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PubMed1995

Restoration of primary molars with Compoglass.

The initial glass-ionomer cements have become well-known restorative materials and have achieved success in a variety of procedures. The newest generation of glass-ionomer cements contain more resin, have higher cohesive strengths, and are light cured, compared with previous generations. Other fluoride-releasing resins with glass-ionomer properties have been developed, and they are called "compomers." One such recently introduced material is discussed in this article. A clinical case report is presented, illustrating the utilization of this material in the restoration of a mandibular second primary molar.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed1995

The influence of the depth of substrate dentin surface and thickness of the current restorative samples on bond strength.

The effect of sample thickness and dentin depth on bond strength of composite, compomer and resin modified glass ionomer have been investigated. The occlusal surfaces of 84 non carious human third molars were used for bonding. 4 subgroups were tested, superficial dentin with sample thickness 1 and 2 mm and deep dentin with sample thickness 1 and 2 mm respectively SBMP + /Z 100 composite showed 26 +/- 3.2, 22.3 +/- 4.5, 17 +/- 3.2 and 21.8 +/- 4.2 MPa shear bond strength to S. dentin 1 mm, deep dentin 1 and 2 mm and S. dentin 2 mm respectively. Compoglass reported 10.4 +/- 1.57, 9.1 +/- 2.3, 5.0 +/- 0.6 and 9.24 +/- 3.1 MPa while, Vitremer achieved 4.7 +/- 0.49, 3.2 +/- 0.39, 3.0 +/- 0.81 and 3.2 +/- 0.53 MPa. It is concluded that the highest bond strength can be achieved to superficial dentin in thickness or increments not more than 1 mm. And that both dentin depth and sample thickness might influence the quality of the bond to dentin with an effect that varies from one material to another depending upon the mechanism of bond of each material and its chemical composition.

Composite Resins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The continuum of restorative materials in pediatric dentistry--a review for the clinician.

Many choices are available to the practitioner of restorative dentistry for children. With the introduction of several new classes of restorative materials in recent years, some confusion has been created about what these materials are, making it difficult to identify their appropriate clinical use. This paper reviews glass-ionomer materials, resin-modified (reinforced) glass ionomers, compomers, and composite resins for the practitioner. Definitions of these materials, a general description of their contents, and usage-selection criteria are provided. Although more choices for tooth restoration can make the selection of the right material more difficult, a better understanding of the components and the strengths and weaknesses of each category of materials offers the opportunity to select the right material for the right situation.

Child↗

PubMed1998

A new matrix in esthetic posterior restorations.

Using composite resins in posterior esthetic restorations has become more acceptable in recent years as a result of improvements in materials. For this reason, innovative products such as Luciwedge and the SuperMat System have gained the attention of many practitioners. SuperMat, an improved translucent matrix, offers a new approach to matrices for use with multimaterial fillings. It makes the procedure easier and offers many other advantages, particularly in composite-compomer restorations.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed1998

Principles of proximal cavity preparation and finishing with ultrasonic diamond tips.

Conventional treatment of proximal cavities can result in significant damage to the adjacent dentition. This paper describes a recently developed technique of proximal cavity preparation and finishing by use of selectively diamond-coated, ultrasonically driven instruments. By using these instruments for composite, compomer, ceramic, amalgam, and even gold restorations, the inadvertent damage to neighboring teeth is completely avoided. This article demonstrates the effective utilization of the diamond-tipped ultrasonic instruments for the preparation of primary lesions and the replacement of existing restorations.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1998

Effect of laser pretreated enamel and dentin of primary teeth on microleakage of different restorative materials.

