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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

General or personal diet: the individualized model for diet challenges in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of individualized diet challenges consisting of allergen foods on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Twenty patients with positive skin prick test (SPT) response for food extracts and 20 with negative SPT response were included. All patients were instructed to restrict the most common allergen foods during 12 days and then assigned into two groups according to SPT results. Food challenges were performed with all of the allergen foods in prick test positive group (PTPG) and with corn and rice in prick test negative group (PTNG) during 12 days. Allergen foods were then eliminated from PTPG patients' diet, while corn and rice were removed in PTNG. Clinical evaluations were performed after fasting (baseline), at the end of the challenge phase and reelimination phase. Stiffness, pain, physician's and patient's global assessment of disease activity, health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), Ritchie's index, serum amyloid A protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were determined. All of the disease variables, except HAQ, were increased with food challenges in PTPG. In PTNG, no significant change was observed in any of the variables except pain (P<0.05) and patient's global assessment (P<0.05). Our results showed that the individualized dietary manipulations may effect the disease activity for selected RA patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Decrease of serum triglyceride in normal rat fed with 2000 ppm aluminum diet for 67 days. II. Feeding young and adult rats a sucrose diet with addition of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum potassium sulfate.

To confirm the hypotriglyceridemic effect of aluminum (Al), male weanling and adult Wistar rats were fed sucrose diets with the addition of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) or aluminum potassium sulfate (AlK(SO4)2) for 67 days. As in the foregoing report (C. Sugawara, N. Sugawara, H. Kiyosawa, and H. Miyake, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10, 607-615), no Al-induced anemia or hypophosphatemia was observed and serum Al did not exceed 20 ng/ml. Serum triglyceride (TG) was decreased by aluminum. Serum TG was significantly correlated with the serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in both the Young groups (R = 0.757, n = 22, p less than 0.01) and the Adult groups (R = 0.727, n = 19, p less than 0.01). Neither serum cholesterol nor phospholipids was affected by Al ingestion. Aluminum caused a decrease in hepatic glycogen in all groups, but the decrease was significant only in Adult groups. Glycerol tri[9,10(n)-3H]oleate was administered by gastric tube into rats fed for 81 days with experimental diets. In all the Al-treated groups serum 3H was significantly greater than in control groups at 3 hr after intubation. At 24 hr after intubation, serum 3H did not differ between Control and Al-treated groups. Total 3H at 24 hr found in serum, liver, and epididymal adipose tissue was not changed significantly by Al feeding. These effects were observed without measurable increase of Al in the serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Feared food in dieting and non-dieting young women: a preliminary validation of the Food Phobia Survey.

The Food Phobia Survey (FPS) is a recently developed clinical instrument designed to identify foods that are avoided out of fear or guilt by eating disordered individuals. The measure has potential utility in clinical settings for several purposes: the assessment of current food selection and food-related concerns; the construction of individual hierarchies for graded exposure; and the evaluation of treatment outcomes with reference to fear and avoidance of food items. It is comprised of 180 commonly eaten foods rated on three dimensions: fear/guilt, appeal in the absence of weight concern, and frequency of consumption. Dieting and non-dieting college women were compared to provide preliminary data on the FPS from a non-clinical population. The FPS yielded findings convergent with other data on forbidden foods and discriminated between dieters and non-dieters. For both groups, the perception that foods were fattening was correlated with increased fear/guilt, with dieters showing significantly greater increases in ratings of fear/guilt and number of feared foods with increments in the perceived 'fatteningness' of food items.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses.

BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets (LCKD) are effective for weight loss, but concerns remain regarding cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an LCKD program on serum lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS: This was a randomized, two-arm clinical trial in an outpatient research clinic involving overweight, hyperlipidemic community volunteers motivated to lose weight. Subjects were randomized to either an LCKD (n = 59) and nutritional supplementation (including fish, borage and flaxseed oil), or a low-fat, reduced-calorie diet (LFD, n = 60). The main outcomes were fasting serum lipoprotein subclasses determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was 44.9 years, the mean BMI was 34.4 kg/m(2), and 76% were women. Comparing baseline to 6 months, the LCKD group had significant changes in large VLDL (-78%), medium VLDL (-60%), small VLDL (-57%), LDL particle size (+2%), large LDL (+54%), medium LDL (-42%), small LDL (-78%), HDL particle size (+5%), large HDL (+21%), and LDL particle concentration (-11%). Compared with the LFD group, the LCKD group had greater reductions in medium VLDL (p = 0.01), small VLDL (p = 0.01) and medium LDL (p = 0.02), and greater increases in VLDL particle size (p = 0.01), large LDL (p = 0.004), and HDL particle size (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The LCKD with nutritional supplementation led to beneficial changes in serum lipid subclasses during weight loss. While the LCKD did not lower total LDL cholesterol, it did result in a shift from small, dense LDL to large, buoyant LDL, which could lower cardiovascular disease risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Determination of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol acetate in diets of experimental animals. Study of stability in the diets.

A simple method is described which permits, avoiding saponification, alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate measurement in semi-synthetic diets for experimental animals by HPLC, with both UV and fluorescence detection. Phenyldodecane was chosen as internal standard with remarkable performances, and EDTA and BHT were added to prevent oxidation in aqueous and non-aqueous phases respectively. The mobile phase was methanol-water (94:6 v/v) at a flow-rate of 2 ml/min. Samples were homogenized and extracted twice with n-hexane by probe sonication. Extracts were evaporated to dryness and redissolved with chloroform-methanol (1:1, v/v). Validation parameters were studied between 25 ng and 6 micrograms for alpha-tocopherol and between 3 and 24.2 micrograms for alpha-tocopheryl acetate, which corresponds to the range of values in the existing diets. Results had correlation coefficients > 0.99; recoveries > 85%; R.S.D. < 6%, so the method is adequate to control vitamin E intake in animals as well as vitamin E stability in food during storage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

A randomized, open-label, comparative study of simvastatin plus diet versus diet alone on angiographic retardation of coronary atherosclerosis in adult Japanese patients: Japanese utilization of simvastatin therapy (JUST) study.

BACKGROUND: Cholesterol-lowering therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular events by slowing the progression or enhancing the regression of coronary atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of simvastatin 10 mg/d on progressive coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease and mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: In a 2-year, open-label comparative study, patients with coronary atherosclerotic lesions (> or =50% diameter stenosis) and serum total cholesterol levels > or =200 and < or =280 mg/dL were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 1 group received simvastatin 10 mg/d taken orally with diet (S-D) and the other group was assigned to diet alone (D). Atherosclerotic progression in coronary segments was compared in the 2 groups using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). QCA measurements were done under blinded conditions. The study's primary end point was the comparison of mean changes in each segment's minimum obstruction diameter (MOD) or mean segment diameter (MSD) between the S-D group and the D group. RESULTS: A total of 299 patients were randomized, 146 to the S-D group and 153 to the D group. Mean (SD) age was 58.7 (8.0) years and mean (SD) total cholesterol level was 232.6 (21.6) mg/dL at baseline. After 2 years, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 31.9% in the S-D group and by 2.0% in the D group. QCA showed significant stenotic progression in the D group, with reductions in MOD and MSD both by per-segment-based (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) and per-patient-based (both P = 0.004) analyses. Although simvastatin treatment suppressed atherosclerotic progression in both per-segment- and per-patient-based analyses, significant reductions were found only in MOD values with per-segment-based analyses (P = 0.034). In a categorical approach, progression was found in significantly fewer segments in the S-D group compared with the D group (MOD, P = 0.014; MSD, P = 0.003), with odds ratios (S-D) group/D group) of 0.571 for MOD and 0.390 for MSD. Significantly fewer patients with angiographic progression were observed in the S-D group (23.3%) compared with the D group (39.4%) with respect to MSD (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Two years of treatment with simvastatin 10 mg/d improved patients' lipid profile and retarded coronary atherosclerotic progression in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease and mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia

Anticholesteremic Agents↗
PubMed1999

Comparative performance of pearl millet- and sorghum- based diets vs. wheat- and rice-based diets for trace metal bioavailability.

