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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Use of an accelerometer in evaluating arm movement during wheelchair propulsion.

A piezoelectric accelerometer was attached to the arm of a wheelchair bound subject to obtain information on arm movement during wheelchair propulsion. Five physically fit normal subjects, seated on a suspended wheelchair in a laboratory setting, propelled a wheelchair 60, 90 and 120 times/min in succession for a total of 4 min each. With increased frequency of arm propulsion, arm acceleration also increased. A statistically significant (P < 0.05) relationship was found between arm acceleration and frequency of arm propulsion showing a linear regression correlation of Y = 0.118X-1.122. A clinical trial using the same recording system for a paraplegic athlete on a 160 m two way (80 m each way) track confirmed the system's practicality. Arm acceleration data may be extrapolated to frequency of arm propulsion or level of activity information. Complete computerization of the accelerometric data will facilitate its expansion to a variety of practical applications.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2000

Pressurized sleeves and gloves for protection against acceleration-induced arm pain.

BACKGROUND: Acceleration (or G) induced arm pain may develop in centrifuge runs and in flight with low arm position and assisted pressure breathing during G (PBG) in combination with an extended coverage anti-G suit. To decrease this arm pain, pressurized sleeves and gloves were developed. METHODS: Eight subjects who earlier exhibited G-induced arm pain were tested on the centrifuge. The G-exposures consisted of a gradual onset run up to a maximum of +9 G2, rapid onset runs to +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, and +9 Gz and a simulated aerial combat maneuver (SACM) with peaks up to +9 Gz. On separate days, the subjects were tested without the sleeves and gloves, and with the sleeves and gloves pressurized to a maximum of 40, 60, or 80 mmHg at +9 Gz. The subjects reported their left and right arm pain on a subjective rating scale. RESULTS: G-induced arm pain, usually starting above +6 Gz, was often the reason for termination of the G-exposure without the pressurized sleeves and gloves. The pressurized sleeves and gloves significantly (p < 0.001) decreased arm pain, put no significant difference was found among the different pressures used. Heart rate was not different with and without the pressurized sleeves and gloves. CONCLUSIONS: The pressurized sleeves and gloves are an effective method to alleviate and sometimes eliminate G-induced arm pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Arm span, height and forearm bone mineral density in normal young and postmenopausal women.

The value of arm span and height measurements in the erect position were evaluated by (1) comparing them in individual young adults and postmenopausal women and (2) comparing them with forearm bone mineral density (BMD) using a Panasonic dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The study group consisted of 301 healthy women composed of 165 young adults (20-40 years), 62 postmenopausal women and 74 women whose age was more than 40 and had regularity of menstruation. Arm span and height of the individual young adults and postmenopausal women were not significantly different (p>0.05). It indicated that arm span and height measurements were independent of normal aging. Height loss occurred in some elderly women who had some diseases or conditions which induced short stature. We suggested that arm span can be used to predict height during the younger adult life of elderly women and to predict the current height in patients who had a height loss problem. A simple linear regression equation of height and arm span has already been constructed. During the increase of years since menopause in postmenopausal women, height and arm span measurements were relatively constant, while BMD gradually declined. We also found that the greater the number of years since menopause, the higher the rate of BMD loss (%). Height and arm span had low correlation with BMD. Height or arm span alone can not be used to predict BMD, but may be combined with other risk factors of osteoporosis.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

[Aerodynamic characteristics of crewman's arms during windblast].

OBJECTIVE: To study the aerodynamic characteristics of crewman's arms with or without protective devices in the status with raised legs or not. METHOD: The experiments were performed in an FL-24 transonic and supersonic wind tunnel, over Mach number range of 0.4-2.0, with 5 degrees-30 degrees angles of attack, 0 degrees - 90 degrees sideslip angles and Re number of (0.93-3.1) x 10(6). The test model was a 1/5-scale crewman/ejection seat combination. The aerodynamic characteristics of the various sections of crewman's arms were studied and analyzed. RESULT: The results showed that 1) The effect of raised leg on the aerodynamic characteristics of the crewman's arms was very evident, and was related to the status of leg raising; 2) The sideslip considerably increased aerodynamic loads on the crewman's arms, in particular when beta=50 degrees the loads was severe in the test; 3) The tested protective devices was valid, the effectiveness of wind deflector in protecting crewman's arms was evident; 4) A formula for calculating aerodynamic force acting on crewman's arms was presented. CONCLUSION: 1)The tested protective devices was valid, and the effectiveness of wind deflector in protecting crewman's arms was evident; 2) An aerodynamic basis for the development of crewman windblast protective device was presented; 3)The calculation formula presented is useful in estimating aerodynamic forces of crewman's arms.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2005

Clinical comparison of automatic, noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm.

