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PubMed1996

Both reductive forms of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (types 1 and 3) are expressed during development in the mouse testis.

Androstenedione is reduced to form testosterone by 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta HSD) and two different reductive isoforms of the enzyme have been identified (types 1 and 3). In this study, levels of mRNA encoding both reductive isoforms have been measured during fetal and post-natal development in the mouse. In fetal and neonatal testes mRNA encoding both type 1 and type 3 isoforms was present at relatively high levels reaching a peak at postnatal day 5. Thereafter, mRNA levels of both 17 beta HSD isoforms fell to low levels until day 30 when there was a marked increase in the levels of the type 3 isoform. The presence of the type 1 17 beta HSD enzyme in fetal testes may explain the virilization of the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct which occurs in pseudohermaphrodite individuals lacking the type 3 isoform.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1982

The contribution of the mesonephros to the development of the sheep fetal testis.

In this study, which was performed on 52 sheep fetuses aged 24 to 85 days, we examined the relationship between testicular development and the "giant" mesonephric nephron, a peculiar structure consisting of a large glomerulus and multiple tubules. The development of the testis occurred in two phases. The preparatory phase began at day 24 of gestation, evolved simultaneously with the involution of the glomerulus of the giant nephron, and was characterized by mobilization of the glomerular cells and by their colonization of the genital ridge. By day 31, a prominent mass of migrating mesonephric cells had developed; it extended uninterrupted from the giant glomerulus into the gonad where the mesonephric cells associated with the germinal cells forming the cellular template from which the testicular cords later became assembled. At complete involution of the glomerulus (day 52), the migratory mass implanted on the tubules of the giant nephron, which thus became continuous with the gonad. During the organizational phase, which began at day 29 with the formation of the tunica albuginea, the various components of this continuum became progressively organized along a testis-to-mesonephros direction into seminiferous cords, tubuli recti, the cords of the rete testis, and the ductules efferentes. These observations show that, in the sheep, the precursors of the Sertoli cells are mesonephric in origin, and that the genital tract proximal to the epididymis differentiates from a single mesonephric nephron.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Morphometric studies of development of the rat testis under physiological conditions and after CdCl2 poisoning.

The morphometrical data of the rat testis were studied between the 1st day and 1.5 year of life under physiological conditions and after intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of cadmium chloride (1.5 mg CdCl2/kg body weight). Under physiological conditions three main period of development occur: between the 1st and 30th day of life, between the 30th and 45th day of life, and after the 45th day of life. The greatest changes after the injection of cadmium were noticed in the period between the 15th and 30th day of life. The periphery of the organ was the first to suffer severe damage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and associated cyclins in Leydig and Sertoli cells of the testis.

In this study, we examined the expression and subcellular localization of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), cyclin D1, and cyclin E in Leydig and Sertoli cell lines that were cultured with 7.5, 1.0, 0.5, or 0% serum (mixture of a 2:1 ratio of horse serum and fetal bovine serum) and in the developing rat testis to verify the possible functions of Cdk5, cyclin D1, and cyclin E in the testis. The abundance of Cdk5 and cyclin E in the Leydig cell line, TM3, was significantly reduced at low serum concentrations. In contrast, serum concentration had no effect on Cdk5 and cyclin E levels in the Sertoli cell line, TM4. Cyclin D1 was detected by western blot analysis in TM4 cells only, and its abundance was serum dose dependent. The kinase activity of Cdk5 in TM3 and TM4 cells that were cultured at various serum concentrations coincided with the levels of Cdk5 expression. Immunohistochemical staining for Cdk5 and cyclin E revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution, both in TM3 and TM4 cells. Moreover, cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was only detected in TM4 cells. In the developing rat testis, Cdk5 expression was most prominent at 2 and 3 weeks after birth. Cyclin D1 was strongly expressed at 1 and 2 weeks in premature rat testes. On the other hand, cyclin E was highly expressed in the adult testis. Immunohistochemical localization of Cdk5, cyclin D1, and cyclin E in 1-week-old and adult rat testes revealed expression in both Leydig and Sertoli cells. Our results suggest that Cdk5 in TM3 and Leydig cells of the testis might play a role in cell cycle regulation, whereas Cdk5 in TM4 and Sertoli cells of the adult testis might have some additional functions besides control of proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pax-5 encodes the transcription factor BSAP and is expressed in B lymphocytes, the developing CNS, and adult testis.

BSAP has been identified previously as a transcription factor that is expressed at early, but not late, stages of B-cell differentiation. Biochemical purification and cDNA cloning has now revealed that BSAP belongs to the family of paired domain proteins. BSAP is encoded by the Pax-5 gene and has been highly conserved between human and mouse. An intact paired domain was shown to be both necessary and sufficient for DNA binding of BSAP. Binding studies with several BSAP recognition sequences demonstrated that the sequence specificity of BSAP differs from that of the distantly related paired domain protein Pax-1. During embryogenesis, the BSAP gene is transiently expressed in the mesencephalon and spinal cord with a spatial and temporal expression pattern that is distinct from that of other Pax genes in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Later, the expression of the BSAP gene shifts to the fetal liver where it correlates with the onset of B lymphopoiesis. BSAP expression persists in B lymphocytes and is also seen in the testis of the adult mouse. All of this evidence indicates that the transcription factor BSAP may not only play an important role in B-cell differentiation but also in neural development and spermatogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Leydig cell development in the pig testis during the late fetal and early postnatal period: an electron microscopic study with attention to the influence of fetal decapitation.

