Surface interactions of dentin adhesive materials.
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Composite Resins↗
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Effect of ultrasonic vibration on dentin bond strength and resin infiltration.
PURPOSE: To apply a vibration technique to compare the bond strength and resin penetration depth into the dentin tubules with those gained using conventional techniques. METHODS: Eighty-eight noncarious extracted human permanent molar teeth were sectioned to remove the coronal enamel. They were embedded in a 1-inch PVC pipe with an acrylic resin. The occlusal surfaces were placed so that the tooth and the embedding medium were at the same level to form a single flat surface. The samples were subsequently polished with silicon carbide abrasive papers, and randomly assigned to four groups (n=22). In Groups 1 and 2, Single Bond was used, and in Groups 3 and 4, One-Step was used. Each adhesive system was applied according to its manufacturer's instructions. For Groups 2 and 4, vibration was applied with an ultrasonic scaler for 10 seconds, and the adhesive was light-cured for 10 seconds. The resin composite was condensed onto the prepared surface in two increments using a Teflon mold and each increment was light-cured for 40 seconds. After 24 hours soaking in tap water at room temperature, the specimens were thermocycled, and the shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA test followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test (P < 0.05) were used to analyze the results. To investigate the infiltration patterns of the adhesive materials, the surface of the specimens was examined with electron microscopy. RESULTS: The shear bond strengths of the vibration groups (Groups 2, 4) were significantly higher than those of the non-vibration groups (Groups 1, 3). The shear bond strengths of Single Bond and One-Step were not significantly different. The vibration groups showed greater numbers of resin tags in the tubules and lateral branches under SEM than the non-vibration groups.
Analysis of Variance↗
Effective bond strength of current adhesive systems on deciduous and permanent dentin.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the bond strength of a total-etching, self-priming system (Single Bond) and a self-etching system (Clearfil SE Bond) to deciduous and permanent human dentin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Buccal dentin discs were prepared with a diamond disc from permanent first premolars, permanent third molars and deciduous second molars. The flat dentin surfaces were obtained by polishing with wet 600 grit silicon carbide papers. The specimens of each group were further divided into two groups for bonding to either Single Bond or Clearfil SE Bond. After 24 hours, the microshear bond strength testing was executed on a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was performed at alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: No significant differences in bond strength were found between materials. However, deciduous dentin demonstrated significantly lower bond strengths than permanent premolar dentin when Single Bond was applied (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The difference in bonding substrate (permanent or deciduous dentin) had a significant effect on bond strength when the total-etching, self-priming system was applied.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
The effects of water and acetone-based dentin adhesives on apical microleakage.
In this study, the aim was to assess the in vitro apical microleakage of a resin-based sealer used with two different adhesives. Thirty nine freshly extracted maxillary incisors were used. The teeth were decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction with a water-cooled fissure bur. Chemo-mechanical debridement of the root canals was accomplished with the step-back technique. The smear layer was removed by 19% ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The roots were then divided into three experimental groups of thirteen teeth in each. Specimens in group 1 were filled with gutta-percha, AH Plus sealer, and water-based adhesive system (Syntac Single Component). Group 2 specimens were filled with gutta-percha, AH Plus sealer, and acetone-based dentin adhesive (Prime & Bond NT ). Specimens of group 3 were filled with only gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer (no adhesive was applied). The teeth were immersed into 2% methylene blue solution. Apical sealing qualities were assessed by measuring the linear dye penetration with a stereomicroscope. Dentin tubule penetration was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed no statistically significant difference between the materials used, however, the leakage in group 2 was less than group 1 and 3.
Acetone↗
The bond of resin to different dentin surface characteristics.
