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PubMed2004

[Adolescence and reproduction in Brazil: the heterogeneity of social profiles].

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy (AP) in three Brazilian cities Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and Porto Alegre and to examine the profiles of pregnant girls and their partners in relation to pregnancy outcomes. Data for a retrospective assessment of AP were collected using an interview-based household survey applied to a stratified sample of males and females aged 18-24. A total of 4,634 individuals were interviewed (85.2 % of the eligible individuals). 21.4% of males and 29.5% of females aged 20-24 reported AP, but few such pregnancies had taken place before age 15 (0.6% and 1.6%). Pregnancy between adolescent partners was reported by 55.1% of males and 27.9% of females. 79.8% of the latter became pregnant while involved in a stable relationship with an older partner. AP levels varied inversely to schooling and income levels. 72.2% of females and 34.5% of males carried their first AP to completion, and more cases of induced abortion were reported by male partners in pregnancies (41.3%) than by females (15.3%). With the birth of the first child, 25.0% of women interrupted their studies temporarily and 17.3% definitively. However, 42.1% of primiparous mothers were already outside school before pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1990

[Pharmacodynamics of synthetic estrogens. Review article].

Some details about the function of natural and synthetical hormonas are reviewed, particularly estrogens as ethynyl estradiol and its 3, Methyl ether (mestranol); its peripheral concentration vs tissular hormonal contents, a relationship of biological importance as the first step in its hormonal action and the cummulative local effects that could explain some intra and extracellular phenomena.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Sexually transmitted diseases and reproductive tract infections among contraceptive users.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the association between the use of contraceptives and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and other reproductive tract infections (RTI). METHODS: 840 women who used contraception and who attended the Fundação Nossa Senhora do Bom Sucesso's Family Planning Clinic (FNSBS-FPC) over a 2-year period (1993-1994) were studied. All women answered a standard epidemiological survey and underwent a clinical laboratory assessment. The Chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The majority of women were young (58.7%); low educational achievers (59.0%); middle or working class (85.0%); had a fixed partner (79.8%), and were of non-African origin (95.6%). Of the 627 women who responded, 4.1% stated that their sexual behavior was of high risk. The prevalence of any infection and particularly of bacterial vaginosis (BV), was highest among users of the intra-uterine device (IUD). Use of an IUD (P = 0.001) and high risk behavior (P = 0.04) were the variables associated to presence of a STD/RTI in multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that STD/RTIs basically occur due to high risk behavior and that, with the exception of an association between use of IUD and BV, the method of contraception does not affect the incidence of these infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Family planning practice among Nigerian student midwives.

An analysis of the various contraceptive methods practiced by a total of 462 student midwives from the Northern and Southern parts of Nigeria over a 3-years period is presented. The differences in age distribution, the type of contraceptive agents used, the reasons for using them, and the side effects in the two groups are statistically significant. The need to provide acceptable contraceptive advice to the rural communities by the midwives is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

AIDS in Thailand.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1981

Half-life and metabolism of 3H-folic acid in oral contraceptive treated rats.

Half-life and tissue distribution of injected tritium labelled folate was examined in oral contraceptive (OCA) treated and control rats to elucidate the mechanism by which OCA treated rats show increased urinary excretion as well as tissue levels of folate. Urinary excretion of folate within the first 12 hours of injection was higher but subsequent excretion lower in OCA treated rats. Faecal excretion of folate was also lower in treated rats. Thus, the half-life of the rapid turnover labile pool of folate appears to be reduced, whereas that of the slow turnover stable pool is raised by OCA treatment. Concentration of labelled folate was higher in the liver and kidneys of treated rats but it was not affected in tissues such as intestine, bone and brain. The concentration of soluble folate binders in the kidney was raised by OCA treatment and the activity of dihydrofolate reductase in the liver (a folate binder) also tended to be higher though the difference was not significant. The observation suggest that OCA may alter folate turnover by changing the concentration of folate binders in the tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

High doses of oral contraceptives do not alter endometrial alpha 1 and alpha v beta 3 integrins in the late implantation window.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of an emergency contraceptive agent on the distribution of integrin heterodimers during that part of the implantation window. DESIGN: Prospective, case-controlled study in a university-based Population Program. In the first ovulatory control cycle after the detection of LH surge, patients had endometrial sampling 11 days after the surge. In the next cycle the procedure was repeated 2 days after the administration of a postcoital contraceptive agent on day 9 after LH surge (100 g ethinyl E2 and 2 mg norgestrel). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effects of postcoital contraceptives on the expression of integrin heterodimers (alpha 1 and alpha v beta 3 subunits) reported to be unique to secretory phase was determined. RESULTS: All six specimens were consistent histologically with days 24 and 25 of the menstrual cycle by light microscopy. Using immunohistochemistry, strong membrane staining of endometrial glandular cells and superficial epithelium for both alpha 1 subunit and vitronectin (alpha v beta 3) receptor was observed in treatment and controls. No diminution of intensity or distribution was observed relative to pretreatment controls. CONCLUSIONS: There is no apparent change in the level of these two integrins in the human endometrium when high-dose oral contraceptives are given in the later stages of the implantation window. This suggests that the high doses of steroids used in emergency contraceptives may exert their effect through more complex mechanisms than endometrial cell surface changes.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Menstrual pattern changes following laparoscopic sterilization with different occlusion techniques: a review of 10,004 cases.

A comparison is made of menstrual pattern changes reported by 10,004 women undergoing interval and postabortion sterilization by the laparoscopic occlusive techniques of unipolar electrocoagulation, the tubal ring, the prototype spring-loaded clip, and the Rocket clip. Controlling for prior contraceptive use, the menstrual patterns in these women sterilized by the four techniques were compared with respect to six parameters: cycle regularity, cycle length, menstrual flow duration, amount of flow, dysmenorrhea, and intermenstrual bleeding. The majority of women reported no menstrual changes subsequent to sterilization. When changes were experienced, they occurred in equal proportions in opposite directions. Depending on the parameter, from 15% to 79% of the menstrual pattern changes seen within 6 months after sterilization in women who were using oral contraceptives or intrauterine contraceptive devices at the time of sterilization could be attributed to the discontinuation of those methods of contraception. There were no significant differences between the several occlusion technique groups with respect to the proportion of women who reported changes in their menstrual patterns after sterilization.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Plasminogen levels in healthy volunteers--influence of age, sex, smoking and oral contraceptives.

There is considerable doubt as to the importance of reduced plasminogen (PLG) activity as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. In the present study we have identified a wide range of PLG activities (25-200%) in a cohort of 9,611 blood donors. Males and females not taking hormonal contraceptives show a similar distribution of PLG, however, variation related to age appears to follow a different pattern in males and females. These differences are of doubtful clinical importance as are differences related to smoking. In contrast, females taking hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have up to 25% higher mean PLG levels in younger females but a less marked elevation (10%) is seen in 40-50 year olds. A PLG activity < 65% was recorded in 61 donors, none of whom appeared to have a history of thrombosis. These findings do not support the notion that reduced PLG is an important thrombophilic risk factor, however, further investigation of the donors with low PLG is required.

Adolescent↗