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PubMed1999

In vitro conditions for the study of the in vivo performance of sustained-release theophylline matrix tablets administered in fasted conditions and with a high-fat diet.

Dissolution profiles of theophylline (TP) from three types of sustained-release (SR) matrix tablets (plastic [PL], lipid [LP], and hydrophilic [HP]) in different dissolution media, with and without enzymes, were established. Also investigated was the influence of a treatment of the tablets with peanut oil prior to the dissolution test. The in vivo behavior of the tablets under the fasted state and with the concomitant administration with a high-fat diet was previously evaluated; the diet produced changes in the absorption profiles for the three matrix tablets in comparison with fasted administration. Level A correlations were obtained between cumulative percentage dissolved (CPD) and cumulative percentage absorbed (CPA). For the fasted condition, better correlations were obtained with water as the dissolution medium for the HP and LP matrix; for PL matrix, the best correlation was obtained with a medium with gradual change of pH. The pretreatment with peanut oil showed better correlations for the fed state.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Can condition-specific health surveys be specific to spine disease? An analysis of the effect of comorbidities on baseline condition-specific and general health survey scores.

STUDY DESIGN: This is an observational cross-sectional study of 26,290 patients seen and evaluated in the 25 centers of the National Spine Network. OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between medical and psychosocial comorbidities, and baseline Short-Form 36 Health Status questionnaire (SF-36) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management Systems version with scales reversed so that a score of 100 represents no disability, and a score of 0 represents severe disability) scores in spine patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: It remains unclear whether general health questionnaires or condition-specific surveys are superior for evaluating spine patients (Spine 2000;25:3100-3). Most clinicians would suspect that comorbidities (medical and psychosocial) play a significant role in the presentation, treatment, and outcome of spine patients. Yet, it has been difficult to quantify specifically the association of comorbidities with traditional health status instrument scores for spine patients. METHODS: Initial visit (baseline) health questionnaires were analyzed. Patients were stratified according to the number of self-reported comorbidities. Analysis of variance was performed to assess the difference in mean health status across comorbidity groups. Multiple linear regressions were used to identify the most influential individual comorbidities on baseline functional survey scores. RESULTS: There is an associated decrease in baseline physical component summary (PCS) (from the SF-36) and ODI scores with the addition of each comorbidity. For the range of zero to > or =7 comorbidities, the PCS score decreases from 33.3 to 23.2 (P < 0.001). The average baseline ODI score for patients with zero comorbidities was 62.4, decreasing to 42.0 in the group with > or =7 comorbidities (P < 0.001). The strongest association was seen with the medical comorbidities of smoking, frequent headaches, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis (P < 0.001). However, the association with psychosocial comorbidities(e.g., self-rated health, active compensation case, depression) (P < 0.001) was higher for both health status measures. Health status measures in patients with lumbar problems show that these patients are more impacted by their disease than patients with cervical or thoracic spine problems (P < 0.001), although the correlation with comorbidities is smaller for the lumbar group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Traditional medical comorbidities correlate with both SF-36 (e.g., PCS) general health survey scores as well as disease-specific ODI scores. However, psychosocial comorbidities such as poor self-rated health (SF-1), an active compensation case, and low education level have a higher association than traditional medical comorbidities on these health status measures. The results show that the type of survey (disease-specific e.g., ODI, vs. generic e.g., SF-36) used may be less important than the need to assess and control for psychosocial and medical comorbidities when any patient-reported health survey is used in the spine population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Negatively condition dependent predation cost of a positively condition dependent sexual signalling.

Predation is considered as an important factor constraining the expression of sexual signals. Nevertheless, direct quantitative evidence for predation provoking significant viability costs on individuals signalling at high rates is scarce. Moreover, it is unclear whether high rate signallers are able to balance presumably increased predation costs. We examined whether a condition dependent audible sexual signal, drumming, makes Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata male spiders more prone to predation by pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), and whether sexual signalling rate is related to escaping ability once attacked. When birds were given a choice between two spider males manipulated to drum either one or three bouts per minute using playbacks, naïve birds attacked the males randomly regardless of the drumming rate. However, experienced birds chose significantly more often the males with high signalling rate. When spiders were allowed to escape, males with high sexual signalling rate tended to be better at escaping attacks than males with low sexual signalling rate. This study provides evidence that high signalling rate increases the risk of predation, but simultaneously males with high mobility, which correlates positively with signalling rate seemed to be better at compensating this cost.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Strength and conditioning practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning coaches.

