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PubMed1992

Calcium metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporotic women is determined by dietary calcium and coffee intake.

Eighty-five patients, age 48 to 77 y with postmenopausal crush fracture osteoporosis, were investigated using a 7-d combined calcium balance and 47Ca tracer-kinetic turnover method taking the dermal calcium loss into account. Individual dietary records were obtained based on a 4-d registration at home before hospital admission and on questioning by a dietitian. The following dietary constituents were estimated: energy content, protein, methionine, cysteine, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, coffee, fiber and vitamin C. All patients were served individual diets based on the dietary records during study. Dietary calcium was measured in duplicates of all the meals served. All urine and feces were collected and analyzed for calcium content. The 47Ca kinetic data were analyzed according to a modification of the expanding calcium pool model. The overall calcium balance correlated significantly to energy content (r = 0.31, P less than 0.005), protein (r = 0.22, P less than 0.05), calcium (r = 0.28, P less than 0.01), phosphate (r = 0.27, P less than 0.02) and coffee (r = -0.21, P less than 0.05). However, a multiple backward linear regression analysis disclosed that only calcium (rp = 0.38, P less than 0.0005) and coffee intake (rp = -0.25, P less than 0.05) significantly influenced calcium balance. The equation was: calcium balance (mmol/d) = 0.14 x (dietary calcium, mmol/d) - 0.0016 x (coffee intake, mL/d) - 3.62. A coffee intake in excess of 1000 mL could induce an extra calcium loss of 1.6 mmol calcium/d, whereas intakes of 1-2 cups of coffee per day would have little impact on calcium balance.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase: positive interaction with alcohol and body mass index, negative association with coffee.

gamma-Glutamyltransferase is widely used as a marker of alcohol intake although its performance is poor. This might be related to other conditions influencing gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. The authors studied determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in a random sample (n = 6,010) drawn from the general population aged 25-64 years in Finland in 1992. In regression analysis, coffee intake and drinking boiled coffee were significantly (p < 0.01) negatively related to gamma-glutamyltransferase, whereas age, male gender, the number of cigarettes per day, serum total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, and diastolic blood pressure were significantly positively related to gamma-glutamyltransferase. A significant (p = 0.02) positive interaction was observed between alcohol intake and body mass index. In logistic regression analysis, the proportion of elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase values (> or = 50 U/liter) was significantly decreased, compared with lifelong abstainers, at the alcohol intake level of < 40 g/week (odds ratio (OR) = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29-0.92) and significantly increased at the level of > or = 300 g/week (OR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.35-5.85) among nonobese subjects (body mass index < 27 kg/m2). Among obese subjects, the respective proportion was significantly increased at the alcohol intake level of > or = 40 g/week (OR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.11-3.68). The proportion of elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase values was significantly decreased at the coffee intake levels of both four to six cups a day (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.31-0.62) and seven or more cups a day (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.24-0.53). In addition, drinkers of boiled coffee had elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase values more often than drinkers of filtered or instant coffee (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.84). No effects of alcoholic beverage preference were observed. Elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase activities appear to be related to heavy alcohol intake among the nonobese and to very light intake among obese subjects. Coffee appears to decrease gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Meta-analysis of coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer.

Several studies have found that coffee consumption is related to a lower risk of colorectal cancer, but results have not been consistent. Thus, a meta-analysis of the published articles was conducted to examine this relation. Because of the various ways data were collected and analyzed, a "semiquantitative" approach that compared the high versus the low category of intake for each study was used. The combined results from 12 case-control studies showed an inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer (pooled relative risk (estimated by odds ratio) for high vs. low category of coffee consumption (RR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.84); the findings were similar in population-based and hospital-based case-control studies. Five cohort studies did not support an association (pooled RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.73-1.29). The combined results of all studies were driven largely by the case-control studies, which comprised 85 percent of the cases (RR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.89). The lower risk of colorectal cancer among substantial coffee drinkers was observed in studies from Asia, Northern and Southern Europe, and North America. The results of this meta-analysis indicate a lower risk of colorectal cancer associated with substantial consumption of coffee, but they are inconclusive because of inconsistencies between case-control and prospective studies, the lack of control for important covariates in many of the studies, and the possibility that individuals at high risk of colorectal cancer avoid coffee consumption. Several ongoing prospective cohort studies, based on extensive dietary questionnaires, may provide important new data to evaluate this hypothesis.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1983

Coffee drinking and bladder cancer in Connecticut.

