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PubMed1987

The role of biotransformation-detoxication in acetone-, 2-butanone-, and 2-hexanone-potentiated chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity.

The hepatotoxicity of chloroform (CHCl3) is thought to require biotransformation, by the polysubstrate monooxygenase system (P-450), to a reactive intermediate(s). Therefore, the potentiation of CHCl3-induced hepatotoxicity, which occurs following exposure to certain ketones, may hypothetically be explained by a reduced capacity of the cell to form glutathione conjugates (detoxicate the intermediate) and (or) by an increased rate of reactive intermediate(s) generation secondary to a modification of the P-450 system. To test these hypotheses, liver damage, as indicated by elevation in plasma alanine aminotransferase and ornithine carbamyl transferase activities, was modulated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by varying the time interval (10, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 h) between acetone, 2-butanone, or 2-hexanone (15 mmol/kg, p.o.) pretreatment and CHCl3 (0.5 mL/kg, p.o.) administration. These data were compared with hepatic glutathione and with various parameters of the polysubstrate monooxygenase system: cytochrome P-450, cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome b5, and microsomal binding of 14CHCl3-derived radiolabel. Reduced detoxication capacity does not appear to be involved as hepatic glutathione levels were not reduced. Globally, a relationship between modifications to the polysubstrate monooxygenase system and potentiation of CHCl3-induced hepatotoxicity appears to exist. The rank order of each ketone's ability to modify P-450 parameters was the same in most instances as that based on peak ability to potentiate CHCl3-induced hepatotoxicity: 2-hexanone greater than 2-butanone greater than or equal to acetone. Therefore, these results suggest that a general relationship exists between the ketone-induced potentiation of CHCl3-induced hepatotoxicity and increased CHCl3 reactive metabolite generation. However, other factors may also contribute to the phenomenon.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with minimal change glomerulopathy and tubular dysfunction - related to acetone-based organic solvent?

A 55-year-old woman presented with Guillain-Barré syndrome, nephrotic syndrome and multiple tubular dysfunction under occupational exposure to an organic solvent, which contained acetone as the principal solvent. In this case, the onset of the nephrotic syndrome and tubular dysfunction coincided with the development of the neurological manifestation. Renal biopsy demonstrated minimal change glomerulopathy with moderate tubulointerstitial nephritis. Several clearance tests that evaluated tubular transport functions revealed multiple tubular defects (including the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter of thick ascending limb and distal proton pump). The simultaneous occurrence of Guillain-Barré and nephrotic syndrome has previously been reported. However, both minimal glomerulopathy with multiple tubular dysfunction and progressive peripheral neuropathy under occupational exposure to an organic solvent remain unreported. Herein, we presented a rare association of minimal change nephrotic syndrome, tubular dysfunction with Guillain-Barré syndrome under the risk of exposure to an acetone-based cleansing solution; the case raises our concerns about possible chronic nephrotoxic or neurotoxic effects of common chemical organic solvents.

Acetone↗
PubMed1989

Human liver cytochrome P-450 related to a rat acetone-inducible, nitrosamine-metabolizing cytochrome P-450: identification and isolation.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) to a rat acetone-inducible and nitrosamine-metabolizing form of microsomal cytochrome P-450, P-450ac, detected a related P-450 in human liver microsomes by both immunoblot and competitive radioimmunoassay. This MAb was also used to immunopurify microsomal cytochromes P-450 from both human liver and acetone-treated rats; these were electrophoretically homogeneous with apparent molecular weights of 56,200 and 53,000 daltons, respectively. The structures of the cytochromes P-450 were compared by peptide mapping and amino-terminal sequence analyses. They differed in their peptide maps but displayed amino-terminal sequence similarity in their first 19 residues. This report thus demonstrates the utility of MAbs to rat cytochromes P-450 for detection, identification and structural characterization of human P-450s.

Acetone↗
PubMed1993

Carbon-tetrachloride-induced urinary excretion of formaldehyde, malondialdehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in rats.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride rapidly promotes lipid peroxidation and inhibits microsomal calcium sequestration, microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity and cytochrome P-450. Due to its profound effects on lipid peroxidation, we have examined the oral administration of 2.5 ml/kg carbon tetrachloride on the urinary excretion of the lipid metabolites formaldehyde, malondialdehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. Urine samples were collected up to 48 h after treatment. The urinary metabolites were identified and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Time-dependent increases in the urinary excretion of the four metabolites were observed after carbon tetrachloride administration. At 48 h after treatment, the increases in the excretion of malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were approximately 55, 78, 57 and 268%, respectively, relative to control values. The data were expressed in nanomoles per kilogram body weight per 4.5 h. The results clearly demonstrate that carbon tetrachloride increases the urinary excretion of four lipid metabolites which may serve as noninvasive biomarkers of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1975

Inactivation of phages DS6A and D29 by acetone extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis.

