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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Regulation of the pattern of basal bodies within the oral apparatus of Tetrahymena thermophila.

The number and arrangement of basal bodies included in the four compound ciliary organelles making up the mature oral apparatus of Tetrahymena thermophila ordinarily vary only slightly. Severe starvation brings about formation of oral structures with a reduced number of basal bodies within these organelles, and sometimes with a complete loss of one of the component organelles. Such reductions are stringently specified in spatial terms, but they do not represent simple and proportional shrinkage of the organelle complex. Instead, certain spatial features remain essentially unaltered, while others undergo major quantitative reductions, resulting in large changes in the internal proportions of the structures. This selective regulation can be explained in terms of the different parallel and sequential processes taking place during the development of this organelle complex. There is also no strict proportionality between the size of the oral apparatus and that of the cell; instead, oral apparatuses become relatively larger as cells become smaller. This is due in part to the inherent temporal discontinuity of oral development, but there is probably also a real change in the oral/body size relation at the time of oral development. The 'French flag' rule fails when applied to the relative sizes and internal proportions of organelle systems in this and in other ciliates.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Menstrual patterns, pain symptoms, body mass index and smoking habits in women with endometriosis.

Epidemiologic studies have investigated the risk factors for endometriosis, but currently the results are still controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of some of the risk factors that have been involved with endometriosis to better understand the natural history and evolution of this disease. The medical records of 186 women with laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis were studied. We analysed the characteristics of the menstrual cycle, the presence of pain symptoms and the familiarity for endometriosis. Moreover, the body mass index of all patients and the average cigarettes smoked per day were calculated. Despite the fact that some of the data collected resulted to be statistically significant when compared among the four stages of endometriosis, the roles of the many factors that have been associated with the risk or the evolution of pelvic endometriosis still remain unknown.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Patterns in the body's immune response to administration of El Tor vibrio cholera toxin to experimental animals].

A study was made of some regularities attending the mechanisms of antibody production in the organism of experimental animals after the administration of El Tor cholera vibrio toxin. As revealed, the indices of the immune response depended on the chosen model, the method of its determination, the method of administration and the amount of the toxin administered. Dynamics of the primary and secondary responses of the immunocompetent cells of mouse spleen was determined. With the action of the El Tor toxin on the lymphoid tissue of mice there were expressed the general biological regularities of the response -- the optimal amount of the antigen-antibody complexes caused activation of the antibody-producing cells; high doses depressed the most reactive immunocompetent Y-cells. Apparently, there existed a genetic determinination of the immune response of the organism to a definite antigen -- the toxin of the El Tor cholera vibrio. It is supposed that it is necessary to choose groups which mostly require cholera vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Afferent feedback in the triphasic EMG pattern of leg muscles associated with rapid body sway.