The association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer is investigated in a population-based case-control study carried out in Connecticut during 1978-1979. Measures of coffee consumption employed include total weekly cups, years of consumption, and more than seven cups per week, in addition to use frequencies of specific coffee types. After adjustment for age and cigarette smoking, a significant elevation in risk for consuming more than seven cups weekly was found for males (odds ratio = 1.5) but not for females (odds ratio = 1.0); there was also some evidence of a dose-response relationship in males. Among nonsmokers of both sexes combined, the odds ratio for more than seven cups per week was 1.9. Male smokers showed age- and smoking-adjusted odds ratios for coffee similar to those of male nonsmokers. Female smokers had a decreased risk for bladder cancer associated with increased coffee consumption which reflects the substantially lowered risk among older (65 years and over) smoking women who may constitute a selected resistant group; odds ratios among younger female smokers were close to 1.0. Males also showed elevated risks associated with consumption of regular (non-decaffeinated) and ground (noninstant) coffees. No relationship with duration of consumption was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Coffee consumption and serum cholesterol in the hypertension detection and follow-up program.

The relation between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol level was investigated in a group of 9,043 hypertensive adults who were in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. In this study, men and women aged 30-69 years at baseline (1973-1974) had their serum cholesterol level measured at the two-year examination (1975-1976). Information about coffee, tea, and cola consumption was also obtained at that time from a food frequency questionnaire. The relation of coffee consumption and serum cholesterol level with potentially confounding variables including age, race, sex, diuretic status, diastolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, relative weight, physical activity, stress, and education level was examined. When these variables were entered into a multiple regression equation, a positive association with coffee consumption and serum cholesterol level (p less than 0.05) was present. There was no significant relation between serum cholesterol level and consumption of tea, cola, or decaffeinated coffee--the other major contributors of caffeine to the diet--or total caffeine intake. This study indicates a significant positive relation between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol level.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Coffee consumption and myocardial infarction in women.

The relation between coffee consumption and the risk of acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1987. The study consisted of 262 women with acute myocardial infarction and 519 controls admitted to the hospital for acute, nondigestive tract disorders. Information was obtained on the average number of cups of coffee or decaffeinated coffee consumed per day before the onset of the disease which led to hospital admission and on the total duration in years of the habit. There was a positive association between heavy coffee drinking and risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk (RR) = 2.7 for consumption of four cups or more per day). After allowance for smoking and other relevant covariates, the relative risk was not elevated for consumption of up to three cups per day, but still above unity for consumption of four or more cups per day (RR = 1.7), and the multivariate trend in risk was still significant (X1(2) = 5.14, p = 0.02). The risk estimates were grossly elevated among hyperlipidemic women (multivariate RR = 7.6 for moderate and 17.9 for heavy coffee drinkers). As a result of small absolute numbers, these estimates were largely unstable and the interaction between coffee and hyperlipidemia was not statistically significant. Such estimates, nonetheless, are of potential interest in terms of etiologic correlates and implications for prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Coffee use prior to myocardial infarction restudied: heavier intake may increase the risk.

