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PubMed1991

Genetic discrimination: the use of genetically based diagnostic and prognostic tests by employers and insurers.

Genetic discrimination is detrimental to public health programs, as well as to society generally. Advances in genetic testing and screening, accelerated and prompted by the Human Genome Initiative, increase society's ability to detect and monitor chromosomal differences. These technologies and their resulting genomic data will enhance medical science, but may also encourage discrimination. Although few employers or insurers currently utilize genetic screening, testing or data, rising employee benefit costs and market forces create powerful incentives for usage. Current municipal, state and federal laws, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), may not sufficiently protect employees and insureds from genetic discrimination. While municipal and state protections should not be overlooked, the ADA's sweeping scope may currently provide the most comprehensive safeguard. Federal laws banning discrimination on the basis of race or sex might also successfully redress some forms of genetic discrimination. Genetic technologies' advent necessitates efforts to rectify state and federal statutory coverage gaps, strictly regulate employers and produce comprehensive guidelines regarding its use.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1996

Description of integrated competency examination: tools to assess the chiropractic curriculum effectiveness and students' competency levels.

Los Angeles College of Chiropractic (LACC) has developed a variety of methods to monitor the effectiveness of its competency based/problem-centered curriculum. The College introduced two Integrative Competency Examination courses (ICE I and ICE II) to assess the chiropractic program's effectiveness and students' competency levels. The ICE courses are pass/fail examinations that use a multistation, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) format that involves standardized patients along with cognitive assessment of basic science information as methods of evaluation. ICE I requires students to perform psychomotor skills and interpret clinical data; ICE II requires students to perform at a higher level. They are directed to select, perform and interpret clinical data appropriately and correlate this data with relevant basic science information. Through these two levels of evaluation, the educational program, the individual courses and the competency level of each student are assessed. This paper describes the format, content and evaluation tools used in the ICE courses as well as the potential benefits of the courses.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed2005

Omnibus hypothesis testing in dominance-based ordinal multiple regression.

Often quantitative data in the social sciences have only ordinal justification. Problems of interpretation can arise when least squares multiple regression (LSMR) is used with ordinal data. Two ordinal alternatives are discussed, dominance-based ordinal multiple regression (DOMR) and proportional odds multiple regression. The Q2 statistic is introduced for testing the omnibus null hypothesis in DOMR. A simulation study is discussed that examines the actual Type I error rate and power of Q2 in comparison to the LSMR omnibus F test under normality and non-normality. Results suggest that Q2 has favorable sampling properties as long as the sample size-to-predictors ratio is not too small, and Q2 can be a good alternative to the omnibus F test when the response variable is non-normal.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1995

Use of mechanistic and pharmacokinetic data for risk assessment at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).

In summary, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) have been important contributors of data for hazard identification, including toxicological data as well as mechanistic and pharmacokinetic information. One of the factors that limits the use of knowledge is our lack of understanding of the animal test models currently in use. The underlying bases for regulatory controls that account for normal physiological functions are often not well understood. As a result, toxicological data tend to be used in an empirical manner rather than a manner based on mechanistic understanding. Continued testing of chemicals and random generation of data have their limits in improving our predictive abilities. Attention must be given to prioritizing studies on the basis of critical gaps in understanding that are needed to build knowledge bases in the future.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2006

Some frontiers in social science.

The fundamental challenge in the social sciences is moving from complicated correlations to useful prediction. Progress usually reflects an interplay between theory, data, and tools. Six areas of innovation, principally data and tools, are now pushing at the frontiers of these sciences: longitudinal data, laboratory experimentation, improved statistical methods, geographic information tools, biosocial science, and international replication. These innovations are gaining power as they cross disciplinary boundaries, helping to attribute causality to observed relationships, to understand their nature, and thereby to improve the accuracy and usefulness of predictions.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Information system, data bases, and on-line services of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST).

The JICST information processing system consists of the data-base production system, authority file management system, bibliographic retrieval system, and printed issue compiling system. The bibliographic retrieval service based on the JICST On-line Information System (JOIS-I) has been available through leased line since 1976 and now also through dial-up line, which covers five data bases: the JICST bibliographic and on-going research information files, CA Condensates, MEDLARS, and TOXLINE files. The on-line output in Japanese kanji is also available. The newly revised JOIS-II system is now being developed.

Forecasting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

'Dividing the desolation': clients views on the benefits of a cancer counselling service.

This paper describes clients' accounts of the benefits they derived from a short course of cancer counselling provided within a humanist framework. Three hundred and two clients who had attended at least one session of a short course of cancer counselling received an evaluation form, which incorporated both fixed-choice and open-ended questions. One hundred and forty two (47%) clients returned evaluation forms; those who had attended more sessions were significantly more likely to do so. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows and qualitative data using a thematic approach. Almost all clients indicated that they felt they had benefited from counselling. Analysis of the open-ended questions identified nine main benefits of counselling and four key avenues or processes through which clients derived these benefits. Overall, counselling was seen as helping them to work through powerful thoughts and feelings and so to come to terms with cancer and to regain a sense of control in their lives. The benefits of a short course of counselling which clients identified reflect the aims of humanistic counselling which are not well captured by psychiatric assessments or most standard research instruments. In evaluating cancer counselling services, assessments which include these client-defined outcomes may provide a more sensitive way of gauging the value of counselling to a non-clinic population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge about and attitude towards science of first year medical students.

