Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Calculi”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary calculi: bacteriological and chemical association.

We investigated the bacteriology of urinary calculi in relation to urinary tract infection, stone formation, chemical composition and antibiotic sensitivity. Fifty-two patients (37 males, 15 females) with urolithiasis were studied. Urine, serum and urinary calculi specimens were taken and serum biochemical tests to detect uric acid, calcium and phosphorus were performed. Urine analysis and culture were also performed. Of the 52 patients, 19 (37%) had associated urinary tract infection, with Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis being the most common causative microorganisms. The bacterial isolates from urine and those from calculi differed in their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. We conclude that in over 50% of patients with urolithiasis, urine culture can detect the infecting organisms associated with stone formation and the organisms within urinary calculi.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retroperitoneal pyelolithotomy for management of renal calculi.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the role of retroperitoneoscopic pyelolithotomy in the management of renal calculi. METHODS: Fifty-six cases (male, 27; female, 29) of solitary or multiple renal calculi were evaluated in the study. There were 46 patients with a single calculus, 4 patients with a staghorn calculus, and 6 with a caliceal calculus. Retroperitoneoscopic pyelolithotomy was carried out after creating a retroperitoneal space with the balloon dissection method. Pneumoretroperitoneum was maintained by carbon dioxide insufflation. RESULTS: Stone clearance was achieved in all cases barring 2 cases of caliceal calculi that were converted to the open procedure. The postoperative hospital stay averaged 4 days. Patients were ambulatory within 24 hours and back to work within 7 days on average. Complications encountered were peritoneal rent, subcutaneous emphysema, and superficial wound infection. The postoperative analgesic requirement averaged 100 mg of diclofenac (2 tablets). CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic pyelolithotomy is a safe, simple, and effective minimally invasive procedure and is a feasible option that can be recommended for management of renal calculi.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Description of a new disease, pancreatic lithiasis with radiotransparent calculi].

118 patients presenting with pancreatic lithiasis were consecutively observed in our service. They underwent both an endoscopic pancreatography and good plain films of the abdomen. Calculi were classified in 3 groups: 1) Radiolucent calculi (17 cases, 5 females; 4 hereditary cases) are build up of amorphous residues of lithostathine S. This disease is not related to either alcohol, diet or tobacco. 2) Taget calculi (27 cases, 4 females; 3 hereditary cases) have a radiolucent core as in 1 and a peripheral calcification. They are a late evolutionary stage of radiolucent lithiasis. The frequency of females and of hereditary cases is significantly greater in form 1 + 2 than in form 3. These two forms are a newly described disease without relationship with nutrition, alcohol or tobacco but the peripheral calcification of radiolucent calculi is favoured by alcohol and tobacco. This disease could be hereditary. 3) Calcic lithiasis (74 cases, 8 females, 2 hereditary cases) is the most frequent form of pancreatic lithiasis. Its cause is nutritional.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cystine-containing urinary calculi in dogs: 102 cases (1981-1989).