BACKGROUND: When the upper arm (area from shoulder to elbow) is inaccessible and/or a standard-sized blood pressure cuff does not fit, some healthcare workers use the forearm to measure blood pressure. OBJECTIVE: To compare automatic noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the upper arm and forearm. METHODS: A descriptive, correlational comparison study was conducted in the emergency department of a 1071-bed teaching hospital. Subjects were 204 English-speaking patients 6 to 91 years old in medically stable condition who had entered the department on foot or by wheelchair and who had no exclusions to using their left upper extremity. A Welch Allyn Vital Signs 420 series monitor was used to measure blood pressure in the left upper arm and forearm with the subject seated and the upper arm or forearm at heart level. RESULTS: Pearson r correlation coefficients between measurements in the upper arm and forearm were 0.88 for systolic blood pressure and 0.76 for diastolic blood pressure (P < .001 for both). Mean systolic pressures, but not mean diastolic pressures, in the upper arm and forearm differed significantly (t = 2.07, P = .04). A Bland-Altman analysis indicated that the distances between the mean values and the limits of agreement for the 2 sites ranged from 15 mm Hg (mean arterial pressure) to 18.4 mm Hg (systolic pressure). CONCLUSIONS: Despite strict attention to correct cuff size and placement of the upper arm or forearm at heart level, measurements of blood pressure obtained noninvasively in the arm and forearm of seated patients in stable condition are not interchangeable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Oversized patient arms: a problem with blood pressure measurements].

The increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity systematically leads to a higher number of individuals who may be wrongly diagnosed as hypertensive because their arms are too large for standard blood pressure cuffs, which are ordinarily appropriate in patients with normal sized arms. The aim was to gain real data of upper arm and wrist circumferences in 327 elected subjects with larger arms (upper arm circumference >32.5 cm) from two Bavarian general practices. We found that 93.9% of all patients had an upper arm circumference of a maximum of 41.0 cm and a wrist circumference of at most 20.5 cm. These data were then compared with the approved size ranges of six wrist blood pressure measurement devices, one special three-in-one cuff for different sizes and the two large adult cuffs recommended by the German Hypertension Society. Availability of one large cuff and one wrist blood measurement device (either used at the upper arm or at the wrist depending on patient dimensions) seems to be sufficient. This should allow for true blood pressure readings to be obtained in at least 96% of all patients with arms of more than normal circumference.

Arm↗
PubMed1988

Upper arm anthropometric norms in elderly white subjects.

The purpose of this study was to develop percentile norms for upper arm anthropometry for use in the nutrition assessment of the elderly. This survey involved the measurement of four parameters: triceps skinfold thickness, mid-upper arm circumference, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, and mid-upper arm muscle area. Measurements were collected from 746 white, noninstitutionalized ambulatory elderly persons living in the Cincinnati area. Age- and sex-specific percentile distributions for the four parameters indicated age-related trends. All four parameters were lowered with advancing age in elderly women and men aged 60 to 89 years. The degree of change with age varied among parameters but was consistently greater in elderly women than in men. Elderly women had larger triceps skinfold thickness but smaller mid-upper arm circumference, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, and mid-upper arm muscle area measurements than did elderly men. These anthropometric findings provide useful standards for ambulatory white elderly people. It is evident that upper arm anthropometry changes with age. As a result, an elderly person's nutritional status should not be evaluated with a single standard for the elderly. Surveys of the elderly should use appropriate age standards to ensure an accurate estimation of obesity or undernutrition in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

VO2max responses in separate and combined arm and leg air-braked ergometer exercise.

Using an air-braked cycle ergometer, we sought to determine the relative contributions of the arms and legs in eliciting the maximal O2 uptake (VO2max). Ten healthy, non-arm-trained males did progressive exercise to exhaustion on the ergometer instrumented to partition the push-pull arm exercise from the cycling leg exercise. Exercise was done with arms only (100% arms), legs only (100% legs, with arms at sides), and in combinations of 10% arms/90% legs, 20% arms/80% legs, and 30% arms/70% legs. To approximate conventional bicycling, four subjects exercised to exhaustion doing leg cycling on the air-braked ergometer with the hands fixed to stationary bars. The maximal power output and VO2max were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) for the 10% arms/90% legs and the 20% arms/80% legs combinations. Maximal power output and VO2max for 10% arms/90% legs was significantly greater than that for the 100% arms, 100% legs, and 30% arms/70% legs regimens (P less than 0.05). The highest VO2max measured in combined arm/leg exercise for four subjects using 10% arms/90% legs (N = 3) or 20% arms/80% legs (N = 1) was not significantly different from that measured in air-braked ergometer leg cycling with hands fixed to stationary bars (P greater than 0.05). We conclude that push-pull arm exercise of 10 or 20%, combined with leg cycling of 90 or 80%, respectively, or leg cycling with hands fixed to bars optimize the arm/leg contributions in eliciting VO2max. These findings suggest that the upper-body stabilizing effort in conventional cycling (legs cycling, hands fixed) contributes approximately 10-20% to inducing VO2max.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Skin blood flow of the lymphedematous arm before and after liposuction.