The ultrastructure of fetal and postnatal pig Leydig cells was studied from 75 days postcoitum (p.c.) to 1 month after birth. Additionally, decapitated fetuses from 75 days p.c. until birth were used to study the effect of deprivation of gonadotrophins on the ultrastructure of Leydig cells. Normal Leydig cell development was characterized by a change in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Next to branched tubular SER, whirls of elaborate and tightly packed SER membranes appeared. The amount of SER increased with age but decreased slightly before the end of the observation period. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was a minor component. Large bundles or whirls of intermediate filaments were abundant until just before birth; thereafter, they decreased drastically. Peroxisome-like structures and crystalloid bodies were observed with increasing frequency from 75 days p.c. and 20 days postpartum onward. Polygonal lysosome-like dense bodies transformed into complex membranous structures especially after birth. Giant mitochondria occurred in the late fetal and postnatal period. From 75 days p.c. onward fully developed Leydig cells were scarce in testes of decapitated fetuses. Leydig cell characteristics disappeared toward the end of the fetal period; only the cell shape, the large bundles or whirls of intermediate filaments, some scarce polygonal lysosome-like dense bodies, and RER remained, but SER was negligible. Progressive hemorrhages apparent in situ were correlated positively with fetal age. The dependency of Leydig cells upon LH began between 60 and 75 days postcoitum.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Impact of high temperature on testicular growth and development of valuable silkworm Antheraea yamamai(Lepidoptera: Saturiidae)].

The results indicated that high temperature had a significant impact on the growth and development of testis in Japanese oak silkworm Antheraea yamamai. The testicular size of the 3rd and 4th instar larvae increased within the range from 20 to 29 degrees C, and slightly decreased at 32 degrees C. While in the 5th instar, it decreased within the range from 20 to 26 degrees C, with the biggest size at 20 degrees C. The testis was almost hard to grow and develop because the larvae could not survive at 29 to 32 degrees C. When the mature larvae were treated at 32 degrees C at the beginning of coconing or at the 1st or 6th day of pupating, the growth of testicular size and spermatogenesis were significantly arrested, and the sperm number and the content of soluble protein in the testis markedly decreased. When the male moth of the 1st day was treated at 32 degrees C, the activity of the sperms in the testis obviously decreased, in contrast to the treatment at 20 degrees C. It is concluded that for the egg raising of the silkworm, its mature larvae, puape in cocoons and male moths should not be exposed to 32 degrees C from cocooning to adult stage. The proper temperature for rearing 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A lesson in the management of testicular cancer in a patient with a solitary testis.

Five per cent of patients with germ cell tumours of the testis will develop a further tumour in the contralateral testis. Standard treatment in such cases is a second orchidectomy, resulting in infertility, hormone replacement, and psychological morbidity. In this case report we explore the role of testis conservation in these patients and also show that there is a risk of removing a potentially normal testis if a histological diagnosis is not sought prior to orchidectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effect of embryonic and/or neonatal diethylstilbestrol and allylestrenol treatment on postnatal development of the chick testis.

The synthetic steroid diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the steroid-like allylestrenol (AE) have been used for years in human medicine for the protection of pregnancy. The hazards to the fetus of gestational DES treatment are well established [2, 17, 18]. Knowledge of a similar effect of AE is still fragmentary. Therefore, further studies are required of the after-effects of embryonic and perinatal AE exposure. In our earlier experiments with polypeptide hormones [4, 5, 6] we have observed that perinatal age is a critical period in the maturation of hormone receptors. In this period the presence of hormone induces the development of its specific receptors. The phenomenon is termed hormonal imprinting [4, 5, 6]. During its maturation the receptor is flexible and the presence of non-specific hormones capable of binding to it may alter its normal development Accordingly, even a single hormone injection in the perinatal period may alter the hormone-sensitivity of the target organ.

Allylestrenol↗
PubMed1984

Thyroid-testis interrelationship during the development and sexual maturity of the rat.

The effects of thyroidectomy and treatment with thyroxine (T4) were studied in immature male rats to evaluate the role of the thyroid in the development of testicular functions. Thyroidectomy inhibited gametogenesis and development of the Leydig cell in these rats. However, the effects could be reversed by administration of 10 micrograms T4 (i.p.) daily for 30 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of vitamin A excess on germ cell development in prepubertal rat testis.