One hundred and seven cystine-containing urinary calculi from 1 female and 101 male dogs were analyzed. Cystine-containing calculi accounted for 2% (107 of 5,375) of all canine urinary calculi submitted to the urinary stone analysis laboratory from July 1981 through December 1989. Male dogs that formed cystine calculi were compared with 3 other canine populations to determine whether certain breeds were apparently at increased or decreased risk for cystine calculus formation. In one or more of 3 population comparisons, significantly increased risk of cystine calculus formation was found in Mastiffs, Australian Cattle Dogs, English Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Bullmastiffs, Newfoundlands, Dachshunds, Basenjis, Australian Shepherd Dogs, Scottish Deerhounds, Staffordshire Terriers, Miniature Pinschers, pitbull terriers, Welsh Corgis, Silky Terriers, and Bichon Frises. Significantly low risk of cystine calculus formation was found in German Shepherd Dogs, Poodles, Schnauzers, and mixed-breed dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Chemical composition of urinary calculi in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Urolithiasis is a common disorder in Maiduguri and constitutes a significant proportion of surgical diseases in Nigerian Hospitals today. Although, the analysis of the stones is an integral part of the assessment of stone formers, earlier report in Maiduguri did not dwell well on it. We therefore, carry out this study to report on the composition of urinary tract calculi removed during surgery at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and to find out if stone composition in the area changes with time. Fourty-nine urinary tract calculi removed in the surgery unit of the Hospital in 2003 were chemically analyzed in the Department of Chemical Pathology of the same Hospital. We also retrieved results of stones analyzed in 1989 (41) and 1999 (21) and compared the results with the 49 analyzed in 2003. The results showed a male preponderance with male: female ratio 12:1, and the calculi occurred more in the upper part of the tract (70.9%) than the lower part of the tract (29.1%). Calcium containing stones constituted the majority; 76.9%, uric acid/urate was associated with 16.3% of the stones while struvite constitutes 4.3%, xanthine 1.7% and cystine 0.9%. There was subsequent reduction of struvite stones with time. Urinary tract stone is common in Maiduguri. There is need for identification of risk factors of calculi formation in the environment to enable the health care providers plan preventive measures in order to reduce the high incidence in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Modified anatrophic nephrolithotomy: A useful treatment option for complete complex staghorn calculi.

INTRODUCTION: Management of complete staghorn calculi represents a challenging problem for urologists. We describe our technique and clinical experience with modified anatrophic nephrolithotomy in patients harboring large, extensively branched staghorn calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 1996 to February 2005 twenty-six patients with complete staghorn calculi defined as filling the entire collecting system or at least 80% of it, were treated employing a modification of the classical anatrophic nephrolithotomy technique. The mean patient age was 46 (range 16-70) years and the mean stone size was 3150 (range 1375-4800) mm2. Intra-operative data, complications and stone-free rates were recorded. Long-term follow-up was completed in 22 patients with a mean duration of 38 (range 12-96) months. Renal function was evaluated by 99mTc dimercapto succinic acid renal scintigraphy before and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: The mean ischemia time was 36 (range 20-45) minutes, mean operative time was 195 (range 170-235) minutes and the mean blood loss was 475 (range 300-750) ml. Length of hospital stay averaged 8.8 days. One patient developed significant hematuria requiring renal angiography and embolization of a pseudoaneurysm. Overall, 22 patients (85%) were rendered stone-free at discharge while 23 patients (88%) were observed to be stone-free after 3 months. Long-term follow-up demonstrated recurrent stone fragments less than 4 mm in three patients. Isotope studies revealed that renal function remained unchanged in 55%, improved in 32% and became worse in the small number of remaining patients. CONCLUSIONS: Modified anatrophic nephrolithotomy is a valuable treatment option for patients with complete staghorn calculi. Because of its efficacy, safety and simplicity we believe that the use of this surgical procedure is warranted in patients with a large, extensively branched, complex renal stone burden.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Xanthine-containing urinary calculi in dogs given allopurinol.

Clinical features and laboratory findings were evaluated in 10 dogs that formed xanthine-containing urinary calculi during the period that they were given allopurinol (9 to 38 mg/kg of body weight/d). Duration of allopurinol treatment was 5 weeks to 6 years. Of the 10 dogs, 9 (all Dalmatians) had formed uric acid-containing calculi at least once before allopurinol treatment was initiated. It was not possible to recognize xanthine as a crystalline component of the calculi by use of a chemical colorimetric method or by polarized light microscopy. We concluded that the best diagnostic method for recognition of xanthine-containing calculi was high-pressure liquid chromatography because it is quantitative, sensitive, and accurate, and can be conducted on a small amount (1 to 2 mg) of crystalline material.

Allopurinol↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of urinary calculi by infrared spectroscopy.