This study investigated the effects of dentin surface characteristics on bond strengths between resin and dentin. The shear bond strengths mediated by two dentin adhesive systems (Clearfil SE Bond and OptiBond Solo Plus) were evaluated. For each material, flat dentin surfaces prepared from human upper premolars were allocated to eight groups according to three characterizations; dentin location (occlusal or cervical), dentin depth (superficial or deep) and dentinal tubule orientation (perpendicular or parallel). A 0.75-mm diameter area of dentin was bonded according to each manufacturer's instructions before placing 0.5-mm high resin composite. The bonds were stressed in shear at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The mean bond strengths were compared using ANOVA and independent t-test. No statistically significant differences were found in shear bond strengths based on dentin location. Clearfil SE Bond presented higher bond strengths to deep dentin specimens bonded perpendicular to the tubules compared to those that were bonded parallel to the tubules. Whereas, the opposite results were found for deep dentin specimens bonded with OptiBond Solo Plus. In the case of superficial dentin, there were no differences between the two materials when bond strengths were compared among the different orientations of tubule. The results indicated that shear bond strengths may be affected by dentin depth, orientation of the tubule and the bonding material used, but not by location of the dentin.
Analysis of Variance↗
Effects of multiple adhesive coatings on dentin bonding.
Simple changes to bonding techniques can improve resin-dentin bond strengths. This study evaluated the effect of multiple consecutive coatings of adhesive resin on dentin by measuring both microtensile bond strength and nano-leakage following exposure to ammoniacal silver nitrate. Resin-dentin bonded specimens were prepared using two total-etch adhesives (OptiBond Solo Plus/Kerr or Single Bond/3M ESPE). During bonding, resin application and air evaporation were done 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 times on acid-etched, moist dentin surfaces. Mean microtensile bond strengths were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test (p<0.05; n=16 for each group). Additionally, nanoleakage of silver nitrate was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that bond strengths increased with each coating up to four coats. Nanoleakage decreased with each coat, becoming very small after four or more coats. This adhesive application method can be easily applied to clinical practice, thereby improving the quality of resin-dentin bonds.
Bicuspid↗
Effect of sodium hypochlorite treatment on the molecular composition and morphology of human coronal dentin.
PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the deproteination potential of 5% aqueous NaOCl solution applied by rubbing action on the molecular composition and morphology of smear-layer covered and acid-etched human coronal dentin surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paired specimens (n = 4 x 2 per group) of acid-etched (Group A) and smear-layer covered (Group B) human coronal dentin surfaces were sequentially treated with the NaOCl solution for time intervals ranging from 5 s to 120 s and analyzed by reflectance FTIR microspectroscopy and tapping mode atomic force microscopy. The changes in the mineral (v4 P-O stretching vibrations) to matrix (C = O stretching vibrations of amide I) peak area ratios and in the Ra roughness parameter were used to quantify the effect of treatment. Two-way ANOVA and Dunn's tests were used to assess the differences within each group and between groups (a = 0.05). RESULTS: In both groups, NaOCl treatment reduced organic matrix (amide I, II, III peaks), but did not affect carbonates and phosphates. In group A, the rate of deproteination was slow, and reached a peak value after 120 s. Tubule orifices became visible after 40 s of treatment; after 120 s, excessive porosity was detected, with Ra values presenting no statistically significant difference from group B. In group B after 10 s, the extent of deproteination was enhanced, reaching a plateau between 30 s and 60 s, and attaining a maximum after 120 s. Tubule diameter, intertubular porosity, and Ra were increased; intertubular dentin area was reduced. For both groups after 40 s of treatment, the mineral to matrix ratio recorded was similar to smear-layer-free sectioned dentin. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study imply that deproteination of mineralized or acid-etched dentin surfaces within a clinically relevant time frame may provide methods for bonding to dentin alternative to conventional technique-sensitive dentin hybridization.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Ultrastructure of the dentin-adhesive interface after acid-base challenge.
PURPOSE: To observe the ultrastructure of the dentin-adhesive interface after in vitro sequential challenge by acidic and basic chemicals around adhesive restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Box-shaped cavities were prepared in bovine root dentin and restored as follows: Reactmer Bond and Reactmer Paste (RB/RP), Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil AP-X (SE/APX), ABF (experimental) and APX (ABF/APX), Single Bond and APX (SB/APX). After the specimens were stored in water for 1 week, the integrity of the bonds tested by sequential immersion were placed in an artificial demineralizing solution (pH 4.5) for 20 min and in 5% NaOCl for 20 min. The specimens were sectioned, polished, then argon-ion etched for 7 min, and gold sputter coated for SEM examination of the dentin-adhesive interface. RESULTS: The morphological results indicated tight bonding between the cavity wall dentin and the adhesive. For the fluoride-releasing restoration, RB/RP, a thick acid-resistant zone was clearly observed adjacent to the restoration; however, the bonding resin, RB, was partially degraded by the acid-base challenge. For SE/APX, ABF/APX and SB/APX, the bonding resins were resistant to the acid-base challenge. With the self-etching adhesive systems, SE and ABF, a thin band of acid-base resistant dentin less than 1 microm thick was observed beneath the hybrid layer. With the wet bonding system, SB, the hybrid layer was partially degraded by the acid-base challenge. CONCLUSION: SEM observation is useful for observing the reactions of adhesives to acid-base challenge. Prevention of secondary caries around a restoration may be influenced by the physical properties of the restorative and adhesive materials, quality of the hybrid layer, and fluoride-release.