Electromyographic (EMG) patterns of leg muscles associated with rapid body sway were studied in relation to displacement of the center of foot pressure (CFP). Standing subjects were instructed to shift the CFP by swaying their bodies, pivoting at the ankle as rapidly and accurately as possible after an auditory signal. CFP position was designated as N when the subject maintained a relaxed bending posture and as F when a maximally forward-leaning posture was maintained. A serial, stereotyped triphasic EMG pattern was observed in the rapid shift of CFP from N to F: cessation of EMG activity in the gastrocnemius (GC) muscle was followed by a burst in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (acceleration phase), and then resumed discharge occurred in the GC muscle with cessation of activity in the TA muscle (deceleration and stop). When the subject shifted the CFP from N to F to different degrees, the duration and amount of EMG activity in the TA muscle during acceleration and the GC muscle in deceleration were proportionate to the amount of CFP displacement associated with forward body sway. To determine the functional roles of sensory inputs from the foot on the triphasic EMG pattern, body sway was studied under the condition of sensory block in the feet induced by ischemia from tourniquets placed bilaterally just above the ankle joints. The triphasic EMG pattern persisted during ischemia. The time of GC cessation and the onset of TA burst at acceleration remained unchanged, but the times of TA cessation and resumption of GC discharge at deceleration were altered during ischemia. Moreover, subjects were unable to stop at F and eventually fell. These results indicate that both amount and duration of EMG activity associated with rapid body sway are functions of the amount of CFP displacement. Somatic sensation from the feet is important for control of burst and cessation timing and duration in leg muscle activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[The influence of changes in vocal cords' cover-body on their vibratory pattern].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the influence of changes in vocal cords' cover-body on their vibratory pattern. METHODS: Fifty adult patients with vocal polyps were observed by telescopic videolaryngostroboscopy and detected by electroglottography (EGG). We examined the vocal cords' vibratory pattern according to laryngostroboscopic image and discussed the change of vocal cords' vibratory parameters and EGG curves. RESULTS: The vocal cords' vibratory parameters and EGG curves changed with different vocal polyps. All vocal polyps affect the regularity(REG), amplitude (AMP), glottal closure(GLO) and mucosal wave(MUC) of laryngostroboscopic image; the symmetry(SYM), REG and GLO bore linear correlation to the notches in EGG curves, the REG and MUC bore linear correlation to the steep changes; micro-polyps with pedicles reduced the vibratory parameters CQ and F0, the main abnormalities were notches in EGG curves; the changes in macro-polyps with pedicles were the same as the micropolyps except increased CQ. All vocal polyps with wide bases either single or bilateral, had increased CQ and F0, the main abnormalities were steep in contact opening phase and flat in wave peak. CONCLUSIONS: Studies with laryngostroboscopy and EGG revealed how the vocal polyps affected vocal cords' cover-body, changed the vibratory pattern of vocal cords, and factors regulating vocal cords' vibratory pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

An analysis of body weights and maturing patterns in western range ewes.

The objectives were to determine the association of maturing patterns with growth rates and body weights and to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among these characters of sheep. Records of 1,109 range ewes from the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Red Bluff Research Ranch at Norris were analyzed. Body weight and degree of maturity of body weight at birth, weaning, 12 mo of age, 18 mo of age and maturity (body weight only), and absolute growth rate (AGR), absolute maturing rate (AMR) and relative growth rate (RGR) over various age intervals were examined. Mature weight, required to calculate degree of maturity and AMR, was estimated by the average of the fall weights taken at 42, 54, 66 and 78 mo of age. Heritability estimates were .53 +/- .12 for mature weight and from .26 to .46 for immature weights. Genetic correlations among body weights at all ages were positive and generally large between immature weights and mature weights. Heritability estimates for degree of maturity ranged from .63 +/- .12 at 12 mo of age to .19 +/- .11 at 30 mo of age, at which time maturity was being approached. Genetic correlations between degree of maturity and body weight at the same age were positive; however, degree of maturity at all ages was negatively correlated with mature weight. Animals more mature at any age or stage during growth tended to be more mature at later stages, to be lighter at maturity, and to grow faster and weigh more up to 12 mo of age. Heritability estimates for AGR, RGR and AMR were moderate to high and were similar for the same age intervals. Selection for any one of the measures of growth rate would tend to expand the shape of the growth curve toward heavier weights and lower degree of maturity for any interval.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ultrasonographic patterns of iatrogenic foreign bodies in the in vitro study.

The purpose of the study was application of ultrasonography for description of imaging patterns of iatrogenic foreign bodies in an in vitro model. Examples of radiolucent and poorly radiopaque foreign bodies were embedded in containers filled with gelatine The ultrasound scanning was performed by means of ATL HDI 3500 machine with a high-frequency broadband linear transducer. There was determined the possibility of detection of various types of foreign bodies. All types of used materials were well visible and hyperechoic in ultrasound image. Variations in ultrasonographic image patterns of foreign bodies studied in vitro allowed differentiation of various types of the examined materials. In conclusion, ultrasonography may become a useful, widely available and cost-effective tool in detection and localisation of foreign bodies of iatrogenic origin that otherwise remain undetected.

Foreign Bodies↗
PubMed1982

Physical growth of St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: body size, proportion, and composition.

