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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The distribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine "Ecstasy"-induced c-fos expression in rat brain.

Rats were injected with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy") and assessed for changes in locomotor activity and for the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos throughout the brain. A dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity was seen with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (0, 5 and 20 mg/kg) that continued for at least 2 h following administration. Dose-dependent increases in c-fos expression were seen in much of the cortex, forebrain, brainstem and cerebellum in rats given 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Expression was pronounced in 5-hydroxytryptamine terminal regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, lateral septum, paraventricular hypothalamus and paraventricular thalamus. High levels of c-fos expression were also seen in the supraoptic and median preoptic nuclei, regions involved in the control of fluid balance and body temperature, respectively. This is potentially important since deaths in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users have been linked to hyperthermia and hyponatremia. In the brainstem, two regions of high c-fos expression were Barrington's nucleus, which is involved in micturition, and the pontine reticular nucleus oralis, a region involved in motor control of mastication. Activation of this latter structure may partly explain the bruxism (grinding of the jaw) reported by human 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users. Robust c-fos expression was seen in the cerebellum, particularly in the flocculus, and this may explain the reported deleterious effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on balance and co-ordination. Significant c-fos expression was also seen in the ventral tegmental area, amidst the cell bodies of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine neurons, and in the median and dorsal raphe, where the serotonergic innervation of the forebrain originates. Double-labelling of fos-positive neurons with 5-hydroxytryptamine showed that only a small number of serotonergic neurons in the raphe expressed c-fos following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The widespread distribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced c-fos expression seen in this study can be linked to the profound alterations in physiological function, mood and behaviour produced by this drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone secreted from mammalian atria, regulates the homoeostatic balance of body fluid and blood pressure. ANP-like immunoreactivity is also present in the brain, suggesting that the peptide functions as a neuropeptide. We report here identification in porcine brain of a novel peptide of 26 amino-acid residues, eliciting a pharmacological spectrum very similar to that of ANP, such as natriuretic-diuretic, hypotensive and chick rectum relaxant activities. The complete amino-acid sequence determined for the peptide is remarkably similar to but definitely distinct from the known sequence of ANP, indicating that the genes for the two are distinct. Thus, we have designated the peptide 'brain natriuretic peptide' (BNP). The occurrence of BNP with ANP in mammalian brain suggests the possibility that the physiological functions so far thought to be mediated by ANP may be regulated through a dual mechanism involving both ANP and BNP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Benefit of intravenous essential amino-acids in catabolic patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis.

The effect on the clinical status of catabolic hemodialysis patients of I.V. essential amino-acids administered over 3 months at the end of each dialysis is assessed in an open clinical follow-up study of 10 patients; these patients showed a progressive deterioration of general condition and a progressive weight loss in the period before the start of the treatment. The study was undertaken in a hospital dialysis unit, with as main outcome measures body weight, hematocrit, a scoring index of general condition and degree of edema. In patients showing a progressive and consistent loss of body weight in the months preceding the study, after the first treatment month, body weight started to rise, increasing after 3 months from 56.2 +/- 2.3 to 58.6 +/- 2.4 kg (p less than 0.01). The hematocrit raised from 22.4 +/- 1.6% up to 26.5 +/- 1.9% (p less than 0.02). Over this period, only 2 liters of packed cells were administered, in contrast to an overall need of 13 liters in the preceding 6 months. Peripheral and/or pulmonary edema disappeared. A scoring index, of general condition, increased from 5.1 +/- 1.5 before the start of the study to 11.7 +/- 0.8 after 3 months (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that the parenteral administration of amino-acids in catabolic patients on chronic hemodialysis has a beneficial effect on general condition, and the balance of body fluid and body mass.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Acidic glycolipids from dolphin kidney.

