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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Microstructural changes of osmotically dehydrated tissues of apple, banana, and potato.

Scanning electron microscopy examination was conducted on osmotically dehydrated tissues of apple, banana, and potato. High-quality stereo images and surface parameters were recorded from two sets of samples: fresh samples and osmotically dehydrated samples for each material studied. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed that osmotic treatment had a significant effect on the structural properties (cell wall, middle lamella) for the different plant materials. The intercellular spaces were larger for materials treated at higher temperature (55 degrees C) and higher concentration of sucrose solution (70%). The cell wall and middle lamella observed in Golden Delicious apple appeared larger than those in Cox apple, banana, and potato, and probably contributed to the observed descending order of water loss and solid gain as: Golden Delicious > Cox > potato > banana.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1996

Monooxygenase, Esterase, and Glutathione Transferase Activity Associated with Azinphosmethyl Resistance in the Tufted Apple Bud Moth, Platynota idaeusalis

Azinphosmethyl-selected tufted apple bud moths were compared to susceptible and reverted strains with respect to possible metabolic mechanisms of resistance within the third instar, fifth instar, and adults. Based upon bioassays conducted by topical application with azinphosmethyl, LD50s were as high as 867-fold in the selected strain as compared to that seen in susceptible bud moths. The LD50 of the reverted strain was intermediate to that of the susceptible and selected insects at all stages studied. Glutathione transferase activity measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was elevated in the selected strain 1.6- and 2.2-fold as compared to third and fifth stadium susceptible bud moths, respectively. No consistent strain differences were noted for 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. Cytochrome P450 content and P450 mRNA was not significantly different in fifth instars of the susceptible and selected strain. However, there was a 2.7- and 1.9-fold increase in benzphetamine and p-nitroanisole metabolism, respectively, in the guts of azinphosmethyl-selected fifth instars. Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism was elevated 2.4-fold in the carcass of selected bud moths and no differences were noted for methoxyresorufrin in either gut or carcass. Susceptible fifth instars demonstrated a reduced rate of metabolism of azinphosmethyl to the oxon and methyl benzazamide. Piperonyl butoxide failed to synergize azinphosmethyl toxicity. Esterase activity measured with 1-naphthyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl acetate was elevated in selected larvae compared to that seen in susceptible tufted apple bud moths in both larvae and adults. This increased esterase activity was attributed to several isoforms as resolved by analytical isoelectric focusing. One of these forms was consistently overexpressed in all of the life stages examined. Pretreatment of selected fifth instars with S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate increased the toxicity of azinphosmethyl 400-fold and had minimal effect on toxicity in susceptible insects. It appears that multiple hydrolases are the primary metabolic factor in azinphosmethyl resistance in the tufted apple bud moth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Pesticide residues in dried apples. II.

Dried apples (dice 298 samples, powder 35 samples) imported from Italy 1976 to 1982 were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. All values lay well below the legal limits of the German Federal Republic. DDT residues in apple powder were higher than in apple dice, but DDT values decreased significantly during the time of examination.

DDT↗
PubMed1993

Control of enzymatic browning in apple slices by using ascorbic acid under different conditions.

Control of phenol oxidase activity in apple slices by the use of ascorbic acid at different pH values, temperature and time of incubation was investigated. The enzyme was almost inactivated at 1% and 1.5% ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid solution (1%) caused a remarkable inhibition with the increasing acidity up to pH = 1. Heating treatments for apple slices dipped in 1% ascorbic acid caused a reduction of enzymatic browning, optimum temperature for inactivation of the enzyme was between 60-70 degrees C for 15 minutes. Increasing the time of dipping apple slices in 1% ascorbic acid solutions and at different pH values reduce phenolase activity.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Factors affecting storability of apples in Syria.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of some environmental factors (production place and season), production factors (variety, fruit size, irrigation and yield), and storage conditions (refrigerated and non refrigerated rooms) on storability of cv.'Golden' Delicious and cv. 'Starking' apples (Malus domestica, Borkh) in Syria. The results showed a negative relationship between apples' storability and each of the following: temperature from April to September, irrigation before harvest, yield, and fruit size. Whereas altitude, and rainfall through winter had a positive effect on storability of apples.