Because of conflicting evidence about the relation of coffee use to coronary artery disease, the authors conducted a new cohort study of hospitalizations among 101,774 white persons and black persons admitted to Kaiser Permanente hospitals in northern California in 1978-1986. In analyses controlled for eight covariates, use of coffee was associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction (p = 0.0002). Compared with nondrinkers of coffee, the following relative risks (RRs) were found: at 1-3 cups/day, RR = 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.42); at 4-6 cups/day, RR = 1.42 (CI 1.10-1.84), p = 0.007; and at greater than 6 cups/day, RR = 1.41 (CI 1.00-1.99), p = 0.05. The relation remained significant when also controlled for blood cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure, and adiposity, singly or combined. Tea use was unrelated to myocardial infarction; neither coffee nor tea was related to other coronary diagnoses. Although causality remains unestablished and uncertainty remains, the authors conclude that 1) these data suggest a weak independent relation of coffee use to acute myocardial infarction, not mediated by an effect on blood cholesterol; and 2) persons at risk of myocardial infarction should consider limitation of coffee intake to less than 4 cups/day.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Coffee and myocardial infarction: heterogeneity of an association in Portuguese men.

BACKGROUND: Despite the amount of published studies on the subject, controversy still exists about the effect of coffee drinking on the occurrence of coronary heart disease. In general, epidemiological studies do not support the belief that it is a major risk factor. DESIGN: A community-based case-control study was conducted. METHODS: A random sample of men aged 40 years and over with no previous myocardial infarction was compared with patients with a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, personal and family medical history and lifestyles. Dietary data were obtained by a food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios were calculated by unconditional logistic regression. After exclusions, 290 cases and 364 controls were considered in the final analysis. RESULTS: Coffee drinking is a widespread habit in this population, and most individuals did not change their habit throughout life. Most participants reported the consumption of moderate amounts of coffee (< 25% drank more than four cups a day) and espresso was by far the most commonly used brewing. The crude odds ratio for having ever drunk coffee regularly was 0.5 (95% confidence interval 0.3-1.1). However, there was a significant effect-measure modification by family history of AMI (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest different susceptibility to coffee drinking, such that coffee drinking was positively although not significantly associated with an increased risk of AMI in men with a family history of AMI, whereas there was a significant inverse association with the occurrence of myocardial infarction among men with no family history of AMI.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men.

The possible association between coffee and myocardial infarction (MI) has been studied both prospectively in a random population sample of Swedish men aged 50 years (n=834) and with case control methodology in non-selected male patients surviving a MI (age 40-57 years, n=230). Coffee consumption was significantly associated with two other important risk factors for MI, namely smoking and alcoholic intemperance, but weak (non-significant) relationships were found with serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, systolic or diastolic BP, and dyspnoea on exertion. In the prospective study there was no significant relationship between coffee and MI, either with univariate or multivariate analysis. The retrospectively reported coffee consumption of MI patients was higher than of those who later suffered a MI (the population sample). With the aid of non-parametric multivariate analysis of the combined population sample and the series of MI patients, a significant association was found between coffee consumption and MI. The experience of having had a MI may have affected the patients' rating of coffee consumption, or their consumption may have really increased during some months or a few years before the MI.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

The Tromsø Heart Study: is coffee drinking an indicator of a life style with high risk for ischemic heart disease?

Associations between coffee drinking, use of table fat with low contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, preference for low-fat milk, use of fruits and vegetables, smoking and lack of physical activity in leisure time have been described in a cross-sectional study of 14,582 men and women. Coffee drinking was negatively related to the use of low-fat milk, use of table fat high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of fruits and vegetables, and positively associated with bread consumption. Three persons out of four with high coffee consumption (greater than 8 cups/day) were daily smokers, in contrast to about a quarter of those with low coffee consumption (less than 1 cup/day). In women and young men, high coffee consumption was associated with low physical activity at leisure. The results suggest that high coffee consumption may be an indicator of a life style with high risk for coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Analysis of green coffee bean and castor bean allergens using RAST inhibition.