Surface texture of the prepared dental tissue is one of the most important factors affecting the clinical performance of dental restorations. This surface area is greatly affected by the surface treatment modality used and the restorative material applied. Therefore, the purpose of this in vitro investigation was to study the effect of laser pretreatment of enamel and dentin in Class V cavities of human primary molars on microleakage of three restorative materials; a compomer, a composite resin and a Galloy. Forty-eight extracted human primary molar teeth divided into 6 groups [3 control & 3 experimental] were used in this study. A standardized Class V cavity involving enamel and dentin was made in the buccal surface of each tooth and the experimental groups were exposed to Nd: YAG laser for 90 seconds. Teeth in all groups were then restored with the tested materials according to the instructions of the manufacturers. The teeth were prepared for microleakage testing and then immersed in 5% methylene blue for 4 hours. Each tooth was subsequently sectioned and examined for dye penetration along the occlusal and gingival walls. Tukey's multiple range test showed that combined microleakage scores of unlased Pertac II, was statistically significantly higher than lased Hytac, lased Pertac II, unlased Galloy and lased Galloy. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test showed statistically significant difference for unlased Pertac II group [p = 0.0176] when occlusal Vs gingival scores were compared. In conclusion, microleakage of unlased Galloy restorations were statistically significantly better than unlased Hytac and Pertac II groups. In addition, microleakage scores of lased Pertac II group was statistically significantly lower than unlased group. No statistically significant differences were found between lased and unlased Hytac and Galloy restorative materials.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

Thermal stability of direct dental esthetic restorative materials at elevated temperatures.

With increasing use of direct esthetic restorative materials, the identity of a body may rely upon knowledge of temperature effects on this class of dental restorations. This research examined the effect of atmospheric gas on thermal decomposition and color change of a wide variety of direct esthetic restorative materials. Cured discs (4 x 1 and 8 x 1 mm) were made using manufacturer's directions: traditional glass ionomer (Fuji II), light-curable resonomer (Fuji II LC), compomer (Geristore), and three types of resin composites--highly filled, urethane-based (Occlusin), and two Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resins: hybrid (Herculite XRV) and microfill (Silux Plus). Three replications of each material were heated at 5 degrees C/min in a thermogravimetric analysis unit using either room air or nitrogen purge to simulate different thermal environments. First derivative values of percent weight loss with respect to temperature were obtained to determine temperatures associated with increased decomposition rates. Room-air heating showed greater numbers of decomposition events than did nitrogen-heated discs. The only material decomposing less than 200 degrees C in either atmosphere was traditional glass ionomer. The majority of decomposition occurred between 200 degrees and 500 degrees C for all materials. Only products containing glass ionomer components decomposed between 600 degrees and 800 degrees C. Room-air heating resulted in ash white discs at 800 degrees C and higher. Specimens heated in nitrogen were gray to black at 600 degrees C and higher. Heating atmosphere greatly affected color, and some products demonstrated distinguishing color changes: glass ionomers, in particular, showed characteristic color features. An atlas was constructed from color change of specimens recovered after 200 degrees, 400 degrees, 600 degrees, 800 degrees, and 1000 degrees C compared with non-heated controls.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed1998

Replacements of restorations in the primary and young permanent dentition.

The present study focused on the type of restorative material used and the reasons for replacements of restorations in the primary and the young permanent dentition. All patients with restorations and who were 8 and 19 years of age in 1995 and were regularly treated at 11 Public Dental Health clinics in Jönköping County, Sweden, participated in the study. Data were extracted from the records for all types of restorations in canines and molars for the preceeding of 5 years for the 8-year-olds (i.e. from 3 to 8 years of age; n = 546) and for approximal restorations in premolars and molars for the preceeding 13 years for the 19-year-olds (i.e. from 6 to 19 years of age; n = 606). In all, 6012 restorations were evaluated. The two most common restorative materials used in the primary dentition were compomer and glass ionomer cement and in the young permanent dentition composite and amalgam. In the primary dentition, 29% of the restorations had been replaced and 4% of the teeth with restorations had been extracted. Thus, 33% of the restorations in the primary dentition failed. The corresponding figure for the young permanent dentition was 13%. The most common reason for replacements in the permanent dentition was secondary caries. That restorations often fail because of caries and that the development of secondary caries is not prevented by replacement of an old restoration indicate that more attention should be paid to preventive dental care for patients with restorations in the primary as well as in the young permanent dentition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Repair of segmental defects in rabbit humeri with titanium fiber mesh cylinders containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and a synthetic polymer.