Acetic Acid↗
Effect of bur type on microtensile bond strengths of self-etching systems to human dentin.
PURPOSE: To compare the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of five adhesives to human dentin prepared with 600-grit SiC abrasive paper (SiC), a diamond rotary instrument, or a carbide bur. The null hypothesis was that different cavity preparation instruments do not affect adhesion of resin adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human molars (n = 45) were randomly divided into three groups according to surface treatment. Each group was bonded using a total-etch adhesive (Single Bond, 3M ESPE), one of three self-etching primer systems (Clearfil SE Bond or ABF, Kuraray; Imperva Fluorobond, Shofu), or a self-etching adhesive (One-Up Bond F, Tokuyama). A 4-mm composite crown was built over the bonded surface. Specimens were stored in water for 24 h at 37 degrees C. They were sectioned into 0.7-mm-thick slabs, trimmed to a cross-sectional area of 1 mm2, and loaded to failure at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min using a tabletop tester (EZ-Test, Shimadzu). Microtensile bond strength data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Fisher's PLSD test. RESULTS: Surface preparation using a carbide bur generally yielded higher bond strengths than preparation using either a diamond rotary instrument or SiC abrasive paper. SE Bond had the highest mean microTBS of the five adhesives tested. CONCLUSION: Resin-dentin bond strengths can be affected by the type of instrument used to prepare the tooth. Specifically, higher bond strengths might be achieved by using carbide burs rather than diamond cutting instruments.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Effect of the hydration status of the smear layer on the wettability and bond strength of a self-etching primer to dentin.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of a resin-based composite to smear layer-covered dentin using a self-etching primer, Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB), under two different hydration states. Surface roughness and wettability (contact angle measurements) of water and the CSEB primer were also evaluated on this substrate. METHODS: Contact angle (CA) measurements were performed on four caries-free extracted human third molars. The specimens were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface to expose the moderately deep dentin and ground flat (180-grit SiC) under water to provide uniform flat surfaces. In two samples, the smear layer was completely air-dried; in the other two specimens, the smear layer was briefly air-dried. Contact angle measurements were performed to assess wettability of water and CSEB primer using the Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis technique. Surface roughness (SR) was determined with a contact profilometer. In another four molars, CSEB was applied to the smear layer-covered dentin with both hydration states. Resin build-ups were performed incrementally with Tetric Ceram. After storage for 24 hours in water at 37 degrees C, the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded beams with an average cross-sectional area of 1.0 mm2. Each beam was tested in tension in an Instron machine at 0.5 mm/minute. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Student t-tests were performed at a 95% significance level. RESULTS: Observed water contact angles were lower on the hydrated smear layer but no differences were found between contact angles on completely and briefly air-dried smear layer when the primer was used for CA measurements. SR was similar for both substrates and MTBS was greater when the adhesive was applied on the completely air-dried smear layer.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Effects of one versus two-layer applications of a self-etching adhesive to dentin of primary teeth: a SEM study.
