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PubMed1998

Alterations in K+ evoked profiles of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator amino acids after focal ischemia-reperfusion.

Secondary elevations in extracellular amino acids occur during reperfusion after transient cerebral ischemia. The delayed accumulation of excitatory amino acids may contribute to the progressive development of neuronal injury. In this study, we explored the mechanisms that may be involved in this phenomenon. Microdialysis samples from probes located in rabbit cortex were analysed with a chiral amino acid procedure. Concentrations of neurotransmitters (L-Glu, GABA), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators (D-Ser, Gly), an inhibitory neuromodulator (Tau), the lipid component phosphoethanolamine, and L-Gln, L-Ser and L-Ala were measured. Depolarization via perfusion with potassium was used to assess the status of release/reuptake systems at 2 and 4 h reperfusion after 2 h transient focal ischemia. Background experiments classified potassium evoked responses as calcium dependent or calcium-independent by inclusion of 30 microM omega-conopeptide MVIIC or by inclusion of 20 mM magnesium and ommision of calcium. During ischemia, large elevations of almost all amino acids occurred. During reperfusion, secondary elevations in transmitter amino acids (L-Glu, GABA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators (D-Ser, Gly) occurred. Tau remained slightly elevated whereas the lipid component phosphoethanolamine remained high and stable during reperfusion. Reperfusion significantly potentiated the potassium response for amino acids with calcium-dependent responses (L-Glu and GABA). In contrast, calcium-independent responses (Tau, phosphoethanolamine, L-Gln) were significantly attenuated. Intermediate behavior was observed with Gly, while no potassium responses were observed for D-Ser, L-Ser or L-Ala. These data demonstrate that perturbations in evoked amino acid profiles after ischemia-reperfusion are selective. Reduction of calcium-independent responses implicate a general decline in efficacy of transporter mechanisms that restore transmembrane gradients of ions and transmitters. Decreased efficacy of transporter systems may reduce transmitter reuptake and account for the amplified release of L-Glu and GABA, thus contributing to progressive neural dysfunction after cerebral ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The applied importance of research on the matching law.

In this essay, we evaluate the applied implications of two articles related to the matching law and published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, May 1994. Building on Mace's (1994) criteria for increasing the applied relevance of basic research, we evaluate the applied implications of basic research studies. Research by Elsmore and McBride (1994) and Savastano and Fantino (1994) involve an extension of the behavioral model of choice. Elsmore and McBride used rats as subjects, but arranged a multioperant environment that resembles some of the complex contingencies of human behavior. Savastino and Fantino used human subjects and extended the matching law to ratio and interval contingencies. These experiments contribute to a growing body of knowledge on the matching law and its relevance for human behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

GBP, an inhibitor of GSK-3, is implicated in Xenopus development and oncogenesis.

Dorsal accumulation of beta-catenin in early Xenopus embryos is required for body axis formation. Recent evidence indicates that beta-catenin is dorsally stabilized by the localized inhibition of the kinase Xgsk-3, utilizing a novel Wnt ligand-independent mechanism. Using a two-hybrid screen, we identified GBP, a maternal Xgsk-3-binding protein that is homologous to a T cell protooncogene in three well-conserved domains. GBP inhibits in vivo phosphorylation by Xgsk-3, and ectopic GBP expression induces an axis by stabilizing beta-catenin within Xenopus embryos. Importantly, antisense oligonucleotide depletion of the maternal GBP mRNA demonstrates that GBP is required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in Xenopus embryos. Our results define a family of GSK-3-binding proteins with roles in development and cell proliferation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Achieving substantial changes in eating behavior among women previously treated for breast cancer--an overview of the intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the intervention in a clinical trial examining the effect of a plant-based diet on breast cancer recurrence. To report baseline to 12-month dietary change and investigate whether cooking-class attendance influenced adherence to the study's dietary targets. DESIGN: A descriptive analysis of baseline and 12-month dietary intake data and other variables from a subcohort of participants in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Seven hundred thirty-nine women (primarily non-Hispanic white and well educated) who had been treated for early stage breast cancer. All were intervention group participants and had adhered to the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study counseling and dietary assessment protocols. Mean age at study entry was 54 years, and mean body mass index was 26.7. INTERVENTION: Telephone counseling, complemented by an orientation meeting, cooking classes, and newsletters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The change in intake of vegetables, vegetable juice, fruit, fiber, and fat between baseline and 12 months is reported, and the association between cooking classes attended and overall dietary adherence is examined. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Mean intake for vegetables, vegetable juice, fruit, fiber, and fat were calculated. Percentage of women meeting select Healthy People 2010 objectives were tabulated. RESULTS: Total daily vegetable, vegetable juice, fruit, and fiber intake increased significantly (P <.01), while fat decreased significantly (P <.01). The percentage of women meeting the Healthy People 2010 fruit and vegetable objectives increased substantially. Overall dietary adherence was associated with increased cooking-class attendance (P for trend <.01). CONCLUSIONS: A multimodal approach to dietary modification, based largely on individualized telephone counseling, can substantially change the overall dietary pattern of women previously treated for breast cancer.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2000