To develop a new technology that enhances the regeneration potential of bone and the repair of large intercalated defects in long bone, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; 20 microg or 40 microg) was mixed in a polymer gel (poly-lactic acid-polyethyleneglycol block copolymer; PLA-PEG; 200 mg) and incorporated into titanium fiber-mesh cylinders. Three 5-mm cylinders were placed end-to-end to fill a 15-mm defect created in the humeri of adult rabbits and were stabilized by an intramedullary rod. In controls, the titanium fiber-mesh cylinders were combined with PLA-PEG in the absence of BMP. Six weeks after implantation, new bone had formed on the surface of the implant and had bridged the defect. All of the defects (5/5) treated by cylinders containing 120 microg (40 microg x 3) of BMP were repaired completely. New bone formation was also found inside the pores of the cylinders. The defect was not repaired in the control animals. These results demonstrate that these new composite implants fabricated by combining rhBMP, synthetic degradable polymers and compatible biomaterials enhance the regeneration potential of bone. Thus, it is possible that large skeletal defects can be repaired using this prosthesis in lieu of autogenous bone graft.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Influence of storage regime prior to abrasion on surface topography of restorative materials.

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of storage conditions prior to brushing simulation on surface texture of restorative materials. One resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC Improved/GC Corp.), one polyacid-modified composite resin (Dyract AP/Denstply), one microfill composite (Durafill VS/Kulzer), and one hybrid (Filtek-Z250/3M) composite were tested. Forty-five standardized cylindrical specimens of each material were made and randomly divided into three groups according to their subsequent storage conditions: distilled deionized water, artificial saliva, or pH-cycling regime. After 24 h, the experimental units were finished and polished and the surface roughness was measured to obtain Ra baseline values (Bv). Samples were subjected to their assigned storage regime and brushed afterwards. By the end of 10 repetitions of this protocol, final surface roughness readings (Fv) were taken. The analysis of covariance (alpha = 0.05), considering the covariate Bv showed a significant interaction between restorative material and storage condition (p(value) = 0.0002). Tukey's test revealed that the pH-cycling model provided a significantly lower surface roughness for Fuji II LC and Dyract AP than did the other media. For both composites no significant difference among storage regimes was detected. Under a condition simulating dynamic variation in pH prior to abrasion, the resultant surface texture may be either smoothed down or unchanged, depending on the restorative material, when compared to the effect provided by artificial saliva and distilled deionized water.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2007

Preparation and characterization of porous PDLLA/HA composite foams by supercritical carbon dioxide technology.

A composite poly(D,L)lactic acid (PDLLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterial was prepared by in situ polymerization of D,L-lactide monomer and HA. Supercritical CO2 (SC CO2) technology was developed to prepare the biodegradable composite foams for use in tissue regeneration. In this technology, NaCl particles were used as porogen to produce an open-pore structure. Organic solvents were not used and high temperature was not necessary. The problem with pore interconnectivity was resolved. High-porosity composite foams (up to 90% +/- 2% porosity) were obtained with pore sizes ranging from 100 to 300 microm suitable for cell seeding. The microstructure and morphology of the composite foams could be controlled by saturation pressure, saturation time, and temperature as well as amount of NaCl particles. The compressive strength and water absorbability of the composite foams were also determined. With an increase in HA amount, the molecular weight of PDLLA/HA composite foams decreased, but the mechanical strength and hydrophilicity increased slightly.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2002

All-ceramic crowns: bonding or cementing?

Despite the wide variety of all-ceramic systems available today, the majority of dental practitioners hesitate to recommend and insert all-ceramic crowns. This article regards the nature of the ceramic materials, the principles of bonding and adhesion, and the clinical problems of the acid-etch technique for crowns. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and the influences of different factors on the strength of all-ceramic crowns are presented. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that conventional cementing of all-ceramic crowns is possible when the specific properties of the ceramics are taken into consideration.

