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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Home blood glucose monitoring in non-insulin-dependent diabetics: the effect of gliclazide on blood glucose and weight control, a multicentre trial.

The efficacy of the sulphonylurea gliclazide was assessed in 229 non-insulin-dependent diabetics attending U.K. outpatient diabetic clinics. Patients inadequately controlled by diet alone or oral hypoglycaemic agents used reflectance meters to monitor their blood glucose. After a 4-week run-in, in those whose control remained unsatisfactory, gliclazide was either added to diet, or given in place of existing drugs. Patients continued home-monitoring and were followed for 3 months. Gliclazide reduced mean random blood glucose in all groups, particularly those previously treated by diet alone or a first-generation sulphonylurea. The patients improved in their ability to measure glucose at home and within 2 months a good correlation with laboratory measurements was found. Mean body weight was reduced, particularly in obese and elderly subjects and those treated previously with sulphonylurea drugs. Side effects were mild and only two patients were withdrawn for this reason.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2000

The significance of water in sport and weight control.

Intake of food and drink during exercise can be effective in enhancing performance, in so far as it prevents or ameliorates exercise-induced changes to body homeostasis. Loss of body fluids containing water and electrolytes during exercise is mostly by sweating. Sweat rates during a sporting event or activity will vary according to a number of factors, including the size of the athlete and his or her degree of acclimatization, the intensity of exercise, environmental conditions and the clothing worn. The mismatch of fluid intake and fluid losses may lead to a body water deficit. It has generally been considered that decreases in performance become apparent when hypohydration exceeds 2% of body weight; that performance decrements become substantial when fluid losses exceed 5% of body weight; and that when fluid losses approach 6-10% of body weight, heat stroke and heat exhaustion become life-threatening. Hypohydration also affects mental functioning. Therefore, the effect of hypohydration on real-life sport may be greater than that shown in laboratory studies of physiological performance.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1997

Food intake, energy balance and body weight control.

Obesity is a multifactorial and complex affectation that is characterized by a long-term excess energy intake (EI) above energy expenditure (EE). Since fat oxidation seems to be dependent on SNS activation and also seems to remain acutely unaffected by fat intake, this macronutrient is certainly partly responsible for this situation. In addition, high-fat intake does not induce as potent satiety signals or a compensation effect on subsequent EI as do diets rich in carbohydrates or proteins. Moreover, since alcohol intake acutely inhibits fat oxidation and does not promote subsequent compensation for its energy content, it should consequently be regarded as a substrate which can induce a positive energy balance under free-living conditions. Thus, in a weight reducing context, each energy substrate should be manipulated while taking into account its specific characteristics. Obesity has also often been associated to a decreased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, hence sympathomimetic agents have been proposed as a possible way to partially correct this situation. Two of these agents are the widely consumed caffeine (CAF) and the pungent principle of hot red pepper, capsaicin (CAP), which acutely increase EE and reduce EI under some circumstances. Furthermore, other factors like dietary fibers, that have been shown to increase satiety and fullness, and reduce EI in some cases, should also be considered.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Energy density, palatability, and satiety: implications for weight control.

High energy density tends to be associated with high palatability, and vice versa. As a rule, energy-dense foods are palatable but not satiating, whereas foods with low energy density are more satiating but less palatable. Low-energy-density foods are typically those that contain the most water and the least fat. Reducing energy density while maintaining palatability is a continuing challenge to the food industry.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1997

Weight, body image, and weight control practices of Navajo Indians: findings from the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey.

Historically, the Navajo exhibited a low prevalence of overweight, but a number of small studies over the past few decades indicate that the prevalence is increasing. In the population-based Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 1991-92, overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) at or above the 85th percentile (BMI > 27.8 for men, > 27.3 for women) of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. One third of men age 20 and 39 and one half of men age 40 and 59, but fewer than 10% of men age 60 and older were overweight. Two thirds or more of women in all age groups were overweight. Nineteen percent of the participants underestimated their weight status (underweight, appropriate, overweight) relative to their BMI category and 17% overestimated their weight status. Women overestimated their weight status more often than men (P < 0.05), and participants age 20-39 overestimated their weight status more often than older participants (P < 0.001). Men and women age 60 and older preferred heavier body shape models as ideals of health more often than younger participants (P < 0.001). Nearly half of the participants, regardless of their weight status, reported that they were trying to lose weight; most reported using diet and exercise. Because overweight is an important risk factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, primary prevention of overweight and weight management for adults are recommended to prevent an increase in the burden of chronic disease among the Navajo.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A study of the relationships between KLF2 polymorphisms and body weight control in a French population.