Interaction among GSK-3, GBP, axin, and APC in Xenopus axis specification.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a constitutively active kinase that negatively regulates its substrates, one of which is beta-catenin, a downstream effector of the Wnt signaling pathway that is required for dorsal-ventral axis specification in the Xenopus embryo. GSK-3 activity is regulated through the opposing activities of multiple proteins. Axin, GSK-3, and beta-catenin form a complex that promotes the GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of beta-catenin. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) joins the complex and downregulates beta-catenin in mammalian cells, but its role in Xenopus is less clear. In contrast, GBP, which is required for axis formation in Xenopus, binds and inhibits GSK-3. We show here that GSK-3 binding protein (GBP) inhibits GSK-3, in part, by preventing Axin from binding GSK-3. Similarly, we present evidence that a dominant-negative GSK-3 mutant, which causes the same effects as GBP, keeps endogenous GSK-3 from binding to Axin. We show that GBP also functions by preventing the GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation of a protein substrate without eliminating its catalytic activity. Finally, we show that the previously demonstrated axis-inducing property of overexpressed APC is attributable to its ability to stabilize cytoplasmic beta-catenin levels, demonstrating that APC is impinging upon the canonical Wnt pathway in this model system. These results contribute to our growing understanding of how GSK-3 regulation in the early embryo leads to regional differences in beta-catenin levels and establishment of the dorsal axis.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein↗
PubMed1988

The corrosion fatigue properties of surgical implants in a living body.

Fatigue fracture of artificial implants in the human body, caused by the repeated application of stress, is well documented. It is known that the fatigue strength of implant materials decreases when they are exposed under in vivo corrosion conditions. There are, however, no investigations concerning the effect of body fluids on the fatigue characteristics of commonly used biomaterials. Accordingly, fatigue tests on machined stainless-steel AISI 316, and COP alloy rods have been conducted in the right lower leg of rabbit. These specimens were pierced through the hole drilled at the middle of the tibial bone. A cyclic tensile stress of frequency 5 or 10 Hz was applied to the rods. From the results, it was found that the fatigue strength at 5 x 10(6) cycles for AISI 316 under the in vivo environment was 680 MPa compared to 830 MPa in air and similarly for COP alloy, was 680 MPa in the living body compared to 800 MPa in air. These remarkable changes in fatigue strength associated with the in vivo environments are considered to be due to the corrosive action of body fluids on the biomaterials.

Alloys↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional fitness: maintaining or improving function for elders with chronic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: This study's objective was to prove or disprove four hypotheses, three addressing physical function and a subjective measure of self-perceived well-being from participating in an elder functional fitness program. METHODS: Participants included 17 chronically ill residents from an assisted-living center in Maine. Measures on mobility, metabolic equivalent estimation (MET) levels, resting heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, muscular strength, flexibility, and body weight were conducted at three intervals-baseline, 6 months, and 1 year. SAS software was used for analysis of means and paired t test. RESULTS: Increases in or maintenance of function proved significant. The subjective hypothesis also proved significant. DISCUSSION: Research on elder exercise focuses on one or two components, rather than the benefits of a thorough fitness program. This study illustrated improvements in physical function and well-being from participating in a comprehensive elder fitness program.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Time course of the GH/IGF axis response to fasting and increased ration in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Body growth in vertebrates is chiefly regulated by the GH/IGF axis. Pituitary growth hormone (GH) stimulates liver insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production. During fasting, plasma IGF-I levels decline due to the development of liver GH resistance, while GH levels generally increase. In mammals, decreased insulin during fasting is thought to cause liver GH resistance. However, the sequence of events in the GH/IGF axis response to fasting is not well characterized, especially in non-mammalian vertebrates. We assessed the time course of the GH/IGF axis response to fasting and increased ration in chinook salmon. Fish were placed on Fasting, Increased, or Control rations, and sampled daily for 4 days and at more widely spaced intervals through 29 days. Plasma IGF-I, GH, insulin, and 41 kDa IGF binding protein (putative salmon IGFBP-3), and liver IGF-I gene expression were measured. Control and Increased ration fish did not differ strongly. Plasma IGF-I and 41 kDa IGFBP were significantly lower in Fasted versus Control fish from day 4 onward, and liver IGF-I gene expression was significantly lower from day 6 onward. Liver IGF-I gene expression and plasma IGF-I levels were correlated. Plasma insulin was lower in Fasted fish from day 6 onward. There was a trend toward increased GH in Fasted fish on days 1-2, and GH was significantly increased Fasted fish from day 3 onward. Fasted GH first increased (days 1-3) to a plateau of 10-20 ng/ml (days 4-12) and then increased dramatically (days 15-29), suggesting that the GH response to fasting had three phases. The early increase in GH, followed by the decrease in plasma IGF-I after 4 days, suggests that GH resistance developed within 4 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Work stress of women in sewing machine operation.

