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PubMed1996

Intra-operative pneumatic tourniquet--perceptions of use and complications in the orthopaedic community of South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To assess views on use, maintenance and side-effects of the pneumatic tourniquet in the South African orthopaedic community. METHODS: A census-type questionnaire study was conducted of all 475 orthopaedic surgeons registered with the Orthopaedic Association of South Africa during 1993/94. The chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance between different groups of respondents. RESULTS: Seventy-seven per cent of the questionnaires were returned. Ninety-nine per cent of respondents used a pneumatic tourniquet. Eighty-four per cent believed that the tourniquet may damage underlying tissue both as a result of applied pressure effects and ischaemic consequences. Fifty-four per cent of respondents personally checked the calibration of the pneumatic tourniquet, although 76% of respondents believe that the apparatus needs to be checked at least once per month. More respondents who did not check the tourniquet apparatus than respondents who did check it believe that applied pressure does not cause tissue damage (P < 0.001), that the operating room technician or hospital engineer should be responsible for checking equipment (P < 0.001), and that equipment did not need to be checked more than once every 6 months (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although most orthopaedic surgeons are aware of the pneumatic tourniquet's side-effects, a minority appear to be unaware of the hazards of excessive applied pressure alone or excessive applied pressure caused by use of faulty equipment. It needs to be emphasised to these surgeons that regular checking of the pneumatic tourniquet apparatus is necessary in order to prevent postoperative complications ascribed to use of the tourniquet.

Bandages↗
PubMed1993

An all age group study of the prevalence of asthma in Golden Bay.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of asthma within the total population of a region defined by census and geographical boundaries. METHODS: Patients on the asthma register of the sole medical centre in the region of Golden Bay, during the period of six months before the March 1991 census, were compared by age and sex with the census figures for the whole population. The methods of verifying the numbers on the register are described. RESULTS: The total number of patients of all age groups under treatment for asthma was 260, giving a prevalence of asthma in the population of 4803 of 5.41% (males 5.67%, females 5.11%). In children between ages 1-14 years there were 9.21% with asthma. The prevalence, defined by percentage for each group, rises from infancy to peak in the mid teens at 10%, followed by a steady decline to the mid thirties to 3.4%, and thereafter a rather flat plateau between 3.5% and 4% into old age. CONCLUSIONS: Previous studies of the prevalence of asthma have been limited to schoolchildren. Whole population studies, within a defined region, are likely to offer more information for the planning of healthcare resources, and may give some clues to understanding the natural history of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of two methods to project regional and state populations for the U.S.

"This paper is a comparison of two contrasting methods for projecting population at the regional and state levels. A projection of the U.S. Bureau of the Census employs standard demographic methods, while the population projection by Data Resources, Inc., is based on economic opportunity. The methodological differences between these two projections are discussed, and the projections for the year 2000 are compared....The U.S. Bureau of the Census projects population decline in the Northeast and rapid growth in the West while Data Resources, Inc., projects some population growth in the Northeast and less rapid growth in the West."

Americas↗
PubMed2006

What is the contribution of smoking and socioeconomic position to ethnic inequalities in mortality in New Zealand?

BACKGROUND: Mortality rates for Māori are twice those for non-Māori in New Zealand. We have assessed the contribution of tobacco smoking and socioeconomic position to these inequalities in 45-74-year-old census respondents during 1981-84 and 1996-99 (2.3 and 2.7 million person-years, respectively). METHODS: We used linked census and mortality cohort datasets with measures of socioeconomic position (household income, highest educational qualification, car access, labour-force status, and neighbourhood deprivation) and smoking (never, ex, current). We used direct standardisation to adjust for smoking and Poisson regression to adjust for socioeconomic position. FINDINGS: The apparent contribution of smoking to mortality differences between Māori and non-Māori non-Pacific people was greatest for women in 1996-99 (8% reduction in standardised rate difference); it had increased from 3% in 1981-84. The corresponding reductions in men were 5% in 1996-99 and -1% in 1981-84. The apparent contribution of socioeconomic factors to mortality differences between Māori and non-Māori non-Pacific was greatest for men (39% in 1981-84 and 37% in 1996-99) and increased over time for women (from 23% in 1981-84 to 32% in 1996-99). INTERPRETATION: Although small, the contribution of smoking to ethnic inequalities in mortality increased over time and might grow more during the next two decades if differences in smoking between ethnic groups continue to increase. Better measurement of socioeconomic position (eg, lifecourse measures, asset wealth) might increase the proportion of ethnic inequalities attributable to socioeconomic position, perhaps to about half. Action to redress socioeconomic gaps and control of tobacco use will both be important in reducing ethnic inequalities in health.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Income, housing, and fire injuries: a census tract analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the social and demographic correlates of nonfatal structural fire injury rates for the civilian population for Philadelphia census tracts during 1993-2001. METHODS: The author analyzed 1,563 fire injuries by census tract using the 1990 census (STF 3) and unpublished data from the Office of the Fire Marshal of the Philadelphia Fire Department. Injury rates were calculated per 1,000 residents of a given census tract. Multiple regression was used to determine significant variables in predicting fire injuries in a given census tract over a nine-year period and interaction effects between two of these variables-age of housing and income. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis indicates that older housing (prior to 1940), low income, the prevalence of vacant houses, and the ability to speak English have significant independent effects on fire injury rates in Philadelphia. In addition, the results show a significant interaction between older housing and low income. CONCLUSIONS: Given the finding of very high rates of fire injuries in census tracts that are both low income and have older housing, fire prevention units can take preventative measures. Fire protection devices, especially smoke alarms, should be distributed in the neighborhoods most at risk. Multiple occupancy dwellings should have sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. Laws concerning the maintenance of older rental housing need to be strictly enforced. Vacant houses should be effectively boarded up or renovated for residential use. Fire prevention material should be distributed in a number of languages to meet local needs.