BACKGROUND: Factors governing adipose tissue differentiation play a major role in obesity development in humans. The Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor KLF2/Lung KLF (LKLF) is a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation. In this study, we sequenced the human KLF2 gene and several common polymorphisms were found, among them the Pro104Leu and 3'UTR 1239C>A polymorphisms. METHODS: To evaluate the impact of these polymorphisms on anthropometric variables in humans, we genotyped a general population composed of 1155 French individuals (including 232 obese subjects) for these polymorphisms and looked for potential statistical associations with obesity-related variables. RESULTS: The frequency of the Leu104 and 1239A alleles were 0.22 and 0.18 respectively. Genotype and allele frequencies of the two polymorphisms were comparable in obese, overweight and normal weight subjects. No association between the rare alleles of the polymorphisms and anthropometric variables (BMI, weight, waist and hip circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio and plasma leptin levels) could be detected. Haplotype analyses did not reveal further significant associations. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the Pro104Leu and 3'UTR 1239C>A polymorphisms in KLF2 are not associated with obesity and obesity-related traits in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Achieving National Cholesterol Education Program goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiac patients: importance of diet, exercise, weight control, and drug therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how frequently the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) goal of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level of 100 mg/dL or less is achieved in clinical practice in patients with coronary artery disease and what fraction of patients can achieve this goal without drug therapy. DESIGN: We examined the results of lipid management in 152 consecutive patients who had completed cardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary event. Patients were randomized to follow-up by specially trained nurses or by preventive cardiologists, and they were not receiving lipid-lowering drugs at the start of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were given aggressive diet and exercise recommendations and lipid-lowering drugs in accordance with NCEP guidelines. Follow-up was continued for a mean of 526 days after the first lipid assessment subsequent to the coronary event. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of a final LDL cholesterol level of 100 mg/dL or less. RESULTS: Of the study group, 39% achieved the NCEP goal LDL cholesterol level of 100 mg/dL or less. Characteristics of the patients with LDL cholesterol levels of 100 mg/dL or less in comparison with those with LDL cholesterol levels of more than 100 mg/dL included a greater frequency of drug therapy (65% versus 38%), more rigorous dietary compliance, longer follow-up (586 +/- 317 days versus 493 +/- 264 days), more favorable weight change (-0.3 +/- 4.9 kg versus +1.7 +/- 5.0 kg), and more extensive weekly exercise (183 +/- 118 minutes versus 127 +/- 107 minutes). CONCLUSION: The registered nurses managed the lipids of these patients as effectively as did the preventive cardiologists. Appropriate drug therapy was the most important factor in achieving an LDL cholesterol level of 100 mg/dL or less, but 35% of patients attaining this NCEP goal were not receiving drug therapy. Exercise, dietary compliance, and weight loss were also important factors.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Future directions in weight control. Molecular and genetic discoveries pave the way.

Obesity is the result of a long-standing imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, aided by a complex biologic system that regulates appetite and favors intake. New knowledge about substances that stimulate or inhibit appetite offers hope that drug-based solutions will be found for the current high prevalence of obesity in the United States. In this article, Dr Bessesen highlights some of the new molecular and genetic discoveries related to obesity and outlines the hypothalamic neural pathways involved in regulating food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Weight control in the athlete.

Altering body composition either through reducing body fat or increasing muscle mass is a frequent and very important concern of large numbers of young athletes. When efforts to induce these body changes are approached with sound principles of nutrition and training, the resulting changes in body composition can make the desired contribution to health and fitness as well as contributing to increasing the athlete's performance potential. Any attempt to alter body composition must be planned over a significant time period, making it essential to initiate the program several weeks prior to the competing season. Significant increases or decreases in any body tissue component cannot be safely accomplished in a brief period. Supervision by a physician or another legitimate health professional is highly recommended to protect the motivated athlete from the abuses of faddists, quacks, and nutrition charlatans. The proper educational information regarding the ineffectiveness and hazards of drug use by the athlete are also to be dealt with. Having achieved a desired body composition, the athlete will recognize an achieved weight as his or her desired competing weight. Monitoring body weight two or three times weekly during the season will identify any involuntary changes in body weight that, if continued, will inevitably compromise athletic performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Lateral hypothalamic NMDA receptors and glutamate as physiological mediators of eating and weight control.

