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PubMed2002

Outlets, drinking and driving: a multilevel analysis of availability.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the degree to which the physical availability of alcohol as measured by outlet densities is related to self-reported individual drinking patterns, preferred drinking location, as well as both driving after drinking (DAD) and driving while intoxicated (DWI). METHOD: Data from 7,826 drinkers were obtained from a general-population telephone survey of 1,353 zip code areas in California. Measures of individual alcohol consumption included drinking frequency, drinks per occasion and variance in quantities consumed per occasion. Preferred drinking locations included bars, restaurants and the homes of drinkers and of their friends. DAD was defined as driving a motor vehicle within 4 hours of having one or more alcoholic drinks, and DWI was defined as driving after having too much to drink and drive safely. Geographic measures of outlet densities were obtained for bars, restaurants and off-premises establishments, using zip codes as geographic units of analysis. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to relate outlet densities within and surrounding respondents' area of residence to respondents' drinking and to respondents' drinking and driving. RESULTS: Whereas restaurant densities were directly related to greater drinking frequencies and DAD, bar densities were inversely related to DAD. There were no direct effects of drinking patterns on drinking and driving. Drinking and driving was strongly related to drinking location preference (e.g., bars and restaurants) only when considered simultaneously with individual drinking patterns, particularly drinking frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Increased restaurant density is strongly related to higher rates of both self-reported driving after drinking and drinking frequency. The strongest influence on both driving after drinking and driving while intoxicated is preferred drinking location considered together with individual drinking patterns. Outlet density and preferred drinking location when considered together with individual drinking patterns support driving after drinking and thereby increase the potential for alcohol-related accidents.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Understanding college drinking: assessing dose response from survey self-reports.

OBJECTIVE: One of the most difficult challenges confronting alcohol researchers is the assessment of specific risks associated with specific drinking levels (one, two or three or more drinks). In this article, a model-based method is presented that provides specific measures of dose, exposures and risks related to drinking and enables adequate assessment of dose-response relationships using survey data. METHOD: Survey data collected from 2,102 college students on drinking patterns and related problems were analyzed using a mathematical model that extracts separable measures of dose (number of drinks consumed per occasion) and exposures (numbers of occasions) for every respondent. A constrained class of quadratic risk models was estimated that relates units of exposure at each dose (e.g., number of occasions drinking five drinks) to problem outcomes (e.g., number of hangovers). The resulting dose-response functions provided an estimate of the rate of problems produced on each occasion of drinking at a given drinking level. Population risks were estimated by reintegrating dose response with the population distribution of drinking exposures. RESULTS: The distribution of drinking exposures among college drinkers was markedly peaked at a modal dose of two drinks, with variations in light and heavy drinking between demographic groups. Multivariate analyses showed relative rates of heavier drinking were greatest among white male freshmen and unrelated to residential settings. Most drinking problems showed a marked dose-response relationship to drinking levels. Population risks, however, were typically unimodal, with many problems reported at moderate drinking levels (two or three drinks). CONCLUSIONS: Distributed across a large number of drinkers and drinking occasions, problems reported by students occurred most often at moderate drinking levels (two to three drinks). Nevertheless, heavier drinking remained substantively related to many drinking problems. These observations encourage aview of college drinking that supports interventions related to both moderate and heavy drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol consumption and problems: the relevance of drinking patterns.

BACKGROUND: Data on risks and benefits associated with drinking patterns provide the scientific basis for moderate, low-risk drinking guidelines. Illustrated are methods to investigate and adjust for heterogeneity in relations between three-dimensional drinking patterns and 41 alcohol problems assessed among current regular drinkers in the 1988 National Health Interview Survey. METHODS: Three dimensions of mean drinking patterns, (i.e., usual quantities, heavy drinking rates (days of 5+ drinks/drinking days x 100), and drinking frequencies) were estimated in overlapping subsets of the population reporting each of the 41 problems, and mean usual quantities and heavy drinking rates were plotted against frequencies. Respondents were categorized into drinking problem groups associated with comparable mean drinking patterns; and main and interactive effects of age and sex on drinking patterns were examined by conducting three regression analyses within each group, with quantity, frequency, and heavy drinking rates as dependent variables, respectively. RESULTS: Analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in relations between drinking patterns and alcohol problems. Respondents having only minor problems drank on average two days a week, usually had 2.6 drinks, and drank heavily 12-13 days a year. Whereas, those having minor and severe problems drank an average of 3.5 days a week, usually had 4.7 drinks, and drank heavily 58 days a year. Within each problem group, usual quantity and frequency were higher among males than females, but the greatest gender differences were seen in heavy-drinking rates. Age-related differences in drinking patterns were striking. Usual quantity and heavy-drinking rates associated with problems decreased with age, whereas drinking frequency increased. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated the importance of assessing and adjusting for heterogeneity in relations between drinking patterns and alcohol problems when aggregating and interpreting such data, (e.g., when assessing alcohol dependence criteria or evaluating guidelines for moderate drinking), and illustrated new methods for doing so.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Analysis of flushing response to alcohol and drinking behavior in Japanese male students].