Growth patterns of body size, proportion, and composition were analyzed in 57 male and 56 female Eskimos from St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, ranging in age from 1.23 through 19.82 years. Age-groups means for whites and blacks of the U.S. Health Examination Survey served as reference data. Relative to HES data, the Eskimo sample were shorter with lower values for leg length, while there were no differences from the reference values for sitting height. The Eskimos also had higher values of Quetelet's Index, the sitting height/height ratio, and the upper arm muscle circumference, while there were no differences in body weight or triceps skinfold thickness. Differences from the reference data were more pronounced in males than in females. The growth patterns for size and body proportion are in conformity with known relationships between morphology and climate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Insular carnivore biogeography: island area and mammalian optimal body size.

Patterns of size variation in insular mammals have been used to support the claim that mammals have a single optimal body size. This hypothesis enjoys wide support, despite having been questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds. It is claimed that species of optimal size maintain the highest population densities. Therefore these species are thought to inhabit the smallest islands, where larger and smaller species are generally absent. We sought such a pattern by testing how area affects the body sizes of the largest and smallest carnivore species on islands. Using data on carnivores from 322 islands, we found that the sizes of carnivores on small islands tend to be close to the order's mode. Furthermore, we found that the size distribution of carnivore species that inhabit islands resembles that of those whose range is entirely continental. We conclude that insular carnivores provide no support for theories proposing a single optimal size, and we suspect such theories are also flawed on theoretical grounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Polaris, a protein involved in left-right axis patterning, localizes to basal bodies and cilia.

Mutations in Tg737 cause a wide spectrum of phenotypes, including random left-right axis specification, polycystic kidney disease, liver and pancreatic defects, hydrocephalus, and skeletal patterning abnormalities. To further assess the biological function of Tg737 and its role in the mutant pathology, we identified the cell population expressing Tg737 and determined the subcellular localization of its protein product called Polaris. Tg737 expression is associated with cells possessing either motile or immotile cilia and sperm. Similarly, Polaris concentrated just below the apical membrane in the region of the basal bodies and within the cilia or flagellar axoneme. The data suggest that Polaris functions in a ciliogenic pathway or in cilia maintenance, a role supported by the loss of cilia on the ependymal cell layer in ventricles of Tg737(orpk) brains and by the lack of node cilia in Tg737(Delta2-3betaGal) mutants.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Generalised obesity and regional adiposity in adult white and migrant Muslim males from Pakistan in Peterborough.

A comparative study was made of generalised obesity (body mass index; BMI) and the regional distribution of adiposity (measured as circumferences and circumference ratios) in adult White and migrant Muslim males from Pakistan in Peterborough. No significant difference in the prevalence of obesity as measured by the BMI was observed between Whites and Pakistani migrants. Although the mean BMI values were similar in both groups, they had distinctly different body fat patterning. Whites had significantly more upper body, central body and lower body adiposity compared with Pakistani migrants. They also had significantly more total fat as well as upper body:lower body, upper body:central body, and upper body: total fat indices. Within the central body, Whites had significantly more adiposity in the waist region relative to abdomen region (Waist:Abdomen ratio). However, Pakistani migrants had significantly more abdominal adiposity relative to total adiposity (Abdomen:Sum of All Circumferences ratio) than Whites. These preliminary results clearly indicate that there is a tendency for accumulation of adiposity in the abdominal region in Asian men of Pakistani origin compared with White men irrespective of the level of generalised adiposity. The health implications of body fat patterning on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) are well-known. The pattern of fat distribution observed in migrant Pakistani males in this study may exist in other migrant groups originating from the Indian sub-continent and could be one of the risk factors predisposing migrant Asians (persons originating from the Indian sub-continent) in Britain to develop NIDDM and CHD irrespective of their generalised (BMI) obesity. Future epidemiological studies should lay more emphasis on morphological fat patterning instead of BMI in Asian migrants in Britain.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Dietary self-selection vs. complete diet: body weight gain and meal pattern in rats.