Twelve women with arm lymphedema after breast cancer treatment underwent liposuction followed by external compression with a garment-sleeve. Arm volumes were measured using water displacement technique, and skin blood flow was recorded with laser Doppler imaging (LDI). Data was collected before and after (3 and 12 months) liposuction. Episodes of cellulitis were also recorded. Whereas previous investigations have indicated increased total blood flow in the lymphedematous arm, we found reduced superficial skin blood flow preoperatively. Liposuction produced a median edema reduction of 87% and 97% after 3 and 12 months respectively. Both in the forearm and in the upper arm, skin blood flow increased significantly after liposuction and values were similar to those of the non-edematous (control) arm. Along with increased skin blood flow, the frequency of cellulitis also decreased. Liposuction effectively reduces arm lymphedema after breast cancer treatment, and also lowers the incidence of arm cellulitis. Improved local skin blood flow may be an important contributing factor to the reduced episodes of arm infection.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Evidence for polewards forces on chromosome arms during anaphase.

We have identified new mitotic forces in crane-fly spermatocytes, separate from forces on the kinetochore, that propel chromosome arms in anaphase towards the spindle pole. In normal spermatocytes, the chromosome arms in anaphase generally trail the kinetochore to the pole. After ultraviolet-microbeam irradiation of a kinetochore spindle fibre, however, chromosome arms moved closer to the pole than the kinetochore. This poleward arm-movement occurred regardless of whether the irradiation stopped the movement of the associated chromosomes, and occurred both in chromosomes associated with the irradiated fibre and in chromosomes not associated with the irradiated fibre. Arms that moved ahead of the kinetochore continued to lead the kinetochore to the pole for the duration of anaphase. Ultraviolet-microbeam-irradiation-induced movement of arms ahead of the kinetochore is specific for irradiation of spindle fibres: irradiations of the cytoplasm outside the spindle had no effect, and irradiations of the region between spindle and mitochondrial sheath (that outlines the spindle) and irradiations of the interzonal region are much less effective than irradiations of spindle fibres in causing arms to move. We argue that in crane-fly spermatocytes forces propelling chromosome arms toward the pole are part of normal anaphase.

Anaphase↗
PubMed1997

Functional interaction between Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein subunits: the gamma subunit suppresses the ATPase activity of the alpha beta dimer.

The alpha beta dimer and the gamma subunit of the Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein were solubilized by treating isolated axonemes with 0.6 M KCI, and purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The axonemes were from an ida1 mutant to eliminate contamination of outer arm subunits by inner arm dynein 11, and the axonemes were pre-extracted with 0.6 M CH3COOK to remove non-dynein protein that might otherwise contaminate outer arm dynein fractions in the sucrose gradient. In addition, purer fractions of outer arm dynein subunits were obtained by modifying the centrifugation conditions to take advantage of the propensity of the dynein to dissociate under high hydrostatic pressure in the presence of Mg2+. When sucrose gradient fractions containing the gamma subunit were added to a fraction containing the purified alpha beta dimer under conditions expected to promote reassociation of the subunits to form a trimeric outer arm dynein complex [Takada et al., 1992: J. Biochem, 111:758-762], the total ATPase activity of the mixture was suppressed to a level lower than that of the original alpha beta dimer fraction. The inhibition paralleled the distribution of gamma subunit in the sucrose gradient, was saturable, and was maximum at an approximately equimolar ratio of the gamma subunit to the alpha beta dimer. These results indicate that when the gamma subunit interacts with the alpha beta dimer, the latter's ATPase activity is modulated downward. Previous results showed that interaction of the alpha subunit with the beta subunit suppressed the beta subunit's ATPase activity [Pfister and Witman, 1984: J. Biol. Chem. 259:12072-12080]. Thus, the total ATPase activity of the outer arm dynein is dependent upon communication between all three subunits within the arm.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2001

Chromosome arm-specific multicolor FISH.