This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning (NHL S&C) coaches. The response rate was 76.6% (23 of 30). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.2 parameters of fitness, with tests of strength and power being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility-development strategies. Results reveal that 21 of 23 (91.3%) of NHL S&C coaches follow a periodization model (PM). Of the coaches who follow a PM, 21 of 21 (100%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts, and 21 of 21 coaches (100%) trained athletes with plyometric exercises. For those who used plyometrics with their athletes, 17 of 21 (80.1%) reported no plyometric-related injuries in the past year. Coaches who report they did not follow a PM also did not use Olympic-style lifts, plyometrics, or speed development strategies, such as assisted, resisted, or interval training, with their athletes. Finally, coaches reported that the squat and their variations, as well at the Olympic-style lifts and its variations, were most frequently used with their athletes. The survey serves as a review, as well as a source of applied information and new ideas.

Hockey↗
PubMed2005

Strength and conditioning practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning coaches.

This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning (NBA S&C) coaches. The response rate was 68.9% (20 of 29). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments from coaches providing additional information. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness, with body composition testing being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility development strategies. Results reveal that 17 of 20 (85.0%) of NBA S&C coaches follow a periodization model. Nineteen of 20 coaches (95.0%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts. All coaches employed plyometric exercises with their athletes. The squat and its variations, as well as the Olympic-style lifts and their variations, were the most frequently used exercises. The survey serves as a review and a source of applied information and new ideas.

Basketball↗
PubMed2001

One-year follow-up of patients with cluster C personality disorders: a prospective study comparing patients with "pure" and comorbid conditions within cluster C, and "pure" C with "pure" cluster A or B conditions.

This one-year, post-treatment prospective study of consecutively admitted patients to a national psychiatric in-patient clinic, compares patients belonging to four subgroups of DSM-III-R personality disorder (PDs): "pure cluster A (N = 21), "pure" B (N = 67), "pure" C (N = 251), and Axis II "comorbid" C (N = 138). Outcome was measured by SCl-90 and occupational status. Axis I disorders were controlled for in all analyses. Contrary to our hypothesis, patients in pure cluster C had no better outcome than either Axis II comorbid cluster C patients or patients with pure cluster A or B. Although pure C patients relapsed in symptom distress after discharge, comorbid C patients did not. C patients with an additional Histrionic PD were less at risk to be a case at follow up (GSI level > 1.00). Cluster C disorders as a whole had negative impact upon outcome in the total sample. These findings suggest the need for better treatment of patients with cluster C conditions.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2004

Genetic relationships between sex-specific traits in beef cattle: mature weight, weight adjusted for body condition score, height and body condition score of cows, and carcass traits of their steer relatives.

Data from the first four cycles of the Germplasm Evaluation Program at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) were used to investigate genetic relationships between mature weight (MW, n = 37,710), mature weight adjusted for body condition score (AMW, n = 37,676), mature height (HT, n = 37,123), and BCS (n = 37,676) from 4- to 8-yr old cows (n = 1,800) and carcass traits (n = 4,027) measured on their crossbred paternal half-sib steers. Covariance components among traits were estimated using REML. Carcass traits were adjusted for age at slaughter. Estimates of heritability for hot carcass weight (HCWT); percentage of retail product; percentage of fat; percentage of bone; longissimus muscle area; fat thickness adjusted visually; estimated kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage; marbling score; Warner-Bratzler shear force; and taste panel tenderness measured on steers were moderate to high (0.26 to 0.65), suggesting that selection for carcass and meat traits could be effective. Estimates of heritability for taste panel flavor and taste panel juiciness were low and negligible (0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Estimates of heritability from cow data over all ages and seasons were high for MW, AMW, and HT (0.52, 0.57, 0.71; respectively) and relatively low for BCS (0.16). Pairwise analyses for each female mature trait with each carcass trait were done with bivariate animal models. Estimates of genetic correlations between cow mature size and carcass composition or meat quality traits, with the exception of HCWT, were relatively low. Selection for cow mature size (weight and/or height) could be effective and would not be expected to result in much, if any, correlated changes in carcass and meat composition traits. However, genetic correlations of cow traits, with the possible exception of BCS, with HCWT may be too large to ignore. Selection for steers with greater HCWT would lead to larger cows.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Genetic relationships between calving interval and body condition score conditional on milk yield.