Pearl millet and sorghum offer a cheap source of energy compared to wheat and rice and are widely consumed by rural communities in many parts of the world. Due to the low consumption of vegetables and animal foods, millets also are the major suppliers of micronutrients especially for low-income groups. It is of prime importance to study how millets perform in terms of bioavailable contents of trace metals. Investigations were carried out using weanling mice which offer a model for the initial testing of bioavailability of trace metals before human trials. Four isocaloric diets differing only in the type of cereal, i.e. pearl millet, sorghum, wheat and rice, were prepared representing habitual dietary patterns observed by National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) of India. Mice were allocated randomly to 4 groups of 8 mice each, and housed individually in metal free metabolic cages. A fifth group of 8 mice fed a balanced synthetic diet served as control. All the groups were fed ad libitum. The absorption of zinc and iron averaged for 3 periods of 5 days each was significantly higher for the wheat and pearl millet group than for the other 2 experimental groups (p < 0.05), as were also the levels of liver zinc and iron. The weight gain was also highest (6.9 +/- 1.2 g) in the pearl millet group as compared to sorghum (1.58 +/- 0.59 g), wheat (1.66 +/- 1.27 g) and rice (-0.72 +/- 0.62 g) groups. The levels of liver copper were comparable in all the 5 groups. These results further confirm our earlier in vitro results indicating the superiority of pearl millet but not sorghum in bioavailability of zinc and iron.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Are diet-prostate cancer associations mediated by the IGF axis? A cross-sectional analysis of diet, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy middle-aged men.

We examined the association of diet with insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in 344 disease-free men. Raised levels of IGF-I and/or its molar ratio with IGFBP-3 were associated with higher intakes of milk, dairy products, calcium, carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat; lower levels with high vegetable consumption, particularly tomatoes. These patterns support the possibility that IGFs may mediate some diet-cancer associations.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A computerized diet questionnaire for use in diet health education. 1. Development and validation.

A diet questionnaire was developed in association with a computer program to provide rapid nutritional feedback to the general public. The questionnaire was validated against 16 d of weighted diet records and biochemical variables in blood and urine. The highest Pearson correlation coefficients obtained between the questionnaire and the weighed records were for alcohol, fibre, iron, riboflavin (r 0.74, 0.67, 0.66, 0.66 respectively). Striking sex differences were shown in the results; the trend for higher correlations persisted in females. At least 65% of subjects were classified by questionnaire to within one quintile of the classification by weighed record for the majority of nutrients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Emerging diet-related surrogate end points for colorectal cancer: UK Food Standards Agency diet and colonic health workshop report.

The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating emerging diet-related surrogate end points for colorectal cancer (CRC). The workshop aimed to overview current research and establish priorities for future research. The workshop considered that the validation of current putative diet-related surrogate end points for CRC and the development of novel ones, particularly in the emerging fields of proteomics, genomics and epigenomics, should be a high priority for future research.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1999

Anthropometry, body composition and body image in dieting and non-dieting 8-16-year-old Swedish girls.