Coffee workers with occupational allergic symptoms and positive skin tests to green coffee bean and factor dust antigens have elevated serum IgE antibodies (by radioallergosorbent test--RAST) to green coffee and castor bean allergens. These antibodies were used in a RAST inhibition assay to analyse coffee and castor allergens. Bean allergens were extracted by homogenization in PBS, centrifugation and concentration of supernates by ultrafiltration. Green coffee bean allergens, fractionated by gel filtration and Pevikon block electrophoresis, were shown to be very heterogeneous with a molecular weight range of 50 000 to 500 000 daltons. Castor allergens were more homogeneous with a molecular weight of 14 000 daltons and were partially purified by Pevikon block electrophoresis, gel filtration and isoelectrofocusing. Chemical analysis showed that protein was the major component in both allergen extracts. However, proteolytic enzymes could only partially destroy allergenic activity. Such isolation and characterization of these allergens should result in better methods of diagnosis and treatment of coffee workers with occupational allergic disease.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Allergy to the coffee plant.

Occupational respiratory allergy to green coffee beans in coffee roastery workers is well established. I now report on a 50-year-old female atopic patient sensitized to the coffee plant used for indoor decoration. The symptoms were rhinitis and conjunctivitis on exposure to the plant. Investigation showed a positive skin prick test, RAST, and rhinoconjunctival provocation test to coffee leaf allergen extract. However, the commercially available RAST disk for green coffee beans seems to be appropriate for diagnosing allergy to the potted coffee plant.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of coffee and tea drinking on postprandial hypotension in older men and women.

1. A postprandial fall in blood pressure (BP) in older men and women increases the risks of falls and impaired cerebral perfusion. Postprandial hypotension has been suggested to be greater in hypertensive subjects, particularly in those on antihypertensive medication. 2. Caffeine, given as tablets or as strong coffee, may attenuate postprandial falls in BP in older subjects, but findings are not consistent. 3. In a randomized controlled intervention in 171 healthy non-smokers over the age of 50 years, we compared the effects of coffee-drinking with abstaining from caffeine in normotensives (NT), untreated hypertensives (UNHT) and subjects on drug treatment for hypertension (TRHT). Tea drinking was a third intervention used only in TRHT. 4. After adjustment for the effects of the initial value on changes in BP, there were no significant differences related to hypertension or to hypertensive agents in the magnitude of postprandial falls in BP. 5. After the intervention, changes in fasting supine and standing systolic BP and heart rate (HR) were not significantly different from controls in NT, UNHT and TRHT, but fasting supine and standing diastolic BP were significantly higher in coffee drinkers in the UNHT group. 6. In normotensive coffee drinkers there was a significant reduction in the postprandial fall in supine systolic BP of 4.1 mmHg (+/- s.e.m. 1.1) and in standing systolic BP of 5.2 +/- 1.6 mmHg. Among untreated hypertensives, abstainers showed a significant attenuation of the postprandial fall in supine, but not standing, systolic BP. Among treated hypertensives who were tea drinkers the postprandial fall decreased for supine systolic BP by 3.8 +/- 1.2 mmHg (P = 0.029) and for standing systolic BP by 5.2 +/- 2.1 mmHg. 7. Both tea and coffee were potentially beneficial in decreasing postprandial falls in systolic BP, but coffee drinking may increase fasting diastolic pressures in untreated hypertensives.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Coffee, tea, and plasma cholesterol: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic prevalence study.