The composition and contents of acidic glycolipids in the kidney of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba, the order Cetacea, whales) were determined. The following eight acidic glycolipids were isolated and characterized: SM4s (124.2 nmol/g tissue), SM3 (8.7), GM3 (NeuAc) (12.3), GM3 (NeuGc) (31.6), GD3 (NeuAc-NeuAc) (14.7), GD3 (NeuAc-NeuGc) (II3 alpha(NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuGc)-LacCer) (9.8), GD3 (NeuGc-NeuAc) (II3 alpha(NeuGc alpha 2-8NeuAc)-LacCer) (5.3), and GD3 (NeuGc-NeuGc) (15.8). The assignment of the four types of GD3 was further confirmed as described below. Evidence indicating 2-8 linkages of the disialosyl residues of GD3 was obtained on methylation analysis of sialic acid. GD3 (NeuAc-NeuAc) and GD3 (NeuGc-NeuAc) were degraded to GM3 (NeuAc), and GD3 (NeuAc-NeuGc) and GD3 (NeuGc-NeuGc) yielded GM3 (NeuGc) on mild acid hydrolysis. Fragment ions characteristic of the carbohydrate and lipophilic moieties of the permethylated GD3 were observed in direct inlet-electron impact-mass spectra. The presence of these four types of GD3 in a tissue has not been reported previously. GD3 contained non-hydroxy (69-84%) and hydroxy fatty acids (16-31%) with 16-24 carbons. The long chain base of all GD3, except GD3 (NeuGc-NeuAc) (not analyzed), consisted of 4-sphingenine (d18:1) and 4-hydroxysphinganine (t18:0) in almost equal amounts. The total amount of renal lipid-bound acidic groups (sulfate and sialic acid) of the dolphin (190 mumol/animal) is considerably higher than that of a terrestrial mammal (88 mumol/animal) with a body weight comparable to that of the dolphin. This deviation suggests that the amount of renal acidic amphiphiles required to maintain the osmotic balance of body fluids in marine mammals might be higher than that in terrestrial ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism during dynamic exercise in man.

The effect of dynamic exercise on muscle and blood ammonia (NH3) and amino acid contents has been investigated. Eight healthy men cycled at 50% and 97% of maximal oxygen uptake for 10 min and 5.2 min (to fatigue), respectively. Biopsies (quadriceps femoris muscle), arterial and femoral venous blood samples were obtained at rest and during exercise. Muscle NH3 at rest and after submaximal exercise was (means +/- SE) 0.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/kg dry muscle (d.m.) and increased to 4.1 +/- 0.5 mmol/kg d.m. at fatigue (P less than 0.001). The total adenine nucleotide (TAN) pool (TAN = ATP + ADP + AMP) did not change after submaximal exercise but decreased significantly at fatigue (P less than 0.001). The decrease in TAN was similar to the increase in NH3. Muscle lactate was 3 +/- 1 mmol/kg d.m. at rest and increased to 104 +/- 5 mmol/kg d.m. at fatigue. Whole blood and plasma NH3 did not change significantly during submaximal but both increased significantly during maximal exercise (P less than 0.001). During maximal exercise the leg released 7,120 mumol/min of lactate, whereas only 89 mumol/min of NH3 were released. NH3 accumulation in muscle could buffer only 3% of the hydrogen ions released from lactate, and NH3 release could account for only 1% of the net hydrogen ion transport out of the cell. Muscle glutamine was constant throughout the study, whereas glutamate decreased and alanine increased during exercise (P less than 0.001). No significant changes in either arterial whole blood glutamine or glutamate were observed. Arterial plasma glutamine and glutamate concentrations, however, increased and decreased (P less than 0.001), respectively, during exercise. It is concluded that (1) muscle and blood NH3 levels increase only during strenuous exercise and (2) NH3 accumulation is of minor importance for regulating acid-base balance in body fluids during exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Renal excretion of nitrogenous compounds in vertebrates.

The renal excretion of nitrogenous compounds plays an important role not only in the elimination of nitrogen end-products but also in regulating the acid-base and osmotic balance of body fluids. The major nitrogenous compounds excreted by the vertebrate kidney are ammonia, urea and uric acid. The present review addresses the renal excretion of these compounds and, in addition, the amino acid taurine. The functions of excretion; the mechanisms of excretion including renal metabolism, renal handling (secretion, reabsorption, and filtration), and transepithelial transport processes; and the factors regulating these mechanisms are discussed. Renal nitrogen excretion among the vertebrate classes from fish to mammals is compared.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1992