Several systems for 24-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have been developed and applied to karyotyping and detection of chromosomal abnormalities. We have developed a 42-color multicolor FISH (mFISH) technique (armFISH), which permits the detection of chromosomal aberrations at the resolution of chromosome arms. The armFISH uses a commercially available mFISH reagent kit (24XCyte, MetaSystems GmbH) supplemented with a set of differentially labeled chromosome arm-specific painting probes (arm-kit, comprising either p- or q-arms of all human chromosomes, except the p-arm of the acrocentric- and Y chromosomes). The mFISH-probe cocktail and the arm-kit are combined and hybridized together to metaphase chromosomes. The armFISH is analyzed in two steps; first, the conventional mFISH image analysis is performed, followed by the arm-kit analysis to reveal the chromosome arms involved. The examples demonstrate the utility of armFISH in defining chromosomal rearrangements of human cancers.

Carbocyanines↗
PubMed2004

Disruption of genes encoding predicted inner arm dynein heavy chains causes motility phenotypes in Tetrahymena.

The multi-dynein hypothesis [Asai, 1995: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:129-132] states: (1) there are many different dynein HC isoforms; (2) each isoform is encoded by a different gene; (3) different isoforms have different functions. Many studies provide evidence in support of the first two statements [Piperno et al., 1990: J Cell Biol 110:379-389; Kagami and Kamiya, 1992: J Cell Sci 103:653-664; Gibbons, 1995: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:136-144; Porter et al., 1996: Genetics 144:569-585; Xu et al., 1999: J Eukaryot Microbiol 46:606-611] and there is evidence that outer arms and inner arms play different roles in flagellar beating [Brokaw and Kamiya, 1987: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 8:68-75]. However, there are few studies rigorously testing in vivo whether inner arm dyneins, especially the 1-headed inner arm dyneins, play unique roles. This study tested the third tenet of the multi-dynein hypothesis by introducing mutations into three inner arm dynein HC genes (DYH8, 9 and 12) that are thought to encode HCs associated with 1-headed inner arm dyneins. Southern blots, Northern blots, and RT-PCR analyses indicate that all three mutants (KO-8, 9, and 12) are complete knockouts. Each mutant swims slower than the wild-type cells. The beat frequency of KO-8 cells is lower than that of the wild-type cells while the beat frequencies of KO-9 and KO-12 are not different from that of wild-type cells. Our results suggest that each inner arm dynein HC is essential for normal cell motility and cannot be replaced functionally by other dynein HCs and that not all of the 1-headed inner arm dyneins play the same role in ciliary motility. Thus, the results of our study support the multi-dynein hypothesis [Asai, 1995: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:129-132].

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High speed sliding of axonemal microtubules produced by outer arm dynein.

To study dynein arm activity at high temporal resolution, axonemal sliding was measured field by field for wild type and dynein arm mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila. For wt SB255 cells, when the rate of data acquisition was 60 fps, about 5x greater than previously published observations, sliding was observed to be discontinuous with very high velocity sliding (average 196 microm/sec) for a few msec (1 or 2 fields) followed by a pause of several fields. The sliding velocities measured were an order of magnitude greater than rates previously measured by video analysis. However, when the data were analyzed at 12 fps for the same axonemes, consistent with previous observations, sliding was linear as the axonemes extended several times their original length with an average velocity of approximately 10 microm/sec. The pauses or stops occurred at approximately 200 and 300% of the initial length, suggesting that dynein arms on one axonemal doublet were initially active to the limit of extension, and then the arms on the next doublet became activated. In contrast, in a mutant where OADs are missing, sliding observed at 60 fps was continuous and slow (5 microm/sec), as opposed to the discontinuous high-velocity sliding of SB255 and of the mutant at the permissive temperature where OADs are present. High-velocity step-wise sliding was also present in axonemes from an inner arm dynein mutant (KO6). These results indicate that the high-speed discontinuous pattern of sliding is produced by the mechanochemical activity of outer arm dynein. The rate of sliding is consistent with a low duty ratio of the outer arm dynein and with the operation of each arm along a doublet once per beat.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Microtubule sliding in flagellar axonemes of Chlamydomonas mutants missing inner- or outer-arm dynein: velocity measurements on new types of mutants by an improved method.