The association of intake of coffee and tea, assessed by 24 hour dietary recall, with plasma cholesterol and its lipoprotein fractions was studied in a sample of 1007 men and 589 women aged 35-64 resident in Jerusalem. These cross sectional data showed a significant linear association (p less than 0.001) between consumption of coffee in men and plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Men who drank five cups of coffee or more had plasma cholesterol concentrations about 0.5 mmol/l (20 mg/100 ml) higher than non-drinkers after controlling for age, ethnicity, body mass, education, season of year, smoking, tea drinking, and dietary intake of fat and carbohydrates. In women adjusted mean plasma cholesterol concentration was 0.34 mmol/l (13 mg/100 ml) higher in coffee drinkers grouped together (p less than 0.01). The test for a linear trend was not significant. The association in both sexes was largely with the low density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction. High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were somewhat increased in women who drank coffee (p less than 0.01 for a linear trend) but not in men. Tea drinking was not associated with unadjusted plasma cholesterol concentrations in either sex. Male tea drinkers, but not female, had slightly higher adjusted plasma cholesterol concentrations than non-drinkers (0.15 mmol/l (6 mg/100 ml), p = 0.04). No dose response relation was evident. In this population, characterised by a low intake of saturated fatty acids and relatively low mean plasma cholesterol concentrations, coffee drinking may be a determinant of low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between coffee consumption during pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth and infant death in the first year of life. DESIGN: Prospective follow up study. SETTING: Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, 1989-96. PARTICIPANTS: 18 478 singleton pregnancies in women with valid information about coffee consumption during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stillbirth (delivery of a dead fetus at > or =28 weeks' gestation) and infant death (death of a liveborn infant during the first year of life). RESULTS: Pregnant women who drank eight or more cups of coffee per day during pregnancy had an increased risk of stillbirth compared with women who did not drink coffee (odds ratio=3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 5.9). After adjustment for smoking habits and alcohol intake during pregnancy, the relative risk of stillbirth decreased slightly. Adjustment for parity, maternal age, marital status, years of education, occupational status, and body mass index did not substantially change the estimates of association. There was no significant association between coffee consumption and death in the first year of life after adjustment for smoking habits during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Drinking coffee during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of stillbirth but not with infant death.

Coffee↗
PubMed1990

Effect of coffee on distal colon function.

Ninety nine healthy young volunteers (58 men, 34 women, aged 17-27 years) answered a questionnaire concerning their bowel habit with particular reference to the effects of beverages. Twenty nine per cent (63% women) claimed that coffee induced a desire to defecate. The rectosigmoid motor responses to black, unsweetened coffee were then investigated by multiport manometry in 14 healthy-subjects (12 men, two women, eight of whom claimed coffee caused a desire to defecate (responders). Results revealed an increase in motility index within four minutes after ingestion of both regular and decaffeinated coffee (p less than 0.05) in the eight responders, but not in the six non-responders. The increase in rectosigmoid motility induced by coffee lasted at least 30 minutes. There was no increase in the motility index in any subject after a drink of hot water. These results suggest that drinking coffee can stimulate a motor response of the distal colon in some normal people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Investigation of the effects of coffee on alertness and performance during the day and night.

An experiment was carried out to examine the effects of coffee on performance and alertness in the day and at night. The results showed that caffeinated coffee had a beneficial effect on alertness and improved performance on a variety of tasks in both day and night sessions. The effects were often very large. For example, at night, consumption of caffeinated coffee produced comparable alertness ratings to the day-time ratings given when juice was drunk. In contrast to the effects of caffeinated coffee, the difference between the decaffeinated coffee and juice were small and variable. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate the beneficial effects of consuming caffeinated coffee, and show that this effect is comparable in the day and night.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coffee-drinking and personality as factors in the genesis of cancer and coronary heart disease.

A study of the prediction of cancer and coronary heart disease on the basis of coffee consumption and personality shows that in cancer-prone probands (diagnosed on the basis of a personality inventory) coffee consumption was related to low incidence of cancer and high incidence of coronary heart disease, while diazepam showed the opposite trend. In coronary heart disease-prone probands coffee drinking was also linked with low incidence of cancer and high incidence of coronary heart disease, with diazepam again showing the opposite trend. In a personality type not prone to either disease, neither coffee consumption nor diazepam was linked with death from cancer or coronary heart disease. It is suggested that personality interacts in a predictable way with coffee and diazepam to determine in part the likelihood of death from cancer or coronary heart disease. Imipramine acts in a fashion similar to coffee, and opposite to diazepam.

Coffee↗