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At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The qacG gene on plasmid pST94 confers resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in staphylococci isolated from the food industry.

The 2.3 kb resistance plasmid pST94 revealed a new gene (qacG) encoding resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC), a commonly used quaternary ammonium disinfectant, and the intercalating dye ethidium bromide (Eb) in staphylococci isolated from the food industry. The 107 amino acid QacG protein showing 69.2% identity to the staphylococcal multi-drug resistance protein Smr is a new member of the small multi-drug resistance (SMR) protein family. QacG conferred resistance via proton dependent efflux. An additional ORF on pST94 encoded a protein with extensive similarity to replication proteins of other Gram-positive bacteria. Gene constructs containing the qacG and smr gene region combined with the smr or qacG promoter, respectively, indicated that QacG is more efficient than Smr and that qacG has a weaker promoter. Resistant qacG-containing cells could be adapted to withstand higher concentrations of BC. Adapted qacG-containing cells showed increased resistance mainly to BC. In contrast, adaptation of sensitive cells showed cross-resistance development to a range of compounds. Induction of proton-dependent efflux was observed for BC-adapted staphylococci cells not containing qacG. The ability of sublethal concentrations of BC to develop cross-resistance and induce efflux mechanisms could be of practical significance; it should be considered before use of any new disinfectant and in the design of better disinfection procedures.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis and structure of new water-soluble and stable tantalum compound: ammonium tetralactatodiperoxo-mu-oxo-ditantalate(V).

The stable water-soluble tantalum complex with lactic acid (ammonium tetralactatodiperoxo-mu-oxo-ditantalate(V)), (NH4)4[Ta2(C3H4O3)4(O2)2O].3H2O, was prepared in the crystalline form. According to the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, this compound forms a monoclinic cell with a = 13.85(2) A, b = 9.06(1) A, c = 12.32(2) A, and beta = 116.30 degrees , space group C2 (No. 2), and has Z = 2 molecules per unit cell. The solid-state 13C NMR data and low flack parameter are consistent with the determined structure. Appearance of the same vibration modes in Raman and IR spectra supports the choice of the space group without inversion symmetry. The solution of the tantalum complex was successfully applied for the synthesis of two photocatalytic materials, NaTaO3 and Sr2Ta2O7.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quaternary ammonium compound toxicity in chickens.

Two commercial White Leghorn flocks of 41,000 and 57,000 25-week-old hens experienced death losses of 676 and 1,089 birds in a week. Six birds from each flock were presented for necropsy to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Purdue University with a clinical history of excessive deaths, unsatisfactory production, and dehydration. Gross lesions were present on the tongue and on oral and pharyngeal mucosa as uniformly pale or white areas with interspersed multifocal sites of ulceration. Other changes were cyanotic, shriveled combs and wattles and ruptured ovarian follicles with concurrent egg yolk peritonitis. Microscopic examination revealed large areas of coagulative necrosis with multifocal epithelial ulceration of the oral and pharyngeal mucosae. There was an intense inflammatory, heterophilic response at the periphery of affected areas. Alterations in the abdominal viscera were limited to egg yolk peritonitis. The high death rate and oral lesions were attributed to accidental use of excessive levels of a quaternary ammonium disinfectant in the drinking water.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of sodium salicylate on renal elimination of a quaternary ammonium compound.

Administration of sodium salicylate inhibited elimination of the tetraethylammonium ion in rats. A two-compartment open model was used to describe plasma decline of tetraethylammonium bromide administered intravenously. The rate constant describing elimination from the central compartment was decreased by 25 and 40% in rats predosed with sodium salicylate at 30 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Salicylate also enhanced the distribution of the tetraethylammonium ion to the peripheral compartment. Urinary excretion is the principal route of elimination for the tetraethylammonium ion, and studies of the effect of sodium salicylate on the uptake of the tetraethylammonium ion by rat renal cortical tissue indicated noncompetitive inhibition by salicylate.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Metabolism and excretion of the quaternary ammonium compound thiazinamium methylsulfate (Multergan) in man. II. Oral and rectal administration.