Body condition score (BCS) is a useful tool in assessing the energy status of dairy cattle. Previous research has shown that it is heritable and genetically correlated to reproductive performance. Currently, interest exists in developing selection indexes for fertility that include BCS information. Before such indexes are developed, it is important to assess the genetic covariance between BCS and fertility after fully accounting for the covariance of both traits with milk yield, as indices to predict selection responses require knowledge of these (co)variances. In the present study, calving interval (CI) was used as a measure of reproductive performance. The genetic correlations between BCS and CI before and after genetically adjusting for milk yield were -0.48 and -0.22, respectively. Thus, cows with low BCS have longer CI, which is exacerbated by high levels of milk production. Using selection index theory, we showed that selecting for milk yield alone will result in an increase of 768 kg of milk, an increase of 4.46 d in CI and a reduction of 0.41 BCS units for every standard deviation change in the index. Restricting BCS to no genetic change, whereas still selecting for milk yield will result in an increase of 653.1 kg of milk per standard deviation of the selection index. However, CI will still continue to increase at a rate of 3.20 d per standard deviation of the selection index. The selection indices used here are not optimum, in that they are not economically driven and do not consider all traits that contribute to profitability. However, they demonstrate that, even though restricting BCS may be seen as an attractive way of limiting reliance of body tissue mobilization to fuel milk production, this is unlikely to result in improvements in CI, although the rate of increase in CI will be reduced.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Musculoskeletal conditions of the upper and lower limbs as an occupational disease: what kind and under what conditions. Consensus document of a national working-group. ISPESL].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In via of the progressive emergence in Italy of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, the EPM Research Unit decided to set up a national working group with the aim of producing a Consensus Document including methods and criteria as an initial attempt towards managing such diseases as true "listed" work-related diseases as is already done in the other European Union countries. The working group includes experts from INAIL, ISPESL, welfare assistance institutions, local prevention and health protection services: The group's research activity was included in ISPESL's funded research plan. CONTENTS: The Consensus Document includes a review of epidemiologic issues reported in the international literature, comments on the application of current legislation, observations on the guilt profiles of employers and occupational physicians, as well as medical-legal issues. The document proposes an analytical list of musculoskeletal disorders of upper (and lower) limbs and the operational criteria for identification of working activities involving a risk from upper limb biomechanical overload. In this case, more than on other occasions, it was realized how difficult it is to adopt consolidated task/risk/damage matrices since the same task may or may not be at risk depending both on the way the task is done and on the technical aspects (lines, work parts, procedures, tools) and organization (rate, rotas, breaks). CONCLUSIONS: For the specific aims of the present document, it is possible to identify, though not exhaustively and with some limitations, a series of jobs and working conditions where the risk may be reasonably presumed and for which it is possible to adopt a list system (at least as regards "significant exposure"). The document also includes a chapter on health surveillance recommendations for the occupational physician.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A system for in-vitro characterization of heart valve bioprostheses under accelerated fatigue conditions and under physiologic conditions.

An accelerated fatigue testing system and a pulse duplicator (heart simulator) were used in a set-up in which pressure differences and pulsatile flow rates across prosthetic heart valves, as well as machine rates, could be measured using a real-time on-line data-acquisition system. With this information available, an immediate in-vitro characterization of the fluid dynamics of prosthetic heart valves could be obtained under both physiologic and accelerated conditions. In addition to the fatigue tester and the pulse duplicator, a signal conditioner, a DC amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter, and a digital microcomputer comprised the essential hardware. For the purpose of this study, special acquisition software was developed. By means of the same computational algorithms, all quantitative fluid dynamics data could be calculated using information from both the pulse duplicator and the fatigue tester, so that direct comparisons and correlations could be approached. Pressure difference-flow rate relationships for the two machines were comparable.