Resin composite is increasingly the material of choice for the restoration of primary teeth, and new materials with simplified procedures are increasingly being offered. Self-etching primers have been developed to simplify the bonding procedures. Some manufacturers recommend the application of these materials in two layers. However little is known about the application times. Therefore, this study evaluated the quality of the interfacial seal and the micromorphology of the hybrid layer in composite restorations bonded with one or two layer applications of a self-etching adhesive to the dentin of the primary teeth. The superfacial dentin (within 1-2 mm of dentinoenamel junction (DEJ)) on the occlusal surfaces of fourteen primary molars was exposed by a flat cut perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. The occlusal surfaces were divided into two halves by a 1 mm deep groove in the labial-lingual orientation. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1: Single Bond (control group) was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions on one half of the surface. On the other half of the same tooth, one layer of Prompt-L-Pop (experimental group) was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. Group 2: the teeth received the same bonding regimes as group 1, but the experimental group had two layer application of Prompt-L-Pop. All samples were analyzed in SEM. Student's t-test was used to compare the width of the gap and hybrid layer thickness generated by experimental groups and control. There was a statistically significant difference between control (Single Bond) and the experimental groups (one or two layer application of Prompt-L-Pop) (p<0.05). Single Bond showed the best results. Two layer application of Prompt-L-Pop showed better sealing ability than one layer application of it (p<0.05). Only Single Bond presented a visible hybrid layer that had an average thickness of 3.7microm.
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
One-day bonding effectiveness of new self-etch adhesives to bur-cut enamel and dentin.
Self-etch adhesives try to solve difficulties commonly associated with the clinical application of etch-and-rinse adhesives. Their application procedure is considered less time-consuming and, more importantly, less technique-sensitive. The main objective of this study was to determine the bonding effectiveness to and the interaction with enamel/dentin of three contemporary one- and two-step self-etch adhesives by microtensile bond strength testing (microTBS), Fe-SEM and TEM when compared to a control two-step self-etch and a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. The one-step self-etch adhesive, Adper Prompt (3M ESPE), scored the lowest microTBS of all experimental and control adhesives tested. Conversely, the two-step self-etch adhesives Clearfil SE (Kuraray) and OptiBond Solo Plus Self-Etch (Kerr) approached the values obtained by the three-step etch-and-rinse control (OptiBond FL, Kerr) when bonded to enamel and dentin. Ultramorphological characterization showed that interfacial morphology and the pH of the self-etch primer/adhesive are strongly associated. The interaction with dentin varied from the formation of a submicron, hydroxyapatite-containing hybrid layer for the "mild" self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE to a 3-5 microm thick, hydroxyapatite-depleted hybrid layer for the "strong" self-etch adhesive Adper Prompt. The two-step self-etch adhesives AdheSE and OptiBond Solo Plus Self-Etch presented with a hybrid layer with a hydroxyapatite-depleted top part and a hydroxyapatite-containing base part and were therefore classified into a new group of self-etch adhesives, namely "intermediary strong" self-etch adhesives.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Bonding to sound vs caries-affected dentin using photo- and dual-cure adhesives.
This study aimed to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of photo- and dual-cure adhesives to sound and caries-affected dentin using total- and self-etch techniques. Human third molars with occlusal caries were prepared as previously described by Nakajima and others (1995). Dentin surfaces were bonded with Optibond Solo Plus (Kerr; photo-cure adhesive) or Optibond Solo Plus + Dual-cure activator (Kerr; dual-cure adhesive) with total- and self-etch technique. Clearfil AP-X (Kuraray) was used for composite buildups. Following storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, the teeth were sectioned into 0.7-mm thick slices to obtain sound and caries-affected dentin slabs, then trimmed to form hour glass shapes with a 1 mm2 cross-sectional area. The specimens were subjected to microtensile testing using EZ-test (Shimadzu) at 1 mm/minute. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Student's t-Test (p<0.05). Bond strengths to sound dentin with photo- and dual-cure adhesives using total- and self-etch techniques were significantly higher than those to caries-affected dentin. Dual-cure adhesive significantly decreased bond strengths both to sound and caries-affected dentin. The total-etch technique showed no beneficial effect on caries-affected dentin compared with the self-etch technique. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the resin-dentin interfaces revealed that hybrid layers in caries-affected dentin were thicker than those observed in sound dentin with photo- and dual-cure adhesives. Resin infiltration into dentinal tubules of caries-affected dentin was hampered by the presence of mineral deposits.