Anthropometry, body composition and body image were studied in 122 Swedish 8-16-y-old girls and their parents. The subjects participated in a 3-y prospective longitudinal study and were selected randomly after stratification for grades from those scoring in the upper vs. the lower thirds of the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) score distribution. The ChEAT was completed 6 mo before the present study together with a demographic and dieting questionnaire and a questionnaire for the estimation of body size. In total 43% (n = 52) admitted ever dieting ("Dieters") and 25% (n = 30) admitted that they were currently trying to lose weight. The anthropometric and body composition data indicated that ChEAT High-scorers and Dieters were somewhat fatter than Low-scorers and Non-dieters, although this pattern was not shown among the 8-y-olds or the 14-y-olds (High-scorers). The mothers of the ChEAT High-scorers were found to be somewhat fatter than the other mothers. A current vs. ideal body shape discrepancy was shown for both High-scorers and Dieters, with a larger discrepancy for the Dieters. All groups believed that their parents were aspiring for a leaner body.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An ecological interdependence of diet and disease? A study of infection in one tribe consuming two different diets.

The nature and incidence of infections were studied in two groups of Turkana living in the same area but eating different diets; one consumed milk only and the other a combination of fish and milk. The only apparent and significant nutritional difference between the two groups was mild iron deficiency in the milk drinkers. Episodes of fever, symptomatic infection with malaria and brucellosis, molluscum contagiosum and common warts, episodes of diarrhea, and serological evidence of infection with Entamoeba histolytica were significantly increased in Turkana eating fish. We suggest that this phenomenon may result from a disruption of a long-standing ecological compromise between the all-milk diet of the Turkana and the pathogenic organisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of clinical usefulness of very-low-calorie diet and supplemental low-calorie diet.

Forty-five overweight patients (12 male, 33 female) were prescribed a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) or a supplemental low-calorie diet (LCD), randomly, at an outpatient clinic. Twenty obese patients [31.6 +/- 13.1 y; body mass index (BMI) 32.9 +/- 6.1] were treated with a VLCD of 1757 kJ/d for 1-2 mo (five packages of Optifast 70/d; Sandoz Nutrition, Minneapolis). Another 25 patients (35.3 +/- 11.7 y; BMI 31.9 +/- 4.4) were treated by a supplemental LCD of 3515-5021 kJ/d for 1-2 months, which consisted of two to three packages of Optifast 70 and 2678-3682 kJ of conventional balanced meals. By the fourth week, the weight reduction obtained by the VLCD was significantly greater than that achieved by the supplemental LCD (P less than 0.01). At the eighth week, however, effect of the VLCD and the supplemental LCD in terms of weight reduction did not differ significantly. No serious side effects were observed in either treatment group. However, remarkable elevation of serum uric acid concentration was detected in seven patients on the VLCD. The treatment period of the VLCD is limited to less than or equal to 3 mo. On the other hand, obese patients can be treated with the supplemental LCD for greater than 3 mo. Therefore, the supplemental LCD is considered to be useful in the treatment of moderately obese Japanese patients on an outpatient basis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pancreatic enlargement is evident in rats fed diets containing raw soybeans (Glycine max) or cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) for 800 days but not in those fed diets based on kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) or lupinseed (Lupinus angustifolius).

Pancreatic weights and composition were studied with rats fed diets containing raw legume seeds for up to 800 d. Rapid pancreatic enlargement was induced by dietary soybeans (Glycine max) (high Kunitz and Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor contents, moderate lectin content) during the initial 150 d. Over the next 200 d the rate of pancreatic growth was similar to that in controls. After 350 d a second period of rapid pancreatic growth occurred. Macroscopic pancreatic nodules were evident in a number of rats fed soybeans for 500 d or more. A similar pattern of pancreatic growth was observed in rats fed dietary cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) (high Bowman-Birk inhibitor content, low lectin content). Extensive pancreatic growth was also found in young rats fed moderate dietary levels of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (low Bowman-Birk inhibitor content, high lectin content). However, the trophic effects diminished with time, and from 100 d onwards, little enlargement was evident. Consumption of a lupinseed (Lupinus angustifolius) diet (low trypsin inhibitor, low lectin content) did not cause pancreatic enlargement. The initial pancreatic growth induced by dietary soybeans seemed to be due to the lectins and trypsin inhibitors, whereas the second period of pancreatic growth was possibly due primarily to the trypsin inhibitors.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Diet and opiate addiction: a quantitative assessment of the diet of non-institutionalized opiate addicts.