To determine whether endogenous lateral hypothalamic (LH) glutamate and its N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might participate in the stimulation of natural eating, LH injection of the NMDA antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5) was tested in adult male rats for suppressive actions on feeding elicited by 1) NMDA, kainic acid or D, L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole (AMPA) injected into the LH; 2) food deprivation; and 3) the onset of the nocturnal period. D-AP5 (10-100 nmol) reduced by 72-90% the approximately 10-g eating response elicited by NMDA (10 nmol) without affecting the quantitatively similar eating responses elicited by kainic acid (1.0 nmol) or AMPA (1.0 nmol). This treatment also suppressed deprivation-induced eating by as much as 61% and nocturnal eating by as much as 40%. To determine its long-term effects, D-AP5 (50 nmol) was injected bilaterally into the LH twice a day for 8 consecutive days. This treatment caused up to 65% reductions in daily food intake and body weight loss of up to 13 g/day. These findings, showing behaviorally selective suppressions of eating and body weight by D-AP5, argue that endogenous LH glutamate acts to regulate natural eating and body weight and that NMDA receptors participate in these functions.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed2001

Viral vectors as probes to decipher brain circuitry for weight control.

Multidisciplinary research has recently identified an intrinsic appetite-regulating network (ARN) in the hypothalamus. The idea that viruses could help to chart this complex network has gained impetus owing to a combination of our improved understanding of virology and of genetic engineering. Recently, three groups have employed viral vectors as probes to: (1) trace the inflow of sensory information from the neocortex and limbic systems to the ARN; (2) trace the outflow of information from the ARN to the sympathetic nervous system to monitor adiposity and energy expenditure; and (3) decipher the mechanisms underlying leptin resistance, which is responsible for environmentally based obesity.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2005

PGC-1alpha deficiency causes multi-system energy metabolic derangements: muscle dysfunction, abnormal weight control and hepatic steatosis.

The gene encoding the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) was targeted in mice. PGC-1alpha null (PGC-1alpha(-/-)) mice were viable. However, extensive phenotyping revealed multi-system abnormalities indicative of an abnormal energy metabolic phenotype. The postnatal growth of heart and slow-twitch skeletal muscle, organs with high mitochondrial energy demands, is blunted in PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice. With age, the PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice develop abnormally increased body fat, a phenotype that is more severe in females. Mitochondrial number and respiratory capacity is diminished in slow-twitch skeletal muscle of PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice, leading to reduced muscle performance and exercise capacity. PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice exhibit a modest diminution in cardiac function related largely to abnormal control of heart rate. The PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice were unable to maintain core body temperature following exposure to cold, consistent with an altered thermogenic response. Following short-term starvation, PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice develop hepatic steatosis due to a combination of reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and an increased expression of lipogenic genes. Surprisingly, PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice were less susceptible to diet-induced insulin resistance than wild-type controls. Lastly, vacuolar lesions were detected in the central nervous system of PGC-1alpha(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate that PGC-1alpha is necessary for appropriate adaptation to the metabolic and physiologic stressors of postnatal life.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Chromium and other insulin sensitizers may enhance glucagon secretion: implications for hypoglycemia and weight control.

Increased pancreatic beta-cell secretory activity usually is associated with decreased alpha-cell activity; stimulated beta-cells release gamma-aminobutyric acid, which hyperpolarizes alpha-cells, inhibiting glucagon release. Thus, insulin secretion and glucagon secretion are usually inversely coupled. This suggests that chromium and other insulin-sensitizing modalities, by down-regulating beta-cell activity, may increase glucagon secretion. Such an effect might play a role in the documented therapeutic activity of supplemental chromium and biguanides in reactive hypoglycemia, and might also be of benefit to dieters.

Chromium↗
PubMed2002

Disruptions in feeding and body weight control in gastrin-releasing peptide receptor deficient mice.