Cementation↗

PubMed2003

Apical leakage in maxillary type IV premolars with three different endodontic treatments.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability in orthogradely filled, apicoectomised and retrogradely filled maxillary premolars with two canals and two separate apical foramina. The root canals of 51 extracted maxillary premolars of type IV were uniformly shaped and filled by means of lateral condensation and subsequently randomly divided into three groups of 17 teeth each. The teeth of groups II and III received an apicoectomy. In group III an additional retrograde seal (Ketac Fil) was applied. Group I served as control. All specimens were immersed in a methylene blue solution for 24 h. The teeth were cross-sectioned and the maximal dye-penetration was measured. The significantly least dye-penetration was observed in group II (apicoectomy only), followed by group I and group III. The differences among all groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). Most of the retrograde restorations in group III revealed circular colouration around the retrograde fillings extending to the gutta percha. Although the teeth of group II revealed the least dye-penetration, an apicoectomy cannot be favoured against an endodontic retreatment in maxillary premolars of type IV. The application of retrograde fillings using Ketac Fil must be considered critically.

Apicoectomy↗

PubMed2005

Bond strength of a new universal self-adhesive resin luting cement to dentin and enamel.

The objective of this study was to assess the bonding performance of a new universal self-adhesive cement RelyX Unicem (RXU) to dentin and enamel compared to four currently used luting systems, using a shear bond strength test with and without thermocycling. Median bond strengths were determined after 24 h storage, and after thermocycling (6,000 cycles, 5-55 degrees C) for RXU and compared to Syntac/Variolink II (SynC/V) as a standard for luting conventional ceramics, ED-Primer II/Panavia F2.0 (EDII/PF2), Prime and Bond NT/Dyract Cem Plus (PBNT/DyCP), and a glass ionomer cement, Ketac Cem (KetC), as a standard for luting high-strength ceramic and metal-based restorations. Data (n=10 per group) were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test at the 0.05 level of significance. The bond strength (MPa) of RXU to dentin (10.8) was not statistically different from those of SynC/V (15.1), EDII/PF2 (10.5) or PBNT/DyCP (10.1), and statistically higher than KetC (4.1). The bond strength of RXU to enamel (14.5) was significantly lower than those of SynC/V (32.8), EDII/PF2 (23.6), and PBNT/DyCP (17.8), but higher than KetC (6.1). After thermocycling, the bond strength of RXU to enamel significantly decreased, but was still significantly higher than that of KetC. RelyX Unicem may be considered an alternative to Ketac Cem for high-strength ceramic or metal-based restorations, and may be used for luting conventional ceramic crowns with little or no enamel left.

Compomers↗

PubMed2006

Clinical evaluation of chemomechanical and mechanical caries removal: status of the restorations at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.

In this study, the clinical efficacy of Carisolvtrade mark system and the hand excavation method in the removal of occlusal dentine caries of primary molar teeth was evaluated. Both Carisolv system and hand excavation method were applied for the removal of caries on different teeth of the same children. After the removal of the caries, Dyract AP materials were used to restore the teeth. The clinical follow-up was made every 3 months within a year. The clinical evaluations of restorations were carried out in accordance with US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. To determine whether there was any statistical difference between the groups, chi-square analysis was used. During both excavation methods, pain occurrence and the need for anesthesia and the time spent were all recorded. The time spent for the removal of caries in Carisolv system and in hand excavation method was 9.03+/-4.14 min (mean+/-SD) and 7.34+/-3.41 min (mean+/-SD), respectively (P>0.05). At the end of 1 year, differences between Carisolv and hand excavation groups in terms of marginal adaptation and secondary caries were found to be statistically insignificant (P>0.05). During the removal of caries, certain children complained about pain both in Carisolv system and hand excavation method (7.1 and 35.7%, respectively). As a result, it can be argued that Carisolv system is effective in the removal of caries and causes minimum level pain occurrence. Compared to hand excavation, Carisolv system seems to be a promising restorative approach to remove occlusal caries in primary molar teeth. Studies of longer duration are needed to confirm these findings.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2001

Class V lesions restored with four different tooth-colored materials--3-year results.