Vitamin A in graded doses of 125, 250 and 375 U.S.P./kg body wt, po, for 10 days (d 21-30) drastically reduced the testicular weight by 25 to 62% and seminiferous tubular diameter by 14 to 35% in prepubertal rats in lowest and highest doses of the treatment. The treatment induced disproportionate enlargement of nuclei and cytoplasm of the germ cells; predominantly the preleptotene and pachytene spermatocytes. These abnormal germ cells, often with 2 or 3 nuclei displayed vacuolated cytoplasm surrounding pyknotic or granulated or dispersed chromatin granules within the nuclei in a dose proportionate manner. The round spermatids were the most sensitive cell types which completely disappeared in two higher doses of treatment. Vacuolation of Sertoli cell cytoplasm in about 25% of the tubules with associated increase in intertubular space was also observed in rats treated with the highest dose of the vitamin. Circulatory levels of FSH, LH and testosterone remained unaltered following the vitamin excess treatment. Therefore, it is suggested that excess vitamin A even for shorter duration like the present one is detrimental to developing cell types and prevents the progress of the spermatogenic process beyond the round spermatid stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

SOX9 has both conserved and novel roles in marsupial sexual differentiation.

In addition to an essential role in chondrogenesis, SOX9 is a highly conserved and integral part of the testis determining pathway in human and mouse. To determine whether SOX9 is involved in sex determination in noneutherian mammals we cloned a marsupial orthologue and studied its expression. The tammar wallaby SOX9 gene proved to be highly conserved, and maps to a region of the tammar genome syntenic to human chromosome 17. Marsupial SOX9 transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in the developing limb buds and both the developing ovary and testis from the first sign of gonadal development through to adulthood. Northern blot, in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that SOX9 reaches high levels of expression in the developing testis, where it is confined to the Sertoli cell nuclei, and the brain. This is similar to the expression pattern seen in human and mouse embryos and is consistent with a conserved role for SOX9 in vertebrate brain, skeletal, and gonadal development. In addition, SOX9 was expressed in the developing scrotum and mammary gland primordium regions of the tammar up to the time of birth. SOX9 protein was also detected in the developing Wolffian duct epithelium in the male mesonephros. These previously undescribed locations of SOX9 expression suggest that SOX9 may play additional roles in the differentiation of the marsupial reproductive system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Insulin-like growth factor I in the developing and mature rat testis: immunohistochemical aspects.

The distribution of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; somatomedin C) was mapped in testes of different aged rats by using immunohistochemical techniques. The antiserum used, K 624, has been demonstrated to be specific for human IGF-I, as defined by several criteria. Antibodies to the M1 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, a key enzyme in DNA synthesis, were used to visualize meiotic and mitotic cells. Cytoplasmic IGF-I-like immunoreactivity as demonstrable during the first two postnatal weeks in spermatogenic cells, in Sertoli cells, and in Leydig cells. The IGF-I-like immunoreactivity decreased in the Sertoli and Leydig cells during the third and fourth postnatal weeks, and in adult rats, only spermatogenic cells showed IGF-I-like immunoreactivity. In mature rat testes, the spermatocytes were strongly immunoreactive. During puberty and adulthood, the spermatogonia expressed subunit M1 ribonucleotide reductase immunoreactivity, whereas no IGF-I-like immunoreactivity could be detected. No extracellular immunoreactivity was observed. We propose that IGF-I and/or IGF-I-like substances, possibly formed by primary spermatocytes, are likely to be involved in differentiation processes, but not in the initiation of cell proliferation in adult testes. The autocrine and/or paracrine action of IGF-I and/or IGF-I-like substances may thus have different action in developing testes than in adult testes. Our results do, however, not allow firm statements about whether IGF-I and related substances exert their actions on Sertoli cells or spermatogenic cells.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Acid phosphatases in the mouse testis: activity changes during development.

The histology and acid phosphatase activities of the developing testes in the mouse, from 4 days of age until maturity, were analyzed. The specific enzyme activity with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate increased after 3 weeks of age and then reached a plateau. Cobalt and zinc markedly increased the specific activity after the third week. After fractionation the testicular homogenate revealed four acid phosphatases. Enzyme I maintained a high activity during the first 3 weeks but steadily declined thereafter. Enzyme II, present in all age groups, showed a moderate increase after the fourth week. Enzymes III and IV were low and declined further during the first 3 weeks with a subsequent increase. This occurred concomitantly with the appearance of spermatids and mature sperm cells. Changes in enzyme activities seem to reflect the alterations in cellular composition of the testis during the developmental process. Enzymes III and IV were probably associated with spermatids and sperm cells.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Expression profile of Ldh-a in the developing rat (Rattus norvegicus) testis suggests regulation at the translational level.

Expression of Ldh-a and Ldh-c mRNAs was examined in the rat testis. The mRNA levels of both Ldh-a and Ldh-c increase during testicular maturation. In the adult testis, Ldh-a mRNA is expressed maximally in primary spermatocytes. Comparison of the Ldh-a mRNA expression profile with its translation product suggests that this gene is translationally down-regulated during spermatogenesis.

Animals↗