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between hereditary predisposition and social-psychological factors in terms of drinking behavior of Japanese male students. The subjects were 123 male students who belonged to athletic clubs of K university in 1993. Regular drinking was evaluated as "drinking at home or with intimate friends" and party drinking as "drinking at club parties". On the two drinking occasions, the frequency and amount of drinking, and social drinking behavior were evaluated. Problem drinking behavior was investigated by a modified version of Aoyama's questionnaire (1984). Low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) activity was evaluated by the facial flushing response to alcohol and the ethanol patch test. Evaluable results of the ethanol test as well as replies of the questionnaire were obtained from 109 students. Twenty-three students positive for both the facial flushing response to alcohol and the ethanol patch test were considered to be flushers, and 42 negative for both to be non-flushers. The non-flushers consumed a higher amount of alcohol than the flushers did on drinking occasions at home or with intimate friends. The number of problem drinking behavior items in the non-flushers was significantly higher than that in the flushers and increased with the amount and frequency of drinking. The ratio of students who had inappropriate drinking motivations, began to drink by themselves, or continued to offer alcohol to drinkers showing flushing even when they declined it, was significantly higher in the non-flushers than in the flushers. In addition, non-flushers showing such social drinking behavior drank more than those not showing such behavior. The frequency of positive or inappropriate drinking behavior was significantly lower in the flushers than in the non-flushers. However, the amount and frequency of drinking and problem drinking behavior were similar in the flushers and non-flushers. These results indicate that social drinking behavior of non-flushers influences not only themselves but also other drinkers, and that drinking of flushers is strongly influenced by social factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Exploring drinking dynamics using interactive voice response technology.

OBJECTIVE: Neurocognitive models of alcohol use and mathematical models of drinking patterns suggest that levels of drinking on one day should affect probabilities of drinking on subsequent days. However, there has been no demonstration in the alcohol literature that these structured temporal dependencies appear in daily patterns of alcohol use. A model of daily drinking is presented that relates probabilities of drinking on any day to amounts consumed 1 day and 1 week before. It is assumed that positive and negative experiences with alcohol shape drinking levels and probabilities of subsequent drinking. The model predicts that nonmonotonic functions will relate drinking levels to subsequent drinking probabilities. Maxima of these functions represent optimal drinking levels that provide greatest positive returns from any drinking occasion for each drinker. METHOD: Interactive Voice Response technology was used to obtain annual time series of daily drinking levels from 33 drinkers sampled from public establishments in Vermont. Two predictions from the model were tested: (1) Temporal dependencies exist between the onset of drinking events over time; and (2) these dependencies are nonmonotonically related to prior drinking levels. Dynamics were separately assessed for each drinker using bootstrapped logistic regression models. RESULTS: Thirty respondents provided data suitable for analysis. Time series data from five of these respondents exhibited no temporal dynamics (17%). Data from 25 respondents exhibited either daily or weekly dynamics (83%). Data from 18 respondents exhibited the expected nonmonotonic relationship between drinking levels and subsequent drinking events (60%). CONCLUSIONS: Daily probabilities of drinking were conditional upon and nonmonotonically related to prior drinking levels among a majority of respondents. The results of the study support models of daily drinking in which positive and negative experiences with alcohol shape daily drinking patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mate similarity, heavy substance use and family history of problem drinking among young adult women.

OBJECTIVE: This study used data from a national sample of young adult women to evaluate issues about spousal similarity for problem drinking. Paternal and maternal problem drinking were also evaluated in regard to daughters' marriage to a problem drinking spouse, and daughters' problem drinking and substance use. METHOD: Data from over 5,000 young adult women (ages 23-30 yrs) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) archive were used to evaluate associations between marrying a problem-drinking spouse, family history of problem drinking, and women's problem drinking and lifetime marijuana and cocaine use. RESULTS: Findings indicated that black women were less likely to marry a problem-drinking spouse than were Hispanic, Native American or white women. Problem-drinking women were twice as likely to have married a problem-drinking spouse than were non-drinking women, and heavier lifetime marijuana or cocaine use by women was also associated with an almost twofold increase in marrying a problem-drinking spouse. Random effects ordinal probit regression models indicated that, while controlling for major sociodemographic variables (e.g., race, poverty status), maternal, paternal and spousal problem drinking all significantly predicted problem drinking and heavier levels of substance use among the women. CONCLUSIONS: Nonrandom matching of problem drinking among marital partners was indicated in this study and women's problem drinking and substance use practices were predicted by paternal, maternal and spousal problem drinking. The similarity of problem-drinking spouses was not constant across racial/ethnic groups, as black women were less likely to marry a problem-drinking spouse, though racial differences in the age of onset of heavier drinking may have influenced this finding.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Short of complete abstinence: an analysis exploration of multiple drinking episodes in alcoholism treatment trials.