Burns↗
PubMed2006

Gradient of disability across the socioeconomic spectrum in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Although the relationship between extreme poverty and poor health among older adults has long been recognized, less attention has been devoted to investigating whether a gradient in disability exists in the United States among persons with middle-class and upper-class incomes. We attempted to determine whether a gradient in functional limitation exists across the full spectrum of income among persons 55 years of age or older. METHODS: We obtained data from the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, which used the methods and questionnaire of the American Community Survey, a nationally representative survey of 890,698 households with a response rate of 95 percent. Our sample included 149,000 men and 186,675 women who were at least 55 years of age, of whom 32,680 men and 48,111 women reported having a functional limitation (a long-lasting condition that substantially limited one or more basic physical activities, such as climbing stairs or lifting). RESULTS: A social-class gradient was observed for both men and women between the ages of 55 and 84, a gradient that held true even at the upper rungs of the socioeconomic ladder. For example, in comparison to persons between the ages of 55 and 64 who lived at 700 percent of the poverty line or above, persons of the same age but below the poverty line had six times the odds of reporting a functional limitation. With increasing income, the odds ratio declined. A significant gradient was present up to, but not beyond, the age of 85 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that functional limitation in Americans between the ages of 55 and 84 years is inversely related to social class across the full spectrum of the socioeconomic gradient.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Using Labour Force Survey and census data to generate denominators for occupational injury rates: an application and expansion of Haggar-Guénette's method.

The calculation of rates of occupational injury claims is essential to identify groups at high risk, yet limitations of denominator data have often restricted our capacity to do this. Haggar-Guénette's method of using Statistics Canada's data on paid workers from the Labour Force Survey as denominators has been expanded by incorporating information from the Census. The method is illustrated by calculating denominators for male construction industry workers within the province of Ontario. Information for paid workers employed in construction occupations was derived from the Labour Force Survey to produce denominators for those aged 15-64, overall and by 10-year age groups. Census data on the distribution of construction occupational roles were applied to produce denominators both overall, then simultaneously by age and by occupational role. Advantages and disadvantages, including the limitations or biases due to the differing sources for denominators and numerators are identified.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

The Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study--differential mortality in Israel 1983-1992: objectives, materials, methods and preliminary results.

The main objective of this study was to investigate mortality differentials in the Israeli population, aged 40 years and above, with regard to major demographic and socio-economic characteristics, in the nine-and-a-half years following the census of 1983. The method of data collection consisted of a linkage of records from the 20% sample of the census with the records of deaths occurring until the end of 1992. The linked file contains the socio-economic and demographic data from the census, and dates and causes of death taken from the death records. This paper focuses on a systematic evaluation of the quality of the linked file, and includes a description of the characteristics of the file. Methods of verification are presented and sources of possible errors are discussed. Results of bivariate analyses of mortality differentials in relation to marital status, ethnic origin, level of education, employment, occupation and income are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Results from the 4th National Clients of Treatment Service Agencies census: changes in clients' substance use and other characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: The 2001 Clients of Treatment Service Agencies (COTSA) census, the fourth since 1990, was conducted to enable a comparison of the drug and alcohol-related problems being treated over an 11-year period. METHOD: The 24-hour census was conducted on Wednesday 2 May 2001 in all Australian States and Territories. All agencies providing treatment for drug and alcohol problems in Australia were asked to provide demographic, treatment and substance use information about all clients treated on census day. The data were analysed with frequencies and basic descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the agencies surveyed, 90.3% responded. The census suggests that, among the treatment population, the mean age of substance users has decreased and the proportion of clients who are women has increased. Treatment for opiate, cannabis and amphetamine problems increased; treatment for alcohol problems decreased. Substance use patterns differed according to sex, age, size of the population centre, and Indigenous status. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATONS: Changes among the treatment population reflect changes in demographics and substance use among the broader drug-using community, with the exception of the presentation of alcohol problems for treatment. The reasons for the apparent decline in treatment for alcohol problems are not clear, although a number of factors, such as changes in treatment strategies and facilities and relative increases in other substance use problems, are considered. Any decrease in treatment for a significant health problem such as alcohol use disorder will have considerable public health implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Weighted Census-based deprivation indices: their use in small areas.