Altitude↗
PubMed1978

[Determination of MCPA and TERBACIL in apples (author's transl)].

Analytical methods for the determination of MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and TERBACIL (3-tert. butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) in apples are described. The detection limits of the methods are 0.04 mg/kg for TERBACIL and 0.1 mg/kg for MCPA. With additions between 0.05--0.1 mg TERBACIL/kg apples the recovery rates lie between 95--105%. With additions between 0.1--0.5 mg MCPA/kg apples the recovery is between 103--114%.

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1978

[Application HTST-heating of the mash and its influence on the aroma composition during the production of apple brandy (author's transl)].

The influence of HTST-heating of the mash aroma composition during production of apply brandy has been investigated by means of gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Starting from the apple aroma the changes in aroma components were studied quantitatively during the conventional production (without enzyme inhibition) as well as after HTST-heating (enzyme inactivation) of the mash. For this purpose 98 aroma compounds were determined in the course of mash production, fermentation and distillation. When employing HTST-heating the original aroma components of the apple particularly the fruit esters were present in appreciably higher concentrations in the mash as well as in the distillate than with the conventional production method. Simultaneously HTST-heating reduced the secondary aroma substances in mash and distillate which are formed with the conventional method by enzymatic-oxidative processes. In the unaged apple brandy obtained from HTST-treated mash lower amounts of lactates and higher concentrations of acetals were found compared with the conventionally produced distillate.

Acetates↗
PubMed1986

The fate of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides during processing of contaminated apples.

A spectrophotometric method based on the liberation of carbon disulfide is suitable for the determination of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) residues on apples. Homogenization of samples before analysis initiates rapid breakdown of EBDC, resulting in low recoveries. Thermal conversion of mancozeb to ethylenethiourea (ETU) in the course of apple processing was investigated. The formation of ETU from EBDC could be reduced by lowering the pH value. The presence of an antioxidant (ascorbic acid or cysteine) significantly diminished the yields of ETU after heating, but they inhibited its subsequent decomposition. The rate of ETU formation did not correspond to a relatively rapid disappearance of the parent compound. The levels of ETU residues in the canned baby food originating from contaminated apples were evaluated after a 9-months storage period: the reduction of ETU amounts varied from 26 to 70%.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1978

[Flavonol glycosides of apples (Malus silvestris Mill.). 10. Phenolics of fruits (author's transl)].

The flavonol glycosides of apple skin (Malus silvestris Mill. cv. Golden Delicious) were separated by means of cellulose column chromatography and paper chromatography, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline and identified by usual procedures: quercetin 3-O-alpha-D-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-xyloside, quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and rutin. Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside also was identified, but could not be obtained crystallin. A comparison by TLC of 10 very different varieties of apples namely Golden Delicious, Cox Orange, Roter Berlepsch, Cortland, Ingrid Marie, Jonathan, Boskoop, Laxtons Superb, Gloster, and James Grieve demonstrated the same flavonol glycosides and thus showed no distinctions in glycosid pattern between the different varieties of these apples.

Chromatography, Paper↗
PubMed1977

[Positional specificity of the peroxidation of linoleic and linolenic acid by homogenates from apples and pears (author's transl)].

Homogenates of apples and pears were incubated (25 degrees C, 20 min) with linoleic and linolenic acid. The major products were fatty acid hydroperoxides. The ratio of 13- to 9-hydroperoxides were at least 82:18 in favour of the 13-isomer for apples and 10:90 in favour of the 9-isomer for pears. The significance of the results for the formation of flavour compounds in apples and pears is discussed.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1984

A record system for the Apple II microcomputer.