The aim of this study was to compare the treatment results using four different types of tooth colored materials for restoring class V lesions. A total of 197 class V restorations (n = 197) were placed by one dentist in 37 patients on incisors, canines and premolars. The fillings were placed due to different indications: erosion/non-carious cervical defects (n = 69), primary carious lesions (n = 57), and for replacing defective existing fillings (n = 71). The teeth were assigned on a random basis to four groups for restoration with either a composite (group 1: n = 36; Tetric, Vivadent), or a polyacid-modified resin composite (group 2: n = 79; Dyract, Dentsply), or one of two different resin-modified glass ionomer cements (group 3: n = 51, Fuji II LC,GC; group 4: n = 31, Photac-Fil, Espe). The restorations were evaluated by a single-blind design, according to a modified USPHS system 36 months following placement. Statistical analysis was completed with the Pearson Chi-square test for comparing the results of the four groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, the survival rates were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Log-rank test (P < 0.05). The Alpha ratings were as follows (Tetric/Dyract/Fuji II LC/Photac Fil): shade match (86%/77%/58%/40%), surface texture (81%/83%/16%/9%), marginal integrity (enamel) (73%/67%/61%/61%), marginal integrity (dentin) (86%/70%/55%/61%), marginal discoloration (enamel) (59%/44%/58%/52%), marginal discoloration (dentin) (82%/84%/71%/48%), anatomic contours (91%/83%/39%/35%). One Tetric restoration, five Dyract restorations, two Fuji II LC restorations and three Photac restorations were dislodged within the study period. The retention of the restorations showed no significant difference among the four materials. However, the clinical performance of the restorations retained over the 3-year period showed distinct differences for the four materials. The best clinical performance was observed for the resin composite, whereas the quality of the Dyract restorations without enamel etching was worse. The poorest results were obtained for the restorations with the resin-modified glass ionomers.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effect of air polishing on the fluoride release of (resin-modified) glass ionomer cements and of a polyacid-modified composite resin.

Eight different conventional and resin-modified glass ionomers as well as a polyacid-modified composite were air polished and their fluoride release was determined in comparison to untreated controls. The air polishing was done with two different devices at medium and maximum setting for powder and water. Ninety discs of 1.5 mm thickness and 7.0 mm diameter were produced from each cement. These discs were stored in 5 ml deionized water at 37 degrees C. After 1 day and 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, the specimens were transferred into new vials with fresh deionized water. From the 4th week onward, the specimens (except for the untreated controls) were air polished on half of their upper and lower surfaces for 2 s each before being put into a new vial. After 20 weeks the fluoride released during the previous 4 weeks was determined with a fluoride ion-sensitive electrode. With the exception of Ketac-Cem, all cements released significantly more fluoride ions after air polishing, irrespective of the devices' settings. The differences in the amount of fluoride released among the investigated materials were greater than the changes in fluoride release patterns caused by air polishing. Air polishing increased the fluoride release by 20-60% in most of the materials investigated.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1999

Clinical performance of polyacid-modified resin restorations using "softstart-polymerization".

This study investigated the influence of "softstart-polymerization" on the clinical performance and marginal integrity of polyacid-modified resin restorations (PMR) in class V cavities. Eighty PMR restorations were placed in 20 patients [40 Dyract (DY); 40 Hytac (HY)] with (npat = 10) and without preparation (npat = 10). Restorations were light cured for 40 s either conventionally (CP) or with a lower light intensity for the first 10 s (SSP). Each patient received four restorations (DY-CP, DY-SSP, HY-CP, HY-SSP), which were examined clinically according to modified USPHS criteria, and by quantitative SEM-analysis after 7 days (baseline), 6 months and 1 year. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney-U test (P < or = 0.05) and error rates method. Clinically, no restoration showed recurrent caries or crevices. After 1 year, margins of 24-47% of the HY- and 36-53% of the DY-restorations were rated "Bravo". Marginal discoloration occurred in 20-37% in HY- and in 18-21% in DY-restorations. The error rates method revealed no significant differences between materials or between polymerization modes with and without preparation. Pairwise testing showed that without preparation, the marginal adaptation to dentin was significantly worse compared to enamel for HY with both polymerization modes, for DY with SSP. With preparation, no significant differences were found. Cavity preparation may have an influence on differences in marginal quality between enamel and dentin.

Compomers↗