In this study it is shown that biotransformation of thiazinamium, when given orally, does not differ qualitatively from the pattern found after parenteral administration. However, quantitatively both the metabolism and excretion patterns are considerably different from those after intravenous injection. The renal clearance accounted for 256 +/- 136 ml.min-1 (mean +/- SD). This value is higher than glomerular filtration, which may be indicative of an active excretion process. Hepatic clearance (biotransformation and biliary excretion of unchanged cation) was 537 +/- 495 ml.min-1 (mean +/- SD). Hepatic clearance was found to correlate negatively with bioavailability. The ratio between unchanged drug and the only metabolite, the sulfoxide, in urine was about I:0.9. This is substantially different from that found after parenteral administration (ca. I:0.2), which may imply that a 'first-pass effect' occurs. It was estimated that ca. 50% of the absorbed amount was metabolized during the first liver passage. The fate of thiazinamium after rectal administration in Witepsol HI5 suppositories shows several similarities with that after oral administration. The ratio between unchanged drug and metabolite in urine in this case was ca. I:0.8, indicating that also after rectal administration a 'first-pass effect' occurs, now to a degree of ca. 35%.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Occurrence of and a possible mechanism for resistance to a quaternary ammonium compound in Listeria monocytogenes.

In a study of 200 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, 10% were determined to be resistant to benzalkonium chloride (BC). Serial subcultivation of initially BC sensitive (BC(S)) and BC resistant (BC(R)) isolates in sublethal concentrations of BC resulted in enhanced and approximately equal resistance of all strains to the compound. Fifty per cent of the BC(R) isolates showed resistance to ethidium bromide (EB) as well. A proton motive force (pmf)-dependent efflux of EB was demonstrated in BC(R) isolates, and in originally sensitive strains adapted to grow in BC. This efflux was not found in BC(S) strains. The result indicate that BC can induce a broad resistance mechanism based on a pmf-driven efflux pump. There was no indication that this type of resistance was related to resistance to antibiotics.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1980

Reversed-phase, ion-pair liquid chromatography of quaternary ammonium compounds: determination of pyridostigmine, neostigmine and edrophionium in biological fluids.

A reversed-phase, ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of quaternary acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is described. The method uses an ion-pair extraction to isolate the drugs from biological material prior to liquid chromatographic separation and online UV detection at 214 nm. Quantiation down to 5 ng/ml and within-day precison with coefficient of variation (C.V.) of 1.5% (n = 10, x = 100 ng/ml) for neostigmine, C.V., 1.7% (n = 10, x = 80 ng/ml) for pyridostigmine and C.V., 1.5% (n = 10, x = 100 ng/ml) for edrophonium have been achieved. The assay was designed for pharmacokinetic studies of these drugs in anesthetized patients.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed1988

Synthesis, effectiveness and metabolic fate in cows of the caesium complexing compound ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate labelled with 14C.

Adding ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate (AFCF) to cows' fodder produced after the Chernobyl nuclear accident prevented milk contamination by increasing the faecal elimination of 137Cs. Synthesis of ammonium ferric hexa[14C]-cyanoferrate (AF14CF) and its purification were performed for the study of the metabolic fate of this complex, and the evaluation of the possible release of cyanide. The stability of this colloidal product, tested by anaerobic incubation in rumen juice in vitro, showed no release of free cyanide from AF14CF, but hexacyanoferrate was identified in the rumen juice and 0.13% of the added radioactivity was converted to labelled CO2. AF14CF administered per os to two cows showed a nearly quantitative excretion of radioactivity in faeces during the first 3 d (91-95%). A very low but significant level of radioactivity appeared in plasma, blood cells, expired CO2 and was detected in organs taken 9 d after administration. Total cumulative radioactivity in urine and milk amounted to 0.19-0.47% and 0.068-0.071% respectively for the two cows. Labelled hexacyanoferrate and thiocyanate were identified in the urine and also in faeces. In spite of this relative instability of AFCF in the rumen of cows, the poor absorption of AF14CF degradation products showed that AFCF constitutes an efficient and safe food additive to prevent the absorption of radioactive caesium from ruminant feed and its secretion in milk.

Accidents↗