Bombesin (BN) interacts with two mammalian receptor subtypes termed gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-preferring (GRP-R) and neuromedin B (NMB)-preferring (NMB-R) that may mediate the satiety action of BN. We examined the feeding behavior of mice that were deficient in the GRP-R (GRP-R KO) to assess the overall contribution of this receptor subtype in the feeding actions of BN-related peptides. GRP-R KO mice failed to suppress glucose intake in response to systemically administered BN and GRP(18-27), whereas both peptides elicited a potent reduction of intake in wild-type (WT) mice. Neither GRP-R KO nor WT mice suppressed glucose intake following NMB administration. Unlike the impaired responses to BN-like peptides, the feeding inhibitory action of cholecystokinin was enhanced in GRP-R KO mice. Consistent with behavioral results, GRP-R KO mice also exhibited a reduction in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) following peripheral administration of BN. An evaluation of meal patterns showed that GRP-R KO mice ate significantly more at each meal than WT mice, although total 24 h food consumption was equivalent. A long-term analysis of body weight revealed a significant elevation in GRP-R KO mice compared with WT littermates beginning at 45 weeks of age. These data suggest that the GRP-R mediates the feeding effects of BN-like peptides and participates in the termination of meals in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Psychological correlates of weight control among anorexia nervosa patients and normal girls.

A study is reported that compared the responses of anorexic patients with those of two groups of non-patient adolescent girls formed by taking the most frequent and the least frequent weighers from a large sample of senior schoolgirls. Each subject completed a questionnaire which related to family conflict, self-esteem, self-presentation, behavioural control, and the criticism of eating. A MANOVA was performed, using scores for each variable and pairwise comparisons of the groups. Since the overall test was significant for comparisons between the patients and both of the non-patient groups, follow-up tests were carried out. These showed that the patients differed from the non-patients on a 'global' measure that involved all of the variables except family conflict. Self-esteem was the only single variable which produced significant differences between any of the groups, and distinguished the patients from the least frequently weighing group of non-patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in hypothalamic neurons involved in body weight control.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is a regulator of feeding behavior. The effect of serotonin on food intake is believed to be primarily mediated via 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors, which both are expressed in hypothalamic regions implicated in regulation of feeding behavior. Using an antiserum to the 5-HT(1A) receptor, immunoreactive neurons were observed in the rat supraoptic, paraventricular, arcuate and ventromedial nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area. 5-HT(1A) receptor immunoreactivity was demonstrated in neuropeptide Y-, agouti-related peptide-, proopiomelanocortin- and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-containing neurons of the arcuate nucleus. In the lateral hypothalamus, 5-HT(1A) receptor immunoreactivity was observed in melanin-concentrating hormone- and orexin-containing neurons. The results suggest that serotonin via postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors affects the release of peptides regulating food intake.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Covariations of adolescent weight-control, health-risk and health-promoting behaviors.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of dieting and investigate clusters of risk behaviors among adolescents. METHODS: Data were secured from a random sample of adolescents (4,636) and analyzed using bivariate methods and logistic regression. RESULTS: From the survey sample, 19.2% adolescents were classified as extreme, 43.2% as moderate dieters, 37.2% as nondieters. Extreme dieters were more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and/or marijuana and to attempt suicide and less likely to practice vigorous exercise. Moderate dieters were less likely to use cigarettes, marijuana and more likely to engage in vigorous exercise, with differences across gender-race categories. CONCLUSIONS: Results have relevance for developing multicomponent programs for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Emotions and cognitions associated with bingeing and weight control behavior in bulimia.

The examination of cognitions and emotions during the bulimic cycle is critical in understanding possible maintenance factors involved in bulimia. In this study, 22 bulimics and 22 nonbulimics recorded their thoughts and feelings every 2 waking hours over a 6-day period. Bulimics additionally recorded their moods and thoughts during their binges and compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging, exercise). Higher levels of negative affect were reported at all stages of the cycle compared to baseline, although negative affect decreased after the compensatory behavior stage. Subjects also reported stronger distorted cognitions before and after the binge compared to baseline. One of the distorted cognitions (feeling fat) decreased in strength after subjects engaged in compensatory behavior. Additional analyses revealed that most levels of negative affect and distorted cognitions were elevated prior to binges as compared to meals. Finally, negative affect and distorted cognitions were stronger after binges than after meals.

Adult↗