alienation and long-term disruption of the contact between child and visiting parent is a phenomenon which the psychiatric and psychotherapeutic professions are increasingly confronted with. The American child psychiatrist R. A. Gardner has introduced the term "Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)" to encompass this childhood disorder that arises almost exclusively in the context of child-custody disputes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Changes in parent-child relationships following divorce.

Divorce imposes numerous stressors that disrupt parent-child relationships at a time when they are critical in facilitating children's adjustments. Early intervention can improve outcomes for both parents and children.

Child↗

Determinants of adjustment for children of divorcing parents.

Family physicians frequently see children and parents when they are adjusting to marital separation. This study examined how well child adjustment at school could be determined from an assessment of interspousal relations, maternal functioning, and child perception variables. Teachers evaluated adaptive functioning, social withdrawal, and aggressive behavior at school for a carefully selected sample of 22 boys and 24 girls (ages 7-12) whose parents had been separated for two to 18 months. Regression analyses indicated that boys' overall school adjustment was associated with better maternal parenting skills, lower child fear of abandonment, less blaming of father for the separation, and positive parental verbal attributions toward the other parent. Girls with better overall school adjustment reported less blaming of their mothers and a higher rate of positive attributions by mother about father. These findings suggest concepts family physicians can use in working with families to minimize the effect of divorce on children.

Aggression↗

Causal explanations and emotional health of women during divorce.

This study investigated (a) relationships between women's causal explanations for divorce and their present emotional health, and (b) the clinical usefulness of the Personal Stress Inventory (Ireton, 1980) as a stress assessment tool. The convenience sample consisted of 36 women ending a first marriage. Subjects were interviewed using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965), the Personal Stress Inventory, and a causal explanations questionnaire. Results indicated that causal explanations did predict self-esteem and emotional distress under conditions suggested by the reformulated learned helplessness model. The Personal Stress Inventory includes an emotional distress subscale that predicted self-esteem, self-perceptions of coping ability, and overall concerns about wellness/energy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Stress, marital separation and divorce.

Marital separation and divorce are common and major causes of stress in our society. The general practitioner should keep marital disharmony and pending separation in mind when one or both partners present with recurring medical problems that are often minor in nature. It is important for the GP to become involved with caring, support and appropriate counselling of the partners, their children and other family members. Any homicidal or suicidal threats should be taken very seriously.

Divorce↗

Marriage and divorce after childhood and adolescent cancer.

As part of a study of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer, we interviewed 2170 survivors and 3138 sibling control subjects about their marital histories. In a proportional hazards analysis, both male and female survivors were less likely to be ever married than control subjects (rate ratio [RR] for males, 0.87; 99% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.99; RR for females, 0.86; 99% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.97). Survivors of brain and central nervous system tumors accounted for most of the marriage deficit, which was greater in men than in women (RRs, 0.48 and 0.73, respectively). Survivors married at the same average age as control subjects, except for survivors of central nervous system tumors, who married slightly later. The average length of first marriages was shorter in survivors than in control subjects. Men who had survived central nervous system tumors diagnosed before 10 years of age and male survivors of retinoblastoma had higher divorce rates than male control subjects (RRs, 2.9 and 1.9, respectively). In this cohort (which received less intense therapy than given in current practice), altered marriage practices are substantial only among survivors of central nervous system tumors.

Adolescent↗

[Father image in the divorce family. Preliminary results].

As part of a research project on reactions in divorced families during the period immediately following separation, 61 mothers and 9 fathers with 158 children and youths were studied. The results reported in the present paper are based on the responses of 44 children and their parents on the subject of "father." The results indicate that fathers lose their importance for their children by disappearing from the children's daily life. The atmosphere in the family was described in a similar way by all persons concerned. Although the children wanted their parents to live together again, their fear of renewed quarreling caused them to give preference to separation. The parents living apart responded to the items in the categories "evaluation of a relationship" and "the ideal partner for a relationship" about the same as did those living together. In a questionnaire on coping with stress, fathers living apart from their wives and children projected the image of strong, independent men capable of mastering their problems alone with no need for outside help. This can be interpreted as an idealized image or as an assessment in terms of stereotyped roles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

A longitudinal study of the impact of parental divorce on adolescents' evaluations of self and parents.

Children's evaluations of their parents and themselves were obtained over a three-year period. In the interim, as well as prior to the study, some of these children experienced parental divorce and/or unhappy intact families. This report will compare these children's evaluations of themselves and their parents to the evaluations of children who had experienced an intact familial configuration. Notably, two sets of troubled children emerged from this study--an acutely troubled group and a chronically troubled group. These findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Children of divorce. Emerging trends.

This article provides a detailed review of the growing body of knowledge in regard to the immediate and long-term effects of separation and divorce on children and their parents and the implications of these findings in the legal and social policy arenas.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

[Depressive reactions in children following the loss of a paternal figure, by death or divorce].

A review of different viewpoints on the theme "Death and the child" is made. When the child loses a loved object, he has to accept it in the outside world and manage the changes in his inner world. If the lost object is very needed, his ability to comprehend death is obstructed. When and how it is possible to help the child to understand death, is also examined. Depending of the age, development stage, previous relationships with the dead person, each child reacts differently. Effects of divorce on children are studied. A method that provides better avenues for ellaboration to children is presented.

Adjustment Disorders↗