Food intake and body weight gain of male adult Wistar rats were examined in two groups of animals. One group (n = 14) was allowed to select its diet from separate sources of protein (casein, 3.1 kcal/g), fat (lard and sunflower oil, 7.9 kcal/g) and carbohydrate (CHO, starch and sucrose, 3.3 kcal/g). Another group (n = 10) received a nutritionally complete diet (3.3 kcal/g). After 2 weeks of adaptation to the diets, body weights and meal patterns were recorded for at least 4 days. The total caloric intake was nearly identical for the two groups of rats. Rats given dietary choice gained less weight over 4 days than rats fed chow and showed reduced feed efficiency. During the 24-h period, self-selecting rats consumed 20.8% of calories as proteins, 21% as fats and 58.2% as CHO. Self-selecting rats ate significantly less calories during the day than did rats given chow. The chow diet consisting of 17.3% calories as protein, 7.6% as fat and 75.1% as CHO. When comparing the self-selecting group nutrient intakes to those of chow-fed group it was observed that 24-h protein calorie intakes were identical in both groups. Fat intake was significantly higher and CHO reduced as compared to chow-fed rats. During the day, CHO intake was higher in self-selecting rats, and fat intake was not significantly reduced. During the night, protein and fat intakes were significantly higher in self-selecting rats, while CHO intake was significantly decreased, particularly in the last periods of the night.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Neural adaptations with chronic activity patterns in able-bodied humans.

The purpose of this article is to review the neural adaptations that occur in able-bodied humans with alterations in chronic patterns of physical activity. The adaptations are categorized as those related to cortical maps, motor command, descending drive, muscle activation, motor units, and sensory feedback. We focused on the adaptations that occur with such activities as strength training, limb immobilization, and limb unloading. For these types of interventions, the adaptations are widely distributed throughout the nervous system, but those changes that are observed with strength training are often not the converse of those found with reduced-use protocols.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Effect of drinking pattern on plasma lipoproteins and body weight.

The effect of drinking pattern on plasma lipoproteins and body weight was examined in three groups of squirrel monkeys: (1) controls fed isocaloric liquid diet; (2) regular drinkers given liquid diet containing ethanol (EtOH) substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate at 12% of calories daily; and (3) binge drinkers fed 6% EtOH calories daily for a four-day period followed by three days of 20% EtOH to mimic a weekend bout drinking cycle. The number of calories offered per day was the same for all groups, and the average weekly EtOH consumption (12% calories) was identical for the two alcohol treatments. The entire study lasted six months. There were no significant differences in plasma cholesterol, triglyceride or liver function tests. Regular drinkers had the highest high density lipoprotein2/high density lipoprotein3 (HDL2/HDL3) protein and apolipoprotein A-I/B ratios of any group and exhibited a significant elevation in the molar plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) rate (nmol/min/ml). Binge drinking produced a selective increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, and a depression in the fractional LCAT rate (% esterified/min). During the course of the study, controls ate 92% of their diet while the alcohol groups each consumed 95% of the liquid diet. Despite this difference, body weight and Quetelet index (weight/height2) decreased progressively in the order controls greater than regular drinkers greater than binge drinkers. Results from our study indicate that moderate, regular daily consumption of EtOH at 12% of calories causes a modest reduction in body weight and produces a coronary protective lipoprotein profile (increases HDL2/HDL3, increases apolipoprotein A-I/B, low LDL cholesterol). By contrast, when this same average weekly dose is concentrated in a binge cycle, unfavorable alterations in lipoprotein composition (increases LDL cholesterol, increases apolipoprotein B) and metabolism (decreases LCAT activity) occur along with weight loss and depletion of body fat. These studies point to the value of the squirrel monkey model in evaluating both favorable and pathophysiological effects of chronic EtOH intake.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Variation in ancient Egyptian stature and body proportions.

Stature and the pattern of body proportions were investigated in a series of six time-successive Egyptian populations in order to investigate the biological effects on human growth of the development and intensification of agriculture, and the formation of state-level social organization. Univariate analyses of variance were performed to assess differences between the sexes and among various time periods. Significant differences were found both in stature and in raw long bone length measurements between the early semipastoral population and the later intensive agricultural population. The size differences were greater in males than in females. This disparity is suggested to be due to greater male response to poor nutrition in the earlier populations, and with the increasing development of social hierarchy, males were being provisioned preferentially over females. Little change in body shape was found through time, suggesting that all body segments were varying in size in response to environmental and social conditions. The change found in body plan is suggested to be the result of the later groups having a more tropical (Nilotic) form than the preceding populations.

Adult↗