AIM: To assess the knowledge about and attitude towards science of students entering medical school, and to find out whether these parameters are influenced by their high school education, sex, place of residence, and rank achieved on the admission test. METHODS: A total of 193 (82%) students who enrolled at the Zagreb University School of Medicine in 2001 filled out an anonymous questionnaire at their first lecture. The questionnaire consisted of demographic data, 20 statements on science adapted to a 1-5 Likert scale, and 8 multiple-choice test questions on knowledge of scientific research. RESULTS: The students knowledge of scientific research was poor (out of 8 answers, 2.2 +/- 1.2 were correct) in spite of their positive attitude towards science (75 +/- 11 on a 20-100 scale). Higher ranking students at the admission test showed more positive attitude (Spearmans rho=-0.157, p=0.003). There was no interdependence between other personal data (sex, high school, and place of residence) and opinion/knowledge about science. CONCLUSION: In Croatia, first-year medical students are not familiar with basic facts about the scientific methods and communication in medicine, but they have positive attitude towards scientific research. The only factor associated with more positive attitude towards science is higher rank at the admission test.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

On the applicability of Arrhenius plot methods to determine surface energetic heterogeneity of adsorbents and catalysts surfaces from experimental TPD spectra.

Recovering adsorption energy distribution from experimental data belongs to most difficult problems of adsorption science. In the case when thermodesorption data are used as a source of information, that difficult problem is overcome by the common use of the Arrhenius plot methods. So, we decided to carry out an extensive model investigation to show, how reliable information concerning the surface energetic heterogeneity is obtained by using the Arrhenius plot methods. Like in our previous publications we have used the Statistical Rate Theory of Interfacial Transport to describe the adsorption/desorption kinetics. Our model investigations showed, that the Arrhenius plot methods, cannot provide reliable information about the surface energetic heterogeneity. Moreover, for strongly heterogeneous surfaces a linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the pre-exponential constant and the adsorption energy, for certain adsorption coverages. That kind of compensation effect has, so far, been ascribed to interactions between the adsorbed molecules. The failure of the popular Arrhenius plot method puts, as an urgent agenda, the development of reliable methods for recovering adsorption energy distribution from the thermodesorption data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

[Spanish scientific output in medicine in the years 1994-1999].

OBJECTIVES: A study through bibliometric indicators of the 1994-1999 Spanish international medical scientific output is presented. METHOD: The international bibliographic databases Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index were used as data source. RESULTS: The Spanish production in Health Sciences rose in the period studied to 53,878 documents, distributed between Basic Medicine (54%), Clinical Medicine (53%) and Social Medicine (2.7%). Among the Spanish communities with greater production Madrid (31%) and Catalonia (29%) pointed out, followed by Andalusia (12%) and Valencia (9%). The principal institutional sectors involved in research were hospitals (51%) and university (44%). An important increase in the publications from foundations and companies was observed. The disciplines of Biochemistry/Molecular biology, Internal/General medicine and Pharmacology/Pharmacy pointed out by their high production. With regard to the centers of greater production its increase during the period studied, the clinical or basic character of research and the average impact factor of their documents shown to detect centers of excellence. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis carried out shows the growth of clinical and social Medicine, makes possible to identify the principal actors in Health Sciences, detect centers of excellence in the disciplines, and analyze the specialization of Spain in the European context. The publications are more abundant in the journals of the first quartile of each specialty.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1999

Pain relief.

This meeting contained a considerable body of data on both basic science and clinical studies dedicated to the alleviation of pain. Presentations covered a number of exciting areas, where both novel disclosed compounds and clinical data were covered. From these we have selected excitability blockers acting on sodium and calcium channels, progress in drugs acting at glutamate receptors, cannabinoid receptors, capsaicin analogs, novel opioids acting at receptors other than the mu receptor for morphine, substance P antagonists and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors as being of particular interest.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

[Scientific activity in Chile. Publications registered during the period 1980-1982].

Scientific activity in Chile from 1980 to 1982 was studied examining the publications registered by the Institute for Scientific Information. Abstracts were not considered. The list of publications which were produced in chilian laboratories was taken from the ASCA service. After classifying the areas to which each article belonged and also the university where the work was performed, the information was processed using a computer system. Almost 80% of the papers were published by universities. The more productive fields in the universities were biology (45,2%), medical sciences (25,9%) and chemistry (13,4%). Detailed data is presented for the biological sciences. The prevailing lack of support and encouragement for scientific research in Chile is discussed.

Chile↗
PubMed1979

AVLINE: a search resource for audiovisual instructional materials.

This manuscript describes the historical development and present scope of AVLINE (AudioVisuals-on-LINE), the National Library of Medicine's computer data base of information on nonprint instructional materials in dentistry, medicine, nursing, and allied health. The manuscript outlines the early and present review processes and involvement of dentistry peer reviewers; and provides data describing AVLINE titles by health science discipline and media characteristics for the total data base and the subset of dentistry. The manuscript also includes information on how to access AVLINE and a sample AVLINE citation.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2006

The promise of a virtual lab in drug discovery.

To date, the life sciences 'omics' revolution has not lived up to the expectation of boosting the drug discovery process. The major obstacle is dealing with the volume and diversity of data generated. An enhanced-science (e-science) approach based on remote collaboration, reuse of data and methods, and supported by a virtual laboratory (VL) environment promises to get the drug discovery process afloat. The creation, use and preservation of information in formalized knowledge spaces is essential to the e-science approach. VLs include Grid computation and data communication as well as generic and domain-specific tools and methods for information management, knowledge extraction and data analysis. Problem-solving environments (PSEs) are the domain-specific experimental environments of VLs. Thus, VL-PSEs can support virtual organizations, based on the changing partnerships characteristic of successful drug discovery enterprises.

Computer Simulation↗