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The common cold.

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Adult↗
PubMed1998

Antiviral agent blocks breathing of the common cold virus.

A dynamic capsid is critical to the events that shape the viral life cycle; events such as cell attachment, cell entry, and nucleic acid release demand a highly mobile viral surface. Protein mass mapping of the common cold virus, human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14), revealed both viral structural dynamics and the inhibition of such dynamics with an antiviral agent, WIN 52084. Viral capsid digestion fragments resulting from proteolytic time-course experiments provided structural information in good agreement with the HRV14 three-dimensional crystal structure. As expected, initial digestion fragments included peptides from the capsid protein VP1. This observation was expected because VP1 is the most external viral protein. Initial digestion fragments also included peptides belonging to VP4, the most internal capsid protein. The mass spectral results together with x-ray crystallography data provide information consistent with a "breathing" model of the viral capsid. Whereas the crystal structure of HRV14 shows VP4 to be the most internal capsid protein, mass spectral results show VP4 fragments to be among the first digestion fragments observed. Taken together this information demonstrates that VP4 is transiently exposed to the viral surface via viral breathing. Comparative digests of HRV14 in the presence and absence of WIN 52084 revealed a dramatic inhibition of digestion. These results indicate that the binding of the antiviral agent not only causes local conformational changes in the drug binding pocket but actually stabilizes the entire viral capsid against enzymatic degradation. Viral capsid mass mapping provides a fast and sensitive method for probing viral structural dynamics as well as providing a means for investigating antiviral drug efficacy.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2000

[Rhinitis, sore throate and otalgia... Benign common cold or dangerous infection?].

One of mankind's most common illnesses is rhinitis, which almost regularly leads to involvement of the paranasal sinuses. Acute sinusitis is a consequence of a viral infection which, by damaging the mucosa, opens the door to bacterial superinfection. The aim of treatment is to cure the acute inflammation, re-establish normal drainage and ventilation, and prevent the development of "rhinosinugenic" complications. Acute otitis media is also preceded by viral damage to the mucosa. In children, acute otitis media is favored by the short, straight Eustachian tube, and often by adenoids. The therapeutic aim of antibiotic treatment and decongestive nose drops is to re-establish the draining function of the tube. Children who suffer from otitis media several times a year, need adenoidectomy. Acute tonsillitis, or quinsy, should be distinguished in particular from infectious mononucleosis. It is imperative to recognize a peritonsillar abscess, which requires more aggressive treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Keynote Presentation at the Eight International Congress of Behavioral Medicine: the Pittsburgh common cold studies: psychosocial predictors of susceptibility to respiratory infectious illness.

This article provides a selected overview of 20 years of research on the role of psychosocial factors in susceptibility to upper respiratory infections. We present evidence from our laboratory that psychological stress is associated with increased risk for developing respiratory illness for persons intentionally exposed to a common cold virus, that the longer the duration of the stressor the greater the risk, and that stress association with susceptibility may be mediated by stress-induced disruption of the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. We further provide evidence that social relationships (social integration and social support) are also associated with risk for respiratory illness: Social integration is associated with reduced risk irrespective of stress level and social support protects persons from the pathogenic influences of stress. Finally, we report recent evidence that lower levels of early childhood socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with greater risk of viral-induced illness during adulthood, independent of adult SES.

Cytokines↗