Disorders of antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Depending upon the age and sex of a human, water constitutes 55% to 80% of the body's weight and provides a milieu vital for survival. Water imbalance is common among the critically ill. Excessive increases or decreases in body water can be lethal. There are numerous pathologic and iatrogenic causes for water imbalance, the most troublesome being disorders of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. Antidiuretic hormone plays a pivotal role in conserving water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidney. Without the influence of ADH (as is seen in diabetes insipidus), a person would be required to ingest between 5 and 15 L of water daily to match urinary losses. Conversely, excessive ADH secretion would reduce urine output in adults to as little as 500 mL per day, dangerously diluting blood volume and expanding intracellular volume. This is what causes the symptoms of the syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH). The care of patients who are critically ill and have disorders of ADH secretion can be challenging. The challenge lies in the recognition and treatment of the disorder. A collaborative team approach helps patients achieve and maintain the delicate balance of body fluids.

Diabetes Insipidus↗
PubMed1999

Positioning for ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty.

Although the positioning facilitates UAL and SAL, it is essential to pad the patient appropriately, especially on the pressure points. Equally important is the maintenance of fluid balance and body temperature during these procedures.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Management of clinical cases of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease in goats.

Clinical cases of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease in goats were treated symptomatically. Broad spectrum antibiotics, intestinal sedatives and fluid therapy were used for the treatment of pneumonia, diarrhoea and the restoration of the body fluid ionic balance. Good feeding and nursing in warm, draught-free pens are necessary. Lemon fruit and Citrus aurantium proved to be effective for the treatment of the orf-like labial scabs. This treatment raised the survival rate of goats by 13.3%.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in hospitalized patients.

The recently expanded indications of metronidazole increase the use of the drug in the hospitalized patients. However, most of the pharmacokinetic information on metronidazole was derived from normal subjects. The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole was, therefore, evaluated in nine hospitalized patients who have no evidence of liver or kidney failure. The patients received the drug for prophylaxis or treatment of infectious conditions. Serial blood samples were obtained from the patients and serum metronidazole concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The following pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- standard deviation) were obtained: half-life = 10.2 +/- 3.1 hours, elimination rate constant = 0.075 +/- 0.026 hour-1, volume of distribution = 0.65 +/- 0.25 l kg-1, and total body clearance = 0.048 +/- 0.024 l h-1 kg-1. The mean value of these parameters are not substantially different from those obtained in the normal subjects. However, a higher interpatient variation was found in the hospitalized patients. The heterogeneity of health condition, body composition, fluid balance, hemodynamics and nutritional status may all contribute to the variability in pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A mannitol-bisacodyl regimen for radiological visualization of the colon.

The effectiveness of a 20% solution of mannitol-bisacodyl for oral use in preparing patients for barium enemas was investigated, in an investigator-blind control situation. The results were evaluated and compared with other methods currently in use. No comparative study where mannitol had been used could be found in the world literature. The mannitol-bisacodyl regimen was found to be an acceptable and reliable method for colon preparation in a high percentage of cases. Side-effects and changes in electrolyte balance of body fluids were recorded. The regimen was found to be safe for use on any patient irrespective of race, age or clinical condition and is not contraindicated in cases of cardiac and renal failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Cancer palliative medicine turning point in palliative oncology].

Hospice palliative care programs are rapidly growing in Japan. Although human science has attached importance comparing with natural science in this field, the latter approaches are recently developed to manage symptoms in terminal patients with advanced cancer. These scientific approaches include basic and clinical studies such as physiology, pharmacology, immunology, biochemistry, molecular biology, medical oncology, psycho-oncology and clinical ethics. These multidisciplinary approaches can clarify not only the mechanisms and relationship between cancer pain, cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome and neuro-endocrine-immune systems with or without the abnormalities of body fluid, electrocyte balance, glucose-protein-lipid metabolisms but also clinical ethics and decision-making in terminal patients with advanced cancers. Based on these analyses, the strategies to modulate "homeostasis" for improving quality of life and even prolongation of life span could be developed in the near future. Our goal is to establish science-based medical practice for management of symptoms and improving the quality of life through ethical and scientific clinical trials. Hospice-palliative care in cancer would be expected to confirm what the academic area has termed "cancer palliative medicine" or "palliative oncology".

Hospice Care↗