Bioprosthesis↗
PubMed1992

Morphological changes in the tracheal epithelium of guinea pigs in conditions of "marginal" vitamin A deficiency. A light, scanning- and transmission-electron microscopic study under special breeding conditions appropriate to early vitamin A deficiency.

The aim of the study was to find out the influence of marginal vitamin A deficiency on morphological structures in the tracheobronchial epithelium in guinea pigs. The tracheobronchial epithelium of animals with vitamin A deficiency (n = 15) and control animals (n = 7), kept under optimal laboratory conditions, was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The cellular ultrastructure was morphometrically analyzed. The height of the respiratory epithelium was slightly increased. The basal cells were arranged in a loose cell band of three to four layers. The quantity of cytofilaments in their cytoplasm was enhanced. Goblet cells were significantly reduced in vitamin A deficiency. There was also a significant decrease in their secretory granules. The number of ciliated cells was almost unchanged. They showed a significant reduction in mitochondria. The kinocilia often contained an atypical structure of the microtubules. Our findings confirm multiple ultrastructural dysplasias in early vitamin A deficiency which may lead to a disturbance of mucociliary clearance.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of the crystallization conditions of tetracycline base on the properties of the powders and drug forms obtained. The dependence of the degree of dispersion of tetracycline base on the crystallization conditions].

Characteristics of the powder dispersity of tetracycline base samples prepared by directed crystallization with variation of the process conditions were determined by the sedimentation method. It was found that the speed of the solution agitation had the maximum effect on the level and nature of the dispersity. The rate of the solution temperature and pH changing during the crystallization process had also a significant effect at low agitation speed.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1977

Levels of immunoglobulins and lysozyme in 10-year-old children from different regions and the condition of the lymphatic apparatus. I. Condition of tonsils in connection with some immunological parameters and different environment.

The condition of tonsils was investigated and the levels of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and lysozyme were measured in 305 ten-year-old children from three localities of the Central-Bohemian Region. The tonsils were not enlarged in 30.8% of children, in 26.2% they were enlarged, in 35.5% furrowed and in 7.5% of children tonsillectomy had been carried out. Mean levels of IgA were significantly higher in two localities in children with enlarged tonsils, insignificantly lower in children with furrowed tonsils and lowest in tonsilectomized children. The difference in the distribution of IgM levels were significant between girls with enlarged furrowed tonsils. The levels of lysozyme were not correlated with the finding in the tonsils, but a significant difference was found in the groups with enlarged tonsils between the three locailties under observation and in the groups with furrowed tonsils between two localities. The importance of the findings observed is discussed from the point of view of a possible influence of air pollution in two of the three localities under study.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Red cell creatine in term and preterm, adequate and small for gestational age newborns after normal pregnancy or risk conditions. II. Mathematical analysis of 12 risk conditions in relation to the creatine level at birth.

Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were performed on newborns with respect to the level of red cell creatine at birth (cord blood) and 12 risk conditions occurring during the last trimester of gestation and birth. 111 of the 174 newborns studied had been at risk. The factor "small for gestational age" (SGA) showed to have a negative coefficient of discriminant function, i.e. it contributes to lower creatine values at birth. Other risks are shown to raise the creatine level. For "adequate for gestational age" (AGA) newborns "Rh-incompatibility", "toxoplasmosis", "premature and/or prolonged rupture of the membranes", "complications of the umbilical cord" and - to a minor degree - "pyelonephritis of the mother", "threatened premature labour", and "toxemia of pregnancy" were shown to be significant risks leading towards high red cell creatine concentrations in cord blood. For the SGA infants "preterm birth", "threatened premature labour", "green amniotic fluid" and "toxemia of pregnancy" were the most important risks relating to high creatine levels of red cells at birth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative in-vitro fluid dynamics characterization of heart valve bioprostheses under accelerated fatigue conditions and under physiologic conditions.