In the past 4 years, we used infrared spectroscopy to analyze 728 urinary calculi. The most common component of pure urinary calculi was calcium oxalate (whewellite and weddellite) 8.65%, followed by calcium phosphate (carbonate apatite, brushite and amorphous calcium phosphate) 6.87%, uric acid 5.91% and struvite 2.75%. The majority of urinary calculi had mixed components: whewellite/apatite 28.98%, weddellite/apatite 24.31% and whewellite/weddellite/apatite 14.42%. Only 3 cystine stones were found (0.41%). Good correspondence (82.7%) was noted when the results of 110 urinary calculi analyzed by infrared spectroscopy were compared with the results of polarization microscopy. The advantages and disadvantages of infrared spectroscopy are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of the chemical nature of urinary calculi on the results of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].

137 patients were treated by ESWL with a Sonolith 2000 lithotriptor using ultrasonography localization. 132 patients were eligible for review. Calculi were caliceal in 85 cases, pelvic in 51 cases, in the upper ureter in 1 case; 26 stones were treated by the "push and bang" technique with ureteric stent. Fragmentation rate was 83.9% and stone free rate at 3 months was 68.5%. Failure cases were reviewed: non fragmentation (16.1%) and insufficient fragmentation (15.6%): 14 calculi were analysed by infra red spectrophotometry and correlated with radiodensity on pre ESWL plain X-ray. Hardness and friability criteria were described. Calculi with different radiographic appearances respond differently to shock wave fragmentation. Some stone compositions such as calcium oxalate monohydrate pure or mixed with apatite and calcified uric acid are difficult to break by ESWL. These calculi represented almost 30% of the series. Another treatment should be proposed to improve the results of ESWL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Appendiceal calculi and fecaliths as indications for appendectomy.

This study was done to determine the association between appendiceal fecaliths or appendiceal calculi and the presence of acute appendicitis. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients from 1977 through 1986 who underwent appendectomy for a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis (group 1, 2,331 patients) or who underwent appendectomy either incidentally or during colectomy for nonappendiceal pathologic factors (group 2, 1,066 patients). Fecaliths were six times more common than calculi, but calculi were more often associated with perforated appendicitis or periappendiceal abscess (45 per cent) than were fecaliths (19 per cent). Appendiceal fecaliths and calculi appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis and are associated with complicated appendicitis (perforation and abscess). Appendectomy should be considered for patients in whom an appendiceal calculus is recognized incidentally.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Structural analysis of phleboliths and salivary calculi.

Three phleboliths and ten salivary calculi in the submandibular duct were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer aided microanalyser (CMA). The surface of the phleboliths was rather even with some irregularity. According to their surface structure the salivary calculi were divided into three types: the rock-like type, the granular type, and the globular type. The phleboliths were classified into two types according to their cut surface: the calcified-core type, and the uncalcified-core type. The core structure was similar to the surface structure in the calcified-core type of phleboliths, but in the salivary calculi the core structure was different from the surface structure in that the cut surface of the core was an accumulation of circular or polygonal structures forming a honey-comb pattern which was surrounded by small projections distributed radially. On the basis of these results some etiological factors of phleboliths and salivary calculi are discussed.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗
PubMed1989

Urinary calculi in children in Western Australia: 1972-86.

Records of all children presenting with urinary calculi in the period 1972-86 were reviewed in order to detail clinical features, laboratory and radiographic findings and treatment. Of a total of 85 children, 59 were Aboriginal and 26 were Caucasian. The features of urolithiasis differed between these groups. In the Aboriginal patients, calculi consisted mainly of uric acid and urates. Important clinical characteristics of this group included a young age at presentation (median = 2.1 years) and frequent presentation with failure to thrive. Calculi were commonly located in the upper urinary tract and most required surgical removal. Documented sequelae included renal scarring and hypertension. Caucasian children presented at a later age (median = 10.5 years), frequently with abdominal pain, and most calculi were associated with an underlying urological or metabolic abnormality.

Child↗
PubMed1979

[Complications of surgical treatment for submandibular calculi (author's transl)].