The adsorption rate constant for mycobacteriophage DS6A on clumped cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv was found to be 6.33 x 10(-13) ml per min per colony former. Acetone-extracted cells of H37Rv did not absorb phage DS6A. Acetone extracts of cells of H37Rv and of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG inhibited plaque formation of mycobacteriophage DS6A and of phage D29. Suspensions of these extracts in heart infusion broth with 0.002 M calcium chloride and 1 per cent dioxane required 20 hours of incubation (activation) at 37 degrees C with stirring before they were capable of inactivating phage DS6A, but did not require activation for inhibition of phage D29. Sonication of water mixtures of these extracts for 45 sec yielded suspensions that were highly active against phage DS6A and independent of the 20-hour lag period. Such preparations were also active against phage D29. The extract prepared from cells of BCG was more active than the extract from cells of H37Rv. Water washing of chloroform solutions of each extract did not remove significant amounts of solid material or reduce the phage-inactivating activites of either extract.

Acetone↗
PubMed1996

The effects of acetone, ethanol, HEMA, and air on the stiffness of human decalcified dentin matrix.

During resin-bonding procedures, dentin surfaces are treated with acidic conditioners to remove the smear layer and decalcify the surface to expose the collagen fibrils of the underlying matrix. These decalcified surfaces are then either air-dried or treated with dehydrating solvents, procedures which may modify the physical properties of the dentin matrix. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dehydration on the stiffness of the decalcified dentin matrix. Small (8 x 1.7 x 0.9 mm) beams of dentin were prepared from mid-coronal dentin of extracted human molars. The ends were covered with varnish for protection, and the specimens were placed in 0.5 M EDTA for 5 days to decalcify. The stiffness was measured by both the cantilever technique and by conventional stress-strain testing. Specimens tested by the cantilever technique were sequentially exposed to water, acetone, alcohol, HEMA, and glutaraldehyde. Specimens tested by conventional stress-strain testing were exposed either to water, acetone, or HEMA, or were allowed to air-dry. The results indicate that the stiffness of decalcified human dentin matrix is very low (ca. 7 MPa), if the specimens are wet with water. As they are dehydrated, either chemically in water-miscible organic solvents or physically in air, the stiffness increases 20- to 38-fold at low strains or three- to six-fold at high strains. These increases in modulus were rapidly reversed by rehydration in water. Exposure to glutaraldehyde also produced an increase in stiffness that was not reversible when the specimens were placed back in water.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Purification and characterization of hepatic P-450IIE1 from acetone-treated mice.

A new cytochrome P-450 isozyme (Mr = 52,000) was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity from hepatic microsomes of mice treated with acetone and its biochemical, spectral, and immunological properties characterized. Several criteria indicated that the purified cytochrome was distinct from the known mouse P-450 isozymes. The absolute spectrum of its oxidized form indicated that it was in the high spin state. In a reconstituted system, it showed low catalytic activities towards 7-ethoxycoumarin, aminopyrine, and coumarin, whereas it catalyzed the oxidation of aniline, acetone, dimethylnitrosamine with high turnover number. The mouse enzyme was immunoreactive with polyclonal antibodies against rat P-450IIE1 and exhibited an NH2-terminal aminoacid sequence with a high homology to that of rat-P-450IIE1. Based upon the above catalytic, spectral, immunological and structural properties, the purified mouse P-450 appears to be the ortholog of previously described P-450IIE1(s) of other species.