An accelerated fatigue testing system and a pulse duplicator (heart simulator) were used to evaluate the fluid dynamics characteristics of 12 cardiac bioprostheses. Pressure differences and pulsatile flow rates across the valves, as well as machine rates, were measured using a real-time on-line data-acquisition system. All other valve hydrodynamic parameters were internally calculated. For the same pressure difference, the pulsatile flow rate was higher at higher pulse rates. Regurgitation fraction values were higher for valves tested at higher speeds. Closing volumes, however, remained fairly constant. Mean transvalvular pressure difference (delta p) and root mean square pulsatile flow rate (QRMS) under accelerated testing conditions were related according to the particular case of a parabolic regression through the origin of the form (type 1), delta p = Co Q2RMS. Prosthetic valves tested in the fatigue tester presented in general a more effective area for flow than did valves tested in the pulse duplicator. Calculated discharge coefficients and performance indexes were accordingly higher. In both testing devices pericardial valves had higher effective orifice areas, discharge coefficients, and performance indexes than did porcine xenografts, and large valves performed more efficiently than small valves. Differences among regression coefficients for the same valves tested in both machines appeared to be significant in 100% of the cases. There were differences in the degrees of stenosis among valves tested in the pulse duplicator and in the fatigue tester. Understanding of fluid dynamics data obtained for undamaged valves at accelerated speeds and their relation to data obtained at physiologic speeds permitted the detection and quantification of rupture and malfunctioning of these valves without removing them from the fatigue tester.

Bioprosthesis↗
PubMed1995

The Little Mermaid: an icon of woman's condition in patriarchy, and the human condition of castration.

Hans Christian Andersen's story 'The Little Mermaid' is read as a creation myth and a metaphor for woman's condition in patriarchy, broadly conceptualised within a Lacanian framework. In the first part, the psychoanalytic concept of castration (broadly conceptualised as containing any existential severance which forms the basis for sexual difference and subjectivity) is utilised to argue that the myth is about a construction of (mostly female) subjectivity through a series of separations or splits: (1) birth, (2) growing up, (3) desire and (4) death. Birth and death are read as representing real separations. Growing up is read as structured around a symbolic castration of tongue and voice, while desire is read as structured around lack. In the second part the ideological implications of Disney's adaptation of the original for its symbolic status are explored. It is argued that by simplifying and externalising internal complex conflicts in the Andersen story, Disney's version reduces the myth to a fairy tale, and reproduces the ideology of romantic love.

Fantasy↗
PubMed1996

[Consequences of exposure to extreme conditions in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster under conditions of disturbed synthesis of heat shock proteins].

Restoration of cell proliferation and repair of chromosome damage (chromatin agglutination, pulverization, or aggregation) in conditions of disturbed synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) was studied in nerve ganglia of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Two approaches were used to suppress the heat shock response: (1) anaerobic heating of wild-type Canton S larvae at 37 degrees C for 13 min, which temporarily blocked HSP gene expression at the transcriptional level [1], and (2) aerobic heating of mutant l(1)ts403 larvae at 37 degrees C for 30 min, which disturbed HSP gene expression at the posttranscriptional level [2]. The duration of heat treatment was selected according to the period of regression of heat shock puffs [3]. In both experimental systems, the period of HSP synthesis and the delay in resuming cell proliferation and recovering from mitotic chromosome stickiness increased similarly, compared to corresponding positive control. This suggests the involvement of HSPs in repairing chromatin protein damage leading to chromosome stickiness and in resuming cell proliferation. An increase in the number of cells with morphologically abnormal (pulverized or aggregated) chromatin was observed only after heat treatment for 30 min (rather than for 13 min). However, the patterns of changes in the number of such cells in Canton S and l(1)ts403 larvae recovering from 30-min heat treatment differed from one another. Different mechanisms responsible for induction of chromosome abnormalities (premature condensation of interphase chromosomes or disturbed condensation of mitotic chromosomes) and different roles of HSP in these processes are discussed.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1998

Brief electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus conditions long-lasting salvage from focal cerebral ischemia: conditioned central neurogenic neuroprotection

The cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) was electrically stimulated for 1 h in anesthetized rats and the middle cerebral artery occluded at various times thereafter. Stimulation of the FN but not dentate nucleus reduced the volume of the focal infarction to 50%. Protection persisted for 10 but disappeared by 30 d. Intrinsic neuronal pathways which function to condition central neurogenic neuroprotection can protect the brain from ischemic injury by processes independent of cerebral blood flow.

Journal Article↗