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Evaluation of the interface between one-bottle adhesive systems and dentin by Goldner's trichrome.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the hybrid layers in interfaces between dentin and six contemporary one-bottle adhesive systems using a nondestructive differential staining micro-technique. METHODS: The adhesive systems used in this study were divided to three groups based on hydrophilic/hydrophobic component ratios (i.e. ability to dissolve in water), from highest to lowest as follows: Group 1 (Dentastic UNO.DUO, PermaQuick PQ1) > Group 2 (One-Step, Primer&Bond NT) > Group 3 (Optibond Solo, Single Bond). The occlusal third of the crown was removed from 36 extracted, unerupted human 3rd molars. Smear layers were created by abrading the dentin with 600 grit SiC under water. The exposed dentin was treated with one of the adhesive systems per manufacturer's instructions. After 24 hours in water, 3-5 microm thin sections of the adhesive/dentin (adhesive/dentin ) interface were cut with a microtome and stained with Goldner's trichrome. Stained thin sections from each prepared tooth were imaged with light microscopy. RESULTS: The thickness and color difference of adhesive/dentin interfaces among these one-bottle adhesive systems were clearly visualized. The width of the hybrid layers varied, ranged from 4.1-9.2 microm for six adhesive systems. The color differences in the stained sections are reflected to the extent and degree to which the adhesive envelops the exposed collagen. Among these six bonding systems, resin encapsulation of collagen varied from highest to lowest as follows: Group 1 (UNO, PQ1) > Group 2 (OS, PBNT) > Group 3 (OP, SB). The differences in collagen encapsulation are dependent on the adhesive composition, or the ability to tolerate water during the infiltration of the wet demineralized matrix.
Azo Compounds↗
SEM analysis of internal adaptation of adhesive restorations after contamination with saliva.
PURPOSE: This study tested the null hypothesis that different treatments of saliva-contaminated substrate would not affect microgap formation at the dentin walls of bonded restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty freshly extracted human molars received standardized Class V preparations on buccal and lingual surfaces. The specimens were assigned to four experimental groups (n = 20): [G1] no contamination (control group), [G2] saliva contamination (10 s) after etching followed by 5 s air stream; [G3] saliva contamination after etching and rinsed for 10 s; and [G4] re-etching for 10 s after saliva contamination. All specimens were restored with a one-bottle adhesive (Single Bond, 3M ESPE) and microhybrid composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were thermocycled, sectioned through the center of the restoration, and then processed for SEM. Microgaps were measured at the axial wall at 1500X magnification. The data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric statistical analysis at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The data revealed that different groups resulted in a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in gap formation. Air drying [G2] and rinsing [G3] the saliva-contaminated dentin resulted in similar microgap values (p > 0.05). However, re-etching the dentin after saliva contamination [G4] increased microgap formation (p < 0.05) when compared with the groups G1 and G2. Although air drying and rinsing produced results comparable to noncontaminated dentin, the presence of microgaps was not completely eliminated. CONCLUSION: Contaminated saliva did not prevent hybrid layer formation; however, it did reduce the adaptation of the restorative material to bonded surfaces.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Water treeing in simplified dentin adhesives--déjà vu?
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Dental Bonding↗
Application of biologically-oriented dentin bonding principles to the use of endodontic irrigants.
PURPOSE: To compare the removal of smear layer and the structure of the hybrid layer formed after the use of EDTA or MTAD solutions when used as a final flush. METHODS: Single-rooted extracted premolars (n=18) were collected and treated for root canal therapy using NaOCl irrigation followed by a final rinse of 17% EDTA, Biopure MTAD, or saline (negative control). The roots were obturated with gutta-percha and a hydrophilic HEMA-containing root canal sealer. The TEM specimens were impregnated with 50% silver nitrate to visualize sealing imperfections and nanoleakage. The structure of the coronal, middle and apical parts of root canal walls was examined using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: After NaOCl irrigation, a final rinse with BioPure MTAD or 17% EDTA completely removed the 2 microm-thick smear layer on mechanically instrumented root canal walls. The BioPure MTAD hybrid layer was thicker than the 17% EDTA hybrid layer. Both the BioPure MTAD and EDTA caused a collapse of the dentin matrix structure which impeded sealer infiltration and the formation of high quality hybrid layer bonding. The hybrid layers created in smear layer-covered dentin exhibited less potential for nanoleakage than the MTAD or EDTA hybrid layers.
Bicuspid↗
Application of hypochlorite to etched and dried dentin surface for optimum adhesion.
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Acid Etching, Dental↗