Acetone↗
PubMed2004

Influence of moisture on the crystal forms of niclosamide obtained from acetone and ethyl acetate.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the formation of crystal hydrates of niclosamide and to delineate the effect of relative humidity on the crystal forms obtained from acetone and ethyl acetate. Recrystallization of niclosamide was performed in the presence and absence of moisture. Two hydrates and their corresponding anhydrates were isolated. The hydrates obtained by the process of recrystallization from acetone (Form I) and that obtained from ethyl acetate (Form II) were classified based on differences in their dehydration profile, crystal structure, shape, and morphology. Crystals obtained in the absence of moisture were unstable, and when exposed to the laboratory atmosphere transformed to their corresponding hydrates. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms indicate that Form I changes to an anhydrate at temperatures below 100 degrees C, while Form II dehydrates in a stepwise manner above 140 degrees C. This finding was further confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Dehydration of Form II was accompanied by a loss of structural integrity, demonstrating that water molecules play an important role in maintaining its crystal structure. Form I, Form II, and the anhydrate of Form II showed no significant moisture sorption over the entire range of relative humidity. Although the anhydrate of Form I did not show any moisture uptake at low humidity, it converted to the monohydrate at elevated relative humidity (>95%). All forms could be interconverted depending on the solvent and humidity conditions.

Acetates↗
PubMed1978

Enhancement in vivo of drug oxidations following administration of benzphetamine, acetone, metyrapone and dimethylsulfoxide.

Effects of benzphetamine, acetone, metyrapone and dimethylsulfoxide administration to rats on the metabolism of drugs by liver 9,000 x g supernatant fraction were studied herein. Activities for aniline hydroxylation and phenacetin O-deethylation were increased while ethylmorphine and benzphetamine N-demethylations were unchanged by the single administration of acetone, metyrapone or dimethylsulfoxide. Increase in aniline hydroxylase activity by about 53.4% and in phenacetin O-deethylase activity by about 44.4% were observed at 30 min after the single administration of benzphetamine whereas ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity was slightly decreased. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were unaltered until 12 hr after the single administration of benzphetamine. Aniline hydroxylation was increased by the addition of benzphetamine to the incubation mixture and the increase in aniline hydroxylation caused by benzphetamine could be reversed by washing the microsomes.

Acetone↗
PubMed1994

The celluloid-acetone-dressing in palatoplasty.

The article describes an older, simple, and effective method of postoperative fixation of the palatal flaps using celluloid-acetone dressing (CAD). Veau pedicle flaps and the construction of two nasal meatuses are used for the palatoplasty. After the surgery, a wire is round around teeth IV and V on each side: a prolene mattress suture, instead of wire, is used for infants without teeth. A celluloid-acetone paste is applied to the wire or suture over a layer of gauze and petroleum jelly. The CAD mixture hardens in less than 1 hour and is removed after 4 days by cutting the wire or suture. This method prevents the palatal flaps from descending; scar tissue is minimal, and assists in the formation of a high-arched roof of the palate. In addition, the patient feeds normally after the operation.

Acetone↗
PubMed2003

Synergistic attraction of Aedes aegypti (L.) to binary blends of L-lactic acid and acetone, dichloromethane, or dimethyl disulfide.

Kairomones produced by humans provide female anthropophilic mosquitoes with vital cues used in host-seeking for a blood meal. These chemicals are emanated primarily by the skin and provide the mosquitoes a means to orient themselves to humans at a relatively close range. Chemical studies of these emanations have provided new ideas for the formulation of attractant blends. We report mosquito attraction responses for three binary blends and their separate components. The blends are comprised of L-lactic acid plus either acetone, dichloromethane, or dimethyl disulfide. At the emission rates used in our bioassays, these blends synergistically attract laboratory-reared female Aedes aegypti. Carbon dioxide is not a necessary component to yield high levels of attraction with these blends. It is postulated that at least one of these synergistic blends (L-lactic acid and acetone) produces mosquito attraction behavior similar to L-lactic acid and CO2.

Acetone↗
PubMed1980

In-vitro toxicity of acetone using coronary perfusion in isolated rabbit heart.

In-vitro toxicity of acetone using isolated rabbit heart is reported. The hearts were perfused using Langendorf's procedure and modified Anderson's coronary perfusion apparatus. Heart rate and force of contraction were recorded mechanically and the coronary flow was measured manually. The force of contraction was significantly reduced; heart rate and coronary flow were significantly increased with acetone concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% V/V.

Acetone↗
PubMed1989

Disposition of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone in acute poisoning.