The study examined the work stresses of 107 women who were engaged in sewing machine operation in small garment manufacturing units. Of the three types of sewing machines (motor-operated, full and half shuttle foot-operated), 74% of the machines were foot-operated, where throttle action of the lower limb is required to move the shuttle of the machine. The motor-operated machines were faster than the foot-operated machines. The short cycle sewing work involves repetitive action of hand and feet. The women had to maintain a constant seated position on a stool without backrest and the body inclined forward. Long-term sewing work had a cumulative load on the musculo-skeletal structures, including the vertebral column and reflected in the form of high prevalence of discomfort and pain in different body parts. About 68% of the women complained of back pain, among whom 35% reported a persistent low back pain. Common sewing work accident is piercing of the needle through the fingers, particularly the right forefingers. Unsatisfactory man-machine incompatibility, work posture and fatigue, improper coordination of eye, leg and hand are the major problems of the operators. The design mis-match of the work place may be significantly improved by taking women's anthropometric dimensions in modifying the workplace, i.e. the seat surface, seat height, work height, backrest, etc.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A rock in a hard place. A brief case report.

Radiographs are often of assistance in locating foreign bodies, particularly bullets, at autopsy. It must be remembered, however, that all bullet-shaped radioopacities that appear to be within the skull are not necessarily projectiles. Described is a radiographic conundrum caused by a piece of gravel that pierced the scalp when the victim of a gunshot wound to the head fell to the ground. The stone, although bullet shaped, differed in radiodensity to metal and could have been recognized for what it was prior to much consternation on the part of the prosecutors. This case serves as a reminder of two pitfalls in the interpretation of gunshot wounds to the head. First, the radiodensity of a foreign body must be considered as important as its shape. Second, a foreign body outside of the convex surface of the skull may appear intracranial on both anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Last, the prosecutor is encouraged to remain open minded and not to simply "see what he/she wants to see."

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Age-stratified QTL genome scan analyses for anthropometric measures.

With the availability of longitudinal data, age-specific (stratified) or age-adjusted genetic analyses have the potential to localize different putative trait influencing loci. If age does not influence the locus-specific penetrance function within the range examined, age-stratified analyses will tend to yield comparable results for an individual trait. However, age-stratified results should vary across age strata when the locus-specific penetrance function is age dependent. In this paper, age-stratified and age-adjusted quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage analyses were contrasted for height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and systolic blood pressure on a subset of the Framingham Heart Study. The strata comprised individuals with data present in each of three age groups: 31-49, 50-60, 61-79. Genome-wide QTL analyses were performed using SOLAR. Over all ages, a linkage signal for height was detected on chromosome 14q11.2 near marker GATA74E02A (LOD for ages 31-49 = 2.38, LOD for ages 50-60 = 1.84, LOD for ages 61-79 = 2.45). Evidence of linkage to BMI in the 31-49 age group was found on chromosome 3q22 (GATA3C02, LOD = 2.89, p = 0.0003) at the same location as the signal for weight (LOD = 3.10, p = 0.0002). Linkage was also supported on chromosome 1p22.1 for BMI (LOD = 2.21, p = 0.0014) and weight (LOD = 2.47, p = 0.0007) in the 31-49 age group. Our age-stratified results suggest that QTL that are expressed over long periods of time and affecting multiple, correlated traits may be identified using genome scan and variance-component methodology to help detect early and/or late gene expression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Previtellogenic oocyte growth in salmon: relationships among body growth, plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, estradiol-17beta, follicle-stimulating hormone and expression of ovarian genes for insulin-like growth factors, steroidogenic-acute regulatory protein and receptors for gonadotropins, growth hormone, and somatolactin.