A suite of programs for the Apple II microcomputer is described. The programs allow a clinician with no programming knowledge to set up a record system suitable for storing and analysing clinical information. The system requires an Apple II or Apple IIE microcomputer, a printer, and a simple light pen.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2004

Programmed cell death features in apple suspension cells under low oxygen culture.

Suspension-cultured apple fruit cells (Malus pumila Mill. cv. Braeburn) were exposed to a low oxygen atmosphere to test whether programmed cell death (PCD) has a role in cell dysfunction and death under hypoxic conditions. Protoplasts were prepared at various times after low oxygen conditions were established, and viability tested by triple staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA), propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst33342 (HO342). DNA breakdown and phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane were observed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and annexin V binding. About 30% of protoplasts from cells after 48 h under low oxygen showed an increased accumulation of HO342, indicating increased membrane permeability. Positive TUNEL and annexin V results were also only obtained with protoplasts from cells under low oxygen. The results suggest that apple cell death under low oxygen is at least partially PCD mediated, and may explain tissue breakdown under controlled atmosphere (low oxygen) conditions in apple fruit.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Large volumes of apple juice preoperatively do not affect gastric pH and volume in children.

The effect on gastric pH and volume of 0, 6 and 10 ml.kg-1, of apple juice given 2.5 hours before surgery to children aged five to ten years was investigated in this prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Gastric contents were aspirated after induction of anaesthesia, and the volume measured. The pH of the gastric aspirate was then assessed using pH paper. Neither gastric volume nor pH immediately following the induction of general anaesthesia were significantly different among the three groups. Gastric volumes after 0, 6 and 10 ml.kg-1, of juice averaged (mean +/- SD) 0.45 +/- 0.31, 0.66 +/- 0.79 and 0.71 +/- 0.76 ml.kg-1, respectively; gastric pH averaged 1.7 +/- 0.6, 1.7 +/- 0.6 and 1.8 +/- 0.8, respectively. On the basis of questions asked immediately before induction of anaesthesia, patients who drank 6 ml.kg-1 of apple juice had decreased thirst and were less irritable and upset before anaesthesia than those who had not (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that drinking large volumes of clear apple juice 2.5 hours before scheduled surgery does not have a measurable effect on gastric volume and pH and may offer benefits such as improved patient comfort.

Beverages↗
PubMed1989

The effect of preoperative apple juice on gastric contents, thirst, and hunger in children.

The effect of 3 ml.kg-1 of apple juice given 2.6 +/- 0.4 hours preoperatively was investigated in 80 healthy children of ages five to ten years in this prospective, randomized, single blind study. The children who drank apple juice preoperatively had decreased gastric volume, thirst, and hunger (p less than 0.05). The gastric volume in the control group was 0.43 +/- 0.46 ml.kg-1 and in the patients who received apple juice the gastric volume was 0.24 +/- 0.31 ml.kg-1. The gastric pH was not significantly different, with the control group's gastric pH being 1.7 +/- 0.6 and the treated group's pH was 2.2 +/- 1.2. Further studies of the effects of different volumes and timing of preoperative clear fluids are indicated in paediatric patients.

Beverages↗
PubMed2000

Transgene expression driven by heterologous ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small-subunit gene promoters in the vegetative tissues of apple (Malus pumila mill.).

It is desirable that the expression of transgenes in genetically modified crops is restricted to the tissues requiring the encoded activity. To this end, we have studied the ability of the heterologous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small-subunit (SSU) gene promoters, RBCS3CP (0.8 kbp) from tomato (hycopersion esculentum Mill.) and SRS1P (1.5 kbp) from soybean (Glycine max [h.] Mers.), to drive expression of the beta-glucuronidase (gusA) marker gene in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Transgenic lines of cultivar Greensleeves were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the level of gusA expression in the vegetative tissues of young plants was compared with that produced using the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. These quantitative GUS data were assessed for their relationship to the copy number of transgene loci. The precise location of GUS activity in leaves was identified histochemically. The heterologous SSU promoters were active primarily in the green vegetative tissues of apple, although activity in the roots was noticeably higher with the RBCS3C promoter than with the SRS1 promoter. The mean GUS activity in leaf tissue of the SSU promoter transgenics was approximately half that of plants containing the CaMV 35S promoter. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that GUS activity was localised to the mesophyll and palisade cells of the leaf. The influence of light on expression was also determined. The activity of the SRS1 promoter was strictly dependent on light, whereas that of the RBCS3C promoter appeared not to be. Both SSU promoters would be suitable for the expression of transgenes in green photosynthetic tissues of apple.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2005

Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies.

Although fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple (Malus x domestica) worldwide, no major, qualitative gene for resistance to this disease has been identified to date in apple. We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in two F(1) progenies derived from crosses between the cultivars Fiesta and either Discovery or Prima. Both progenies were inoculated in the greenhouse with the same strain of E. amylovora, and the length of necrosis was scored 7 days and 14 days after inoculation. Additive QTLs were identified using the MAPQTL: software, and digenic epistatic interactions, which are an indication of putative epistatic QTLs, were detected by two-way analyses of variance. A major QTL explaining 34.3--46.6% of the phenotypic variation was identified on linkage group (LG) 7 of Fiesta in both progenies at the same genetic position. Four minor QTLs were also identified on LGs 3, 12 and 13. In addition, several significant digenic interactions were identified in both progenies. These results confirm the complex polygenic nature of resistance to fire blight in the progenies studied and also reveal the existence of a major QTL on LG7 that is stable in two distinct genetic backgrounds. This QTL could be a valuable target in marker-assisted selection to obtain new, fire blight-resistant apple cultivars and forms a starting point for discovering the function of the genes underlying such QTLs involved in fire blight control.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Genomic cloning and linkage mapping of the Mal d 1 (PR-10) gene family in apple (Malus domestica).

Fresh apples can cause birch pollen-related food allergy in northern and central European populations, primarily because of the presence of Mal d 1, the major apple allergen that is cross-reactive to the homologous and sensitizing allergen Bet v 1 from birch. Apple cultivars differ significantly in their allergenicity. Knowledge of the genetic basis of these differences would direct breeding for hypoallergenic cultivars. The PCR genomic cloning and sequencing were performed on two cultivars, Prima and Fiesta, which resulted in 37 different Mal d 1 gDNA sequences. Based on the mapping of sequence-specific molecular markers, these sequences appeared to represent 18 Mal d 1 genes. Sixteen genes were located in two clusters, one cluster with seven genes on linkage group (LG) 13, and the other cluster with nine genes on the homoeologous LG 16. One gene was mapped on LG 6, and one remained unmapped. According to sequence identity, these 18 genes could be subdivided into four subfamilies. Subfamilies I-III had an intron of different size that was subfamily and gene-specific. Subfamily IV consisted of 11 intronless genes. The deduced amino acid sequence identity varied from 65% to 81% among subfamilies, from 82% to 100% among genes within a subfamily, and from 97.5% to 100% among alleles of one gene. This study provides a better understanding of the genetics of Mal d 1 and the basis for further research on the occurrence of allelic diversity among cultivars in relation to allergenicity and their biological functions.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Monitoring apple flavor by use of quartz microbalances.

"Electronic noses", i.e. arrays of differently coated quartz microbalances (QMB), have been used for selective detection of, and discrimination between, volatile organic compounds (VOC) formed during the post-harvest ripening of apples. The flavor components to be differentiated are chemically rather similar carbonyl compounds, chiefly aldehydes and esters. Because their relative ratios change during the post-harvest ripening period, appropriately selected sensor-active layers lead to characteristic patterns of the sensor responses which can be analyzed via pattern-recognition methods. This enables qualitative and quantitative identification of individual components whereby the post-harvest ripening of apples and other fruits can be monitored. Different kinds of apple differ in type and concentration of individual carbonyl compounds.

Aldehydes↗