A case of coma due to the drinking of a liquid cement for polyvinyl chloride resin, containing acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone and polyvinyl chloride is described. The patient also simultaneously ingested the alcoholic beverage, sake. After gastric lavage, plasma exchanges and direct hemoperfusions, the patient recovered. The concentrations of these chemicals in plasma and urine were analyzed at various time intervals to estimate the clearance. The elimination half lives for acetone and methyl ethyl ketone were 18 hours and 10 hours, respectively. Although cyclohexanone made up the largest component in the solvents, the blood level was extremely low and a large amount of cyclohexanol, a metabolite of cyclohexanone was detected in the blood and urine. The glucuronide metabolite of cyclohexanol was also estimated after the hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase. Since the conversion of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol is known to be catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase, possible interactions between sake ingestion and cyclohexanone metabolism is proposed.

Acetone↗
PubMed1998

Effect of a re-wetting agent on the performance of acetone-based dentin adhesives.

PURPOSE: To compare the in vitro bond strengths of two acetone-based one-bottle dentin adhesives applied to four surface moisture conditions. The tested hypothesis was that wetting a dried dentin surface with an aqueous HEMA solution would result in bond strengths similar or higher than those obtained by leaving the surface moist as per manufacturers' instructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty flat dentin bonding sites were polished to 600-grit on middle dentin of the labial surface of bovine incisors mounted in acrylic resin. The specimens were equally and randomly divided between two acetone-based dentin adhesives (One-Step and Prime & Bond 2.1) and four different levels of surface moisture (moist dentin, dentin dried for 1 s, dentin dried for 5 s, and dentin dried for 5 s followed by re-wetting with Aqua-Prep, an aqueous HEMA solution). A composite post was then adapted to the treated area and light-cured. After thermocycling, the bond strengths were determined by testing the specimens in shear. Field Emission SEM examinations were carried out to evaluate the effects of different treatments on the dentin-resin interface. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that the application of One-Step resulted in similar mean shear bond strengths for the groups in which moisture was present on the dentin surface (12.0-14.2 MPa). The mean shear bond strengths for the group in which One-Step was applied to a dried dentin surface was significantly lower (6.0 MPa). For Prime & Bond 2.1, the application of a re-wetting solution significantly increased mean shear bond strengths (13.9 MPa). The remaining three Prime & Bond 2.1 groups yielded statistically similar mean bond strengths, regardless of the surface condition (6.6-8.1 MPa).

Acetone↗
PubMed2000

The history of the acetone-butanol project in Austria.

The acetone-butanol fermentation and the closely related 2-propanol-butanol fermentation are of interest to Europe in particular for environmental and socioeconomic reasons, but its economic and technical feasibility must be proven before reestablishment as a commercial proposition. In particular the reestablishment of a new, fledgling fermentation industry selling into markets presently serviced by the mature, firmly established and highly capitalised petrochemical industry will require a significant driving force or else commercial users, who frequently have long-term supply contracts, will remain with known and proven suppliers. Hence the present state-of-the-art of the acetone-butanol fermentation is best described as technically and economically difficult but possible in niche markets. The most likely future is for decentral fermentation facilities processing locally made substrates and selling into niche markets.

2-Propanol↗
PubMed2000

The acetone-butanol fermentation in pilot plant and pre-industrial scale.

A summary of literature data concerning pilot or preindustrial scale trials of the acetone-butanol fermentation throughout its history is given. The recent pilot plant trials in Austria are also described for the first time. Some aspects of the current development of the acetone-butanol fermentation in general, especially from a technical point of view are also discussed.

Acetone↗
PubMed1992

[Value of exhaled air acetone level in assessing the impairement of secretory pancreatic function in acute destructive pancreatitis].

For the first time, a semiconductor gas sensor of original construction was employed to measure acetone level in the biologic liquids and gases in patients with acute destructive pancreatitis. A statistically significant difference in acetone level in the exhaled air of the healthy subjects, patients with edematous and destructive forms of acute pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus has been established.

Acetone↗
PubMed1992

Acetaldehyde, ethanol and acetone concentrations in blood of alcohol-treated mice receiving aldehyde dehydrogenase-loaded erythrocytes.

Blood levels of acetaldehyde (ACh), ethanol and acetone were investigated in mice treated with ethanol for 6 months and receiving compatible erythrocytes (RBCs) overloaded with aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH). Following an acute dose of ethanol, ACh levels were significantly lower in these animals than in alcohol-treated mice receiving AlDH-unloaded RBCs, and were similar to the ACh levels of normal mice. The peak ethanol concentration was higher in normal mice than in both groups of alcohol-treated animals, while acetone concentrations were not significantly different in the three groups of animals.

Acetaldehyde↗