To help understand the functional properties of inner and outer dynein arms in axonemal motility, sliding velocities of outer doublets were measured in disintegrating axonemes of Chlamydomonas mutants lacking either of the arms. Measurements under improved solution conditions yielded significantly higher sliding velocities than those observed in a previous study [Okagaki and Kamiya, 1986, J. Cell Biol. 103:1895-1902]. As in the previous study, it was found that the velocities in axonemes of wild type (wt) and a mutant (oda1) missing the outer arm differ greatly: 18.5 +/- 4.1 microns/sec for wt and 4.4 +/- 2.3 microns/sec for oda1 at 0.5 mM Mg-ATP. In contrast, axonemes of two types of mutants (ida2 and ida4) that lacked different sets of two inner-arm heavy chains displayed velocities almost identical with the wild-type velocity. Moreover, axonemes of a non-motile double mutant ida2 X ida4 underwent sliding disintegration at a similar high velocity, although less frequently than in axonemes of single mutants. These observations support the hypothesis that the inner and outer dynein arms in disintegrating axonemes drive microtubules at different speeds and it is the faster outer arm that determines the overall speed when both arms are present. The inner arm may be important for the initiation of sliding. The axoneme thus appears to be equipped with two (or more) types of motors with different intrinsic speeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Trochanteric transfer in total hip replacement: effects on the moment arms and force-generating capacities of the hip abductors.

A three-dimensional computer model of the pelvis, femur, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus was used to evaluate the changes in muscle moment arms and force-generating capacities caused by alterations in the location of the greater trochanter. In the first part of this study, the hip center and all other aspects of joint geometry remained unaltered, while we examined changes in abduction moment arms that resulted from transfer of the trochanteric fragment to a wide variety of positions on the femur. The largest increase in average abduction moment arm was 11% (0.5 cm), which occurred with an anterolateral transfer. Most transfers resulted in moment arm changes of less than 5%. In the second part of this study, the hip center was displaced 2 cm superiorly, and the effects of a distal trochanteric transfer on the moment arms and force-generating capacities of the abductors were analyzed. The superior displacement caused a 13% decrease in the moment arm of the abductors and a 43% decrease in their force-generating capacity. The moment arm was not restored by distal transfer of the greater trochanter; however, distal transfer had the major advantage of restoring muscle lengths and force-generating capacities. These results suggest that trochanteric transfer should be considered primarily as a means to restore muscle length because it has limited potential to increase the moment arms of the two primary hip abductors.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2000

A four-way junction with triple-helical arms: design, characterization, and stability.

The formation of the four-way junction containing four triple-helical arms has been demonstrated using chemical methods (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and chemical footprinting using OsO(4) as a probe) and physical methods (UV absorbance melting and DSC). The junction J(T1T3) was assembled from two 20-mer purine strands and two 44-mer pyrimidine strands. To determine the contribution of the different arms to the stability of the complete structure of J(T1T3), the junction was compared to two simplified substructures, J(T1) and J(T3), respectively. Common to these complexes is the underlying double-helical four-way junction Js. Addition of Na(+) had a profound effect on stabilizing and subsequently folding the junctions into the stacked X-structures. The following results support the structure present: (i) The native polyacrylamide electrophoresis exhibits only a single band(s) corresponding to one species present when all four single strands are mixed in equal amounts. (ii) OsO(4) modifications were investigated at pH 5.0 and in the presence of 10 mM Mg(2+) and 100 mM Na(+). There is no cleavage of thymine residues at the branch point and throughout the structure. (iii) The thermal unfolding of J(T1) and J(T3) illustrates that the triple-helical arms are more stable than the double-helical arms which are contained in these junctions and that J(T1T3) with four triple-helical arms is slightly more stable than J(T1) and J(T3). (iv) The calorimetric transition enthalpies determined for the arms of J(T1T3) are comparable to those associated with the unfolding of its corresponding arms in J(T1) and J(T3). The results also illustrate that the formation of the junctions is not restricted by the pH, [Na(+)], sequence composition of the arms, and/or the loop position.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Metabolic responses to light arm and leg exercise when sitting.

Seven male subjects performed progressive exercises with a light work load on an upper limb or bicycle ergometer in the sitting position. At any comparable work load above zero, arm exercise induced higher oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate, oxygen pulse, respiratory rate and tidal volume than leg exercise. At similar levels of VO2 above 0.45 1 X min-1, heart rate and ventilation were higher during arm exercise. A close linear relationship between carbon dioxide output and oxygen uptake was observed during both arm and leg exercises, the slope for arm work being steeper. The ventilatory equivalent for VCO2 (VE/VCO2) gradually decreased during both types of exercise. The ventilatory equivalent for VO2(VE/VO2) remained constant (arm) while it rose (leg) to a peak at 9.8 W and then gradually decreased. Ventilation in relation to tidal volume had a linear relationship with leg exercise, but became curvilinear with arm exercise after tidal volume exceeded 1100 ml. The observed differences in response between arm and leg exercises at a given work load appear to be influenced by differences in sympathetic outflow due to the greater level of static contraction of the relatively small muscle groups required by arm exercise.

Adolescent↗