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Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819-1885) and Bright's disease.

BACKGROUND: Richard Bright (1789-1858) discovered that edema and proteinuria are linked with renal disease. Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819-1885) performed microscopic studies on Bright's disease and wrote the first German textbook of nephrology. The present contribution analyzes Frerichs' work. METHODS: Frerichs' career and his book Die Bright'sche Nierenkrankheit und deren Behandlung are examined in terms of contemporary medical knowledge. RESULTS: Frerichs conducted clinical and microscopic studies that led him to conclude that Bright's disease is a single pathological entity with many possible causes. Frerichs identified three stages through which the condition progresses. Although an oversimplification, Frerichs' various stages are reflected in the current notion that chronic renal disease, irrespectively of its etiology, relentlessly progresses to end-stage renal failure with common features of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. After writing his monograph, Frerichs never touched on renal disease again and is actually better known for his contributions to hepatology. Frerichs was a volatile and difficult person who was not always fair to his students and colleagues. CONCLUSION: Frerichs put the study of renal diseases on the map in Germany and made the novel observation that chronic renal diseases follow similar morphological patterns despite multiple origins.

Germany↗
PubMed1994

The Consilium ad Calcolum of Alberto de'Zancari.

Zancari was born in 1278 and practised medicine in Ravenna and Bologna. He is mentioned in the Decameron of Boccaccio and in court records of Bologna in connection with 4 of his students who were accused of exhuming a body for medical research. Zancari's writings are found in several manuscript versions and include commentaries on Galen and Consilium ad Calcolum, which deals with renal calculosis. His therapeutic rules are summarized in 74 lines and cover both acute and quiescent calculi and prevention. The treatments prescribed do not differ from those in general use at the time, nor are any new concepts introduced.

History, Medieval↗
PubMed1997

The Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) and the kidney.

Andreas Vesalius was born in Brussels on December 31, 1514 from a long line of physicians. He died in Zante in 1564. He was a typical son of the Renaissance. In 1543, his two most important books were published: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Libri Septum and the Epitome. The former was a book of over 700 pages with several illustrations, highly systematically composed and fully indexed. Andreas Vesalius was the first modern anatomist who based his anatomical descriptions on personal observation. The kidney was a fascinating organ to Vesalius, whose function, particularly regarding the production of urine, he did not fully grasp. He makes short work of the 'perforated membrane theory' which was the current conception of the origin of urine in the kidney. Andreas Vesalius broke with the established rigid and fabricated way of teaching anatomy, and introduced the modern concept of learning based on personal observations, using illustration combined with a critical spirit and sense of experiment.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2002

Francisco Vallés and the Renaissance reinterpretation of Aristotle's Meteorologica IV as a medical text.

In this paper I describe the context and goals of Francisco Vallés In IV librum Meteorologicorum commentaria (1558). Vallés' work stands as a landmark because it interprets a work of Aristotle's natural philosophy specifically for medical doctors and medical theory. Vallés' commentary is representative of new understandings of Galenic-Hippocratic medicine that emerged as a result of expanding textual knowledge. These approaches are evident in a number of sixteenth-century commentaries on Meteorologica IV; in particular the works of Pietro Pomponazzi, Lodovico Boccadiferro, Jacob Schegk, and Francesco Vimercati. Vallés' conviction that Meteorologica IV is relevant to medical knowledge depends on his understanding of Aristotle's theory of homeomerous substances and their relation to composite substances. The application of Meteorologica IV to medical topics became commonplace in the following years, and this Aristotelian book became widely known as a bridge between natural philosophy and medicine.

Europe↗
PubMed2002

Fermentation, phlogiston and matter theory: chemistry and natural philosophy in Georg Ernst Stahl's Zymotechnia Fundamentalis.

This paper examines Georg Ernst Stahl's first book, the Zymotechnia Fundamentalis, in the context of contemporary natural philosophy and the author's career. I argue that the Zymotechnia was a mechanical theory of fermentation written consciously against the influential "fermentational program" of Joan Baptista van Helmont and especially Thomas Willis, Stahl's theory of fermentation introduced his first conception of phlogiston, which was in part a corpuscular transformation of the Paracelsian sulphur principle. Meanwhile some assumptions underlying this theory, such as the composition of matter, the absolute passivity of matter and the "passions" of sulphur, reveal the combined scholastic and mechanistic character of Stahl's natural philosophy. In the conclusion I show that Stahl's theory of fermentation undermined the old fermentational program and paved the way for his dualist vitalism.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1992

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Anatomy↗