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The finding by Huffman and Weaver (1996) of no support for the hypothesis that personal episodic recall involves visual imagery may be a consequence of their method of assessment. Further research which employs more measures than simply number of events recalled and which gives subjects longer time to respond is needed.
An important cognitive deficit in clinical depression is the inability to be specific in recalling personal memories, a phenomenon coined "overgeneral memory" by Williams and Broadbent. Although there is general consensus that overgeneral memory is not state-dependent, most of the evidence originates from studies of this effect in clinical populations. The two components of mood, valence and arousal, were manipulated to examine their influence on memory specificity in a nonclinical sample of university undergraduate students. In Exp. 1, a Velten procedure was used to induce elated, depressed, or neutral mood states. No difference was found in autobiographical memory specificity among the three groups. In Exp. 2, high and low arousal states were induced through physical exercise. A low arousal state resulted in an increased proportion of overgeneral memories, suggesting that this memory phenomenon may be influenced by the arousal component of mood.
When a past event is remembered, the subjective elapsed time is often different from the objective elapsed time, even if the exact date of an event is known. In this study, Feeling of Time Discrepancy between objective elapsed time and subjective elapsed time of turning point events was examined. Participants remembered one turning point event in life, dated the event, and estimated the Feeling of Time Discrepancy. Two groups, formed on their judgement of whether their present understanding of the event is the same or different from understanding when the event occurred (the Same assessment group and the Different assessment group). Analysis showed the Different assessment group felt the turning point event to be more recent than the Same assessment group did, although there was no difference between actual elapsed time and memory vividness for the two groups. In addition, the events which changed from negative to positive were felt subjectively to be more recent than those for which affect was consistently positive. These results suggest that, even if we experience negative events, the event might become a part of the present self and be felt temporally closer to now, when temporal organization of autobiographical memories allow recognition of the event as good experience. Finally, two types of temporal organization of such memory were discussed, the subjective temporal organization of autobiographical memory which is organized only for oneself and the social objective temporal organization of autobiographical memory which becomes organized in sharing it with another person.
The present study asked 157 men and 154 women to recall their memories of viewing both enjoyed and nonenjoyed televised sporting events from the past year in each of four social circumstances: with friends, with family, with spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend or significant other, and by oneself. For memories of all eight events, participants were asked (1) the number and sex of coviewers, (2) concurrent behaviors and cognitions engaged in while viewing, (3) uses and gratifications sought for enjoyed events, and (4) failed uses and gratifications for nonenjoyed events. Two analyses of variance, one full multiple regression, and one step-wise regression were conducted. Analyses indicated that social circumstance of viewing and sex of participant were associated with uses and gratifications for enjoyed events, failed uses and gratifications for nonenjoyed events, and concurrent behaviors and cognitions engaged in during the viewing. Results are discussed in light of the uses and gratifications paradigm and Wenner and Gantz's 1998 five fanship dimensions. An extension of this model to nonenjoyed sporting events is proposed.
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I have been living with a psychiatric disorder, schizophrenia, for 2 decades. I will relate how important medication is to the treatment of this illness. I will also relate how important the assessment of the level of medication to be used is to recovery. Specifically, I will explain how I learned to manage hallucinations and delusions and also how I acquired an experience which I refer to as spiritual, mystical and psychic.
In his new book, Living Outside Mental Illness: Qualitative Studies of Recovery from Schizophrenia, Larry Davidson, PhD, has opened up a very important arena for consumers writing of their recoveries. While consumers have written of recovery as an experience, an attitude and a vision, they have not reported the actual processes of how they got there, according to Professor Davidson (Davidson, 2003). In this article, I would like to begin to bridge that gap Professor Davidson has pointed out by describing three methods and strategies that have been crucial for building a new life for myself in recovery.
"Mental health consumer" is now a widely-accepted term used to identify individuals living with mental illness. Though this language may be an improvement over the word "patient," it can still be limiting and disempowering. The author explains her concern regarding the word "consumer" and explores the advantages of using the term "psychiatric disability" to describe the experience of those who live with mental illness.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
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To date, research within the domain of critical life events, coping, and adaptation has been mostly fragmented, outcome-oriented, and neglectful of individual differences. The aim of this research was to add a holistic understanding of the domain by using a creative hermeneutic and phenomenological perspective to understand how individuals with disability and chronic illness survive and cope successfully with their lives in spite of overwhelming odds. The lived experience of 35 informants and 14 autobiographers, who represented a wide range of people with disability and chronic illness, was used as the basis for understanding the phenomenological world of chronic conditions. Through in-depth interviews and autobiographical analysis the results were content analysed and organized into paradigm cases, exemplars and themes. Five factors that facilitated coping and adaptation were identified. The combined elements of spiritual transformation, hope, personal control, positive social supports, and meaningful engagement in life, enabled individuals to empower themselves and come to terms with their respective conditions. An overall paradigm and model of wholeness and reconstitution was also developed, which identified the processes by which people reconciled their outer forms of disability, decay or suffering and discovered an embodiment of their own inner resources and strengths. These experiences led many people to realize their own inherent sense of wholeness and unity, and to experience and integrate a deeper meaning, sense of self, and spirituality within their lives.
The use of life story books with people with moderate to severe dementia in continuing care and day hospital settings is examined. The approach involved activity-based carer and relative training and support. A collaborative approach has developed and shifts in staff attitudes are discussed. Consideration is given to generalisation to other aspects of patient care.
In his 2003 Presidential Address to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Dr. Heros discusses his personal additions to the six basic competencies for which all neurosurgical residents must be tested. The basic competencies are as follows: 1) patient care; 2) medical knowledge; 3) practice-based learning and improvement; 4) interpersonal and communication skills; 5) professionalism; and 6) system-based practice. To these, Dr. Heros proposes to add six supplemental competencies: 1) intellectual honesty, which involves frank discussions about patient complications and admissions of the physician's frailties; 2) scholarship--the art and science of medicine, which recognizes the value of evidence-based medicine but does not discount knowledge derived from experience; 3) practicing in a hyperlegalistic society, which involves tailoring informed consent to fit individual patients' circumstances; 4) time- and cost-efficient practices, in which the physician strives to conserve time and resources by forgoing testing that is not strictly necessary, doing only what is needed to return patients to wellness; 5) approach to patients, which entails acknowledging and respecting the dignity of all patients; and 6) pride in being a neurosurgeon, which carries a sense of elitism without arrogance.
The authors examined the role of individual difference and event outcome variables in younger and older adults' memory failures appraisal. Participants read vignettes that described fictitious younger characters (in their 20s-30s) or older characters (in their 60s-70s) who had experienced a minor or severe consequence of their forgetfulness. The authors solicited attribution ratings on the potential causes of the forgetfulness and memory opinion ratings. Younger and older adults' ratings were largely similar, although age differences occurred on the effort and luck attribution scales. The consequences of the forgetting had a sizable impact on both the attribution and memory opinion ratings. Individual differences in self-reported memory had a relatively small impact on causal attribution and memory opinion ratings. These results suggested that people weigh their judgments of fictitious forgetful characters against event outcomes more so than ageist beliefs that portray a negative image of cognitive competence in later life.