It is not unusual for complications to occur after surgical treatment for submandibular calculi, and 4 types were observed during operations on wharton's duct. These were: absence of calculi, breaking of a needle, hematoma of the floor of the mouth, and lost calculi. Later complications were more frequent and included a return of symptoms without residual calculi, false cysts in the floor and affections of the tongue. True recurrence is also possible. Severe postoperative complications such as hematoma of the floor of the mouth may occur after submaxillectomy. Sequelae are much more frequently noted, including neurological lesions (of the lingual and facial nerves or more rarely the XIIth nerve), pseudocysts, or cutaneous fistulae. In a critical analysis of the incidents, even very mild ones, noted in a series of 210 patients, a total of 110 were found, equal to more than half the cases.

Female↗
PubMed1986

[Dissolution of obstructive uric acid calculi by percutaneous nephrostomy and in situ alkalinization].

Following the introduction of one or two percutaneous nephrostomy drains, 16 obstructive uric acid calculi were treated by perfusion of excretory cavities with 14% sodium bicarbonate solution. Twelve calculi had dissolved within an average of 5 days, 1 required percutaneous lithotripsy because of incomplete dissolution and 3 were unaltered. Success of this treatment appears to be dependent on the total radiotransparency of calculi, a feature difficult to demonstrate. There were no reports of major complications. The only weakly invasive nature of alkalinization in situ makes it a method of choice to be reserved for obstructive calculi, and a therapeutic strategy is proposed.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[A case of soft vesical calculi].

A case of soft vesical calculi is reported. A 72-year-old male, visited our clinic complaining of discharge of white muddy substance. KUB film revealed calcification in the vesical region. Urinalysis showed UTI, and culture of urine was positive for Proteus mirabilis. Thereafter, the patient suffered from discharges of similar calculi several times. Two of three infrared spectroscopic charts showed mixture of calcium phosphate and ammonium hydrogen urate and that of the remaining disclosed magnesium ammonium phosphate. An alcian blue-PAS double staining of this calculus revealed the presence of acid and neutral glycosaminoglycans, and bacterial colonies. These calculi were thought to be different from the so called 'matrix calculi'.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Variations in the use of microscopic instruments for the examination of urinary calculi in routine professional practice and in research].

Generalising considerations concerning the problem of the analysis of urinary calculi as well as a longer testing within own examination prove modern microscopic methods and devices to be a scientific and practical instrumentarium for the examination of urinary calculi which has a good future. Expensive special microscopes may above all remained reserved for research examinations on urinary calculi, if simple laboratory microscopes for routine analyses of urinary calculi are supplemented by cheap additional constructing elements.

Germany, East↗
PubMed1985

Cystic calculi in two horses.

The use of real-time ultrasound for examination of the bladder was a useful diagnostic aid in 2 cases of cystic calculi. The ultrasound procedure revealed that a firm mass palpated per rectum in the bladder of one horse was a calculus. In the other horse, ultrasound revealed additional small uroliths. To remove the uroliths in both horses, laparocystidotomy via a ventral paramedian approach was chosen because it provided the best access to the bladder lumen. The calculi were analyzed by qualitative chemical analysis and quantitative crystallography. Results differed between analysis methods. Crystallography revealed that the mineral composition of both calculi was pure calcium carbonate. Chemical analysis erroneously indicated that the calculi contained phosphate, magnesium, and oxalate.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Percutaneous removal of upper urinary tract calculi: experience with ultrasonic lithotripsy.

From October 1983 to March 1985, the authors removed upper urinary tract calculi percutaneously in 102 patients. In 89 patients, stones required disruption with an ultrasonic lithotriptor before removal. Fifty-two patients had a stone in the renal pelvis and 20 had calyceal stones only; 21 had stones at both sites and 9 had a stone in the upper ureter. Complete removal of all stone material was achieved in 67 of 68 patients with a solitary calculus, in 13 of 26 with multiple calculi and in 6 of 8 with ureteric calculi. Complications were minimal; three patients had pulmonary edema postoperatively as a result of excessive absorption of irrigating fluid, and one patient sustained a perforation of the descending colon. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.8 days and patients were able to return to work a few days after their discharge from hospital. Percutaneous stone removal is a safe and effective procedure and is the surgical procedure of choice for the removal of upper urinary tract calculi.

Adult↗