The diet, weight and height of 38 non-institutionalized chronic opiate addicts have been assessed and compared to those of a random sample of the 20-35 year old general population of Canton Geneva, Switzerland. A history questionnaire was administered by specially trained dietitians. Results show that, after adjustment for age and alcohol intake, male addicts have the same caloric intake as non-addicts. However, addicts tend to replace foods that are rich in fat and proteins with foods rich in sucrose and relatively poor in vitamins and minerals. Beer is the major component of their much larger alcohol consumption. On the other hand, the body mass index (kg/m2) of the male addicts is within the normal range, suggesting this may not be a good indicator of their unbalanced diet. This study gives a quantitative assessment, in terms of nutrient intake, of the typical craving for sweet described by opiate addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet.

Thirty newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease were interviewed about their habitual, pre-illness diet and compared with 30 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, social class, and marital status. The patients ate substantially more refined sugar, slightly less dietary fibre, and considerably less raw fruit and vegetables than the controls. A diet high in refined sugar and low in raw fruit and vegetables precedes and may favour the development of Crohn's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Diet and breast cancer: evidence that extremes in diet are associated with poor survival.

PURPOSE: Diet has been postulated to influence breast cancer prognosis; however, existing evidence is weak and inconsistent. Previous studies have sought evidence of a linear relationship between diet and breast cancer outcomes. Because of a U-shaped association of body mass index (BMI) with survival in breast cancer, we hypothesized that a nonlinear association also existed for dietary variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred seventy-seven women with surgically resected T1 to T3, N0/1, M0 breast cancer completed the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire 9.3 +/- 4.6 weeks (mean +/- standard deviation) after diagnosis, reporting intake over the preceding 12 months. Data on tumor-related factors, treatment, and outcomes were obtained prospectively from medical records. A series of Cox models was performed, modeling the association of dietary factors with breast cancer survival linearly and quadratically, adjusting for total energy intake, tumor- and treatment-related variables, and BMI. RESULTS: Significant nonlinear survival associations were found for protein, oleic acid, cholesterol, polyunsaturated-saturated fat ratio, and for percentage of calories from fat and percentage of calories from carbohydrates in multivariate models. The shape of the survival associations varied across nutrients. Hazard ratios for highest risk quintiles ranged from 2.1 to 6.5. For total fat, adjustment for BMI reduced the multivariate P value obtained from nonlinear Cox models from.05 to.10. No significant linear associations were identified. CONCLUSION: The association of key dietary variables with breast cancer survival may be U-shaped rather than linear. Our data suggest that midrange intake of most major energy sources is associated with the most favorable outcomes, and extremes are associated with less favorable outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Self-administered diet history questionnaire developed for health education: a relative validation of the test-version by comparison with 3-day diet record in women.

A self-administered diet history questionnaire has been developed for the use in health education in Japan. The relative validity of the test-version was examined using 3-day diet record (DR) as a reference method. Subjects were mildly hypercholesterolemic 47 women aged 38-69 years living in Hikone, Japan. The questionnaire provided close estimation of nutrients compared to the DR (mean of the 3-days), 1-25% differences between the two methods were observed for total energy and 17 nutrients examined. The differences were in general smaller for macronutrients, 1-3%, than for micronutrients, 1-25%. Pearson correlation coefficients between the questionnaire and the DR (mean of the 3-days) ranged from 0.16 for niacin to 0.60 for saturated fatty acid (mean = 0.41). The energy-adjustment using regression analysis and the correction of attenuation due to error from a limited number of days of DR slightly improved the results. The correlations ranged from 0.19 for niacin to 0.75 for saturated fatty acid (mean = 0.48). Average 37 and 6% subjects were classified into same quartile and opposite quartile respectively between the two methods. This questionnaire may be useful to assess individual nutrient intake level at least for the subjects examined.

Adult↗