Body growth during critical periods is known to be an important factor in determining the age of maturity and fecundity in fish. However, the endocrine mechanisms controlling oogenesis in fish and the effects of growth on this process are poorly understood. In this study interactions between the growth and reproductive systems were examined by monitoring changes in various components of the FSH-ovary axis, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), and ovarian gene expression in relation to body and previtellogenic oocyte growth in coho salmon. Samples were collected from females during two hypothesized critical periods when growth influences maturation in this species. Body growth during the fall-spring months was strongly related to the degree of oocyte development, with larger fish possessing more advanced oocytes than smaller, slower growing fish. The accumulation of cortical alveoli in the oocytes was associated with increases in plasma and pituitary FSH, plasma estradiol-17beta, and ovarian steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) gene expression, whereas ovarian transcripts for growth hormone receptor and somatolactin receptor decreased. As oocytes accumulated lipid droplets, a general increase occurred in plasma Igf1 and components of the FSH-ovary axis, including plasma FSH, estradiol-17beta, and ovarian mRNAs for gonadotropin receptors, star, igf1, and igf2. A consistent positive relationship between plasma Igf1, estradiol-17beta, and pituitary FSH during growth in the spring suggests that these factors are important links in the mechanism by which body growth influences the rate of oocyte development.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting performance.

PURPOSE: The primary objective was to assess the relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting ability using established scaling methods. The secondary objective was to compare men and women weightlifters on strength and weightlifting ability. METHODS: Two correlational observations were carried out using Pearson's r. In the first observation (N = 65) the relationship of dynamic maximum strength (one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat) was compared with weightlifting ability; in the second observation (N = 16), isometric maximum strength (midthigh pull) was studied. Scaling methods for equating maximum strength and weightlifting results were used (load x (Ht), load x kg, load x lbm(-1), allometric, and Sinclair formula) to assess the association between measures of maximum strength and weightlifting performance. RESULTS: Using scaled values; correlations between maximum strength and weightlifting results were generally strong in both observations (e.g., using allometric scaling for the 1RM squat vs the 1RM snatch: r = 0.84, N = 65). Men were stronger than women (e.g., 1RM squat, N = 65: men = 188.1 +/- 48.6 kg; women = 126.7 +/- 28.3 kg); differences generally held when scaling was applied (e.g., 1RM squat scaled with the Sinclair formula: men = 224.7 +/- 36.5 kg; women = 144.2 +/- 25.4 kg). CONCLUSIONS: When collectively considering scaling methods, maximum strength is strongly related to weightlifting performance independent of body mass and height differences. Furthermore, men are stronger than women even when body mass and height are obviated by scaling methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Differential neuronal loss following early postnatal alcohol exposure.

Neonatal rats were exposed to 6.6 g/kg of alcohol each day between postnatal days 4 and 10 while artificial-rearing procedures were used, in a manner which produced high peak and low trough blood alcohol concentrations each day. Gastrostomy controls were reared artificially with maltose/dextrin isocalorically substituted for alcohol in the milk formula, and suckle controls were reared normally by dams. The pups were sacrificed on day 10 and tissue sections (2 microns thick) were obtained in the sagittal plane through the cerebellum and in the horizontal plane through the hippocampal formation. Overall area measures were obtained for the hippocampus proper, area dentata, and cerebellum, along with areas of the cell layers of these regions. In the hippocampal formation, cell counts were made of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus proper, the multiple cell types of the hilus, and the granule cells of the area dentata. In the cerebellum, cell counts of Purkinje cells, granule cells of the granular layer, granule cells of the external granular layer, and mitotic cells of the external granular layer were obtained from lobules I, V, VII, VIII, and IX. Alcohol selectively reduced areas and neuronal numbers in the cerebellum but had no significant effects on neuronal numbers in the hippocampal formation. Purkinje cells exhibited the greatest percent reductions, and cerebellar granule cells were significantly reduced in the granular layer but not in the external granular layer. All lobules showed these effects, but lobule I was significantly more affected than the other four lobules that were analyzed. The results demonstrate the differential vulnerability of selected neuronal populations to the developmental toxicity of alcohol exposure during the brain growth spurt.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims.

BACKGROUND: Submersion victims are frequently considered at high risk for cervical spine (C-spine) injury regardless of whether they sustain a traumatic injury. We hypothesized that C-spine injury is unlikely in submersion victims who do not sustain high-impact injuries. METHODS: The study was a cohort study of all people who submerged between January 1974 and July 1996 and received medical care or were seen by the medical examiner in King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties in Washington State. RESULTS: Eleven (0.5%) of 2,244 submersion victims had C-spine injuries. All 11 had submerged in open bodies of water; had clinical signs of serious injury; and had a history of diving, motorized vehicle crash, or fall from height. No C-spine injuries occurred in 880 low-impact submersions. CONCLUSION: Submersion victims are at risk for C-spine injury only if they have also sustained a traumatic injury. Routine C-spine immobilization does not appear to be warranted solely on the basis of a history of submersion.

Adolescent↗