BACKGROUND: The concept of deprivation refers to the conditions experienced by people who are poor, whereas the concept of poverty relates to the lack of income and other resources that make these conditions difficult to break away from. The usual Census-based deprivation indices are often based on equally weighted (and highly correlated) variables. This is in spite of the fact that different social groups have been shown in numerous studies to have differing probabilities of suffering from deprivation. A weighted deprivation index based on individual level data and Census data produces a more accurate and more easily understandable method of estimating deprivation within an area, as it reflects the differences between social groups. This paper will describe how a technique used by Gordon (J Epidemiol Commun Hlth 1995; 49(Suppl. 2): S39-S44) can be applied to smaller areas to give estimates of the number of deprived living within them, producing a weighted index. METHODS: Breadline Greenwich data together with Census data were used to estimate the percentage of poor households in Greenwich wards using similar methods to those of Gordon. RESULTS: The results produced were very similar to the numbers estimated using the Breadline Britain weightings but there were differences in individual weightings for some of the variables. CONCLUSION: Gordon's approach can be applied to smaller areas to give estimates of the number of deprived using the nationally derived weightings. More accurate local estimates, subject to the different local conditions, can be easily derived if a similar survey to the Breadline Britain survey is conducted locally.

Censuses↗
PubMed1988

The proband method in psychiatric epidemiology: a bias associated with differences in family size.

Psychiatric epidemiology has traditionally employed both census and proband-based methods to determine the population prevalence of psychiatric disorders. In this article we outline a potential bias in the proband method. With this method, the probability of ascertainment for an individual depends on the number of available relatives. If the average size of families containing one or more affected individuals (RA) differs from the average size of families with no affected individuals (RU), then the ratio of the prevalence estimated by the proband method to the true prevalence is approximately [(RA - 1)/(RU - 1)]. For certain psychiatric disorders associated with decreased family size (e.g. schizophrenia), the underestimation of prevalence by the proband method may be non-trivial.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1991

Household modelling and forecasting--dynamic approaches with use of linked census data.

The author proposes improved methods of household modeling, using dynamic models rather than the headship rate method. "Reasons are discussed why this method has been criticised in recent years.... The advantages of dynamic models are discussed, and a number of alternative dynamic models of household formation and dissolution are presented. The data source used is the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys 1% longitudinal study, which contains linked information on 500,000 people in the 1971 and 1981 England and Wales Censuses of Population."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2003

Empirical modelling of population sampling: lessons for designing sentinel surveillance.

BACKGROUND: In order to consider the practical viability of 1% sentinel area surveillance for health information in resource-poor settings where complete registration is unrealistic, the effects of different sampling procedures on the representativeness of 1% population samples have been investigated. METHODS: Using the 1991 census of England as a basis for modelling, 20 1% samples, each incorporating seven key parameters, were drawn at random from the overall dataset by each of eight different sampling procedures. Each sample was compared with the 'gold standard' of the overall census results, enabling comparisons between the different sampling procedures. RESULTS: Representativeness of the 1% samples varied considerably between parameters and sampling procedures. At one extreme, the proportion of males in the population was distributed such that different sampling methods had little effect. On the other hand, samples of a heterogeneous parameter such as the proportion of non-whites in the population depended greatly on the procedure used. Sampling smaller administrative units tended to be more accurate. However, sampling units using probability proportional to size generally gave less representative samples. Stratifying urban and rural populations in the samples had little effect. Multistage sampling, emulating typical demographic surveillance sites, also generally gave less representative samples. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to achieve representative data by taking 1% of a national population in a sentinel surveillance approach, but sampling design can have an important influence on the outcome. This modelling supports the concept of 1% sentinel surveillance for health information in poorer settings, where complete data are unavailable.

Censuses↗
PubMed2001

Should disability items in the census be used for planning services for elders?

PURPOSE: The main goal of this study was to determine how well the disability questions of both the 1990 and 2000 Census correlated with a standard measure of disability. If the census questions were to correlate moderately well with a standard measure of disability, then Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) and other organizations would be able to use census information in estimating service needs for their catchment (service) area. DESIGN AND METHODS: Questionnaires containing both the census disability questions and a standard measure of disability were mailed to 4,508 older adults; 1,514 completed surveys were returned. In order to assess reliability, 472 of the respondents who completed the mail survey were reinterviewed by phone. All three disability measures were collapsed into the following three categories: no needs, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) needs only, and activities of daily living (ADL) needs. RESULTS: All three disability measures exhibited moderate to good test-retest reliability. Using a standard measure of disability as the criterion, validity for the 1990 Census measure was quite low (Kappas of approximately 0.35). Validity for the 2000 Census measure was moderate to good (Kappas of approximately 0.60). IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that the 2000 Census disability questions may be sufficiently valid for planning purposes. However, additional research with more representative samples of older adults is needed.

Activities of Daily Living↗