BACKGROUND: In alcoholism treatment clinical trials, conventional analysis of efficacy outcomes often focuses on the time to a first event, where the event may be "any drinking", "safe (or low risk) drinking", "moderate drinking" or "heavy drinking," in addition to multiple outcomes such as frequency of drinking days, percent abstinence days, etc. METHODS: We consider the multivariate failure time analytic methods. In alcoholism treatment trials, the naturalistic course of drinking behavior during treatment intervention often presents with a gradual change in drinking before the emergence of a more stable drinking or abstinence pattern. Thus, for each subject, evaluation of all drinking events, and incorporating the event times over a defined duration, may give a more comprehensive description of his/her drinking pattern. As a consequence, the efficacy of a new treatment for alcoholism may be elevated with greater statistical sensitivity. RESULTS: The utility of the multiple failure time method is demonstrated via a real case study for evaluation of alcoholism treatments. The multiple event time analyses showed that the risk of having "any drinking days" or "heavy drinking days" during the entire duration of the study was significantly lower with experimental treatment than with placebo. Further explorations showed that the treatment effect was primarily observed in the later relapse events and not the first event with respect to relapse to any drinking episodes. Such effect would have missed using the traditional time to first event analysis approach. The observed effect of treatment with respect to relapse to multiple heavy drinking episodes was shown not only in the first event but also in the later events. CONCLUSION: The multiple failure time approach may be applicable when 'drinking failure' is variously defined as a single drink, one at-risk drinking day, one heavy drinking day, or one alcohol-related social, occupational or medical problem. If "a drinking episode" is properly defined and the design gains statistical efficiency, the multiple event analytic strategy should provide improved statistical power to detect treatment effects.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Continuity of binge and harmful drinking from late adolescence to early adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that late adolescent drinking behavior (ages 17-20) is associated with harmful and binge drinking in early adulthood (ages 30-31). METHODS: We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative longitudinal data set. We used harmful and binge drinking at ages 17 to 20 to predict harmful and binge drinking at ages 30 to 31, stratifying for gender and controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Data were available on harmful drinking at both the adolescent and the early adult age period for 3790 individuals and on binge drinking for 2387 individuals. Harmful drinking during adolescence was significantly associated with harmful drinking at ages 30 to 31 for men only. Among male adolescents, 14% of harmful drinkers continued harmful drinking at ages 30 to 31, compared with 4% of nonharmful drinkers who became harmful drinkers. In Poisson regression models, binge drinking during adolescence was associated with binge drinking at ages 30 to 31 for both men and women, generating relative risks of 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.8-3.0) and 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 2.4-4.8), respectively. Half of binge-drinking male adolescents and one third of binge-drinking female adolescents engaged in binge drinking into early adulthood, compared with 19% for non-binge-drinking male adolescents and 8% of non-binge-drinking female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Problem drinking during adolescence is associated with problem drinking in early adulthood. Efforts to prevent and treat adolescent problem drinking could have an impact on the progression of alcohol-related disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The use of a deuterium tracer technique to follow the fate of fluids ingested by human subjects: effects of drink volume and tracer concentration and content.

Deuterium oxide (2H2O) has been added to drinks as a tracer for water to estimate the availability to the body water pool of ingested fluids, but doubts have been raised as to the reliability of the method. The present investigation evaluated the effects of systematic variations in the volume of fluid consumed and the amount and concentration of added tracer on the rate of accumulation of tracer in arterialized blood after ingestion of a labelled drink. Three separate experiments were undertaken. In expt 1, six healthy men ingested on separate occasions 200, 400 and 800 ml of a dilute glucose-electrolyte solution: all test drinks contained the same concentration (40 g l-1) of 2H2O. In expt 2, six healthy men ingested 200, 400 and 800 ml of the same glucose-electrolyte drink: each drink contained 8 g of 2H2O so that the concentration, but not the amount, of 2H2O differed between treatments. In expt 3, six healthy men ingested 400 ml of the same drink on three separate occasions: each drink contained 8, 16 or 32 g of tracer so that amount and concentration of 2H2O both varied. Arterialized venous blood samples were collected for the determination of deuterium (2H) concentration before ingestion of the test drink and at intervals for 120 min after ingestion. All trials for each of the experiments were conducted in the morning after an overnight fast and trials were in randomized order and separated by 7 days. In expt 1, the blood 2H concentration at all time points from 2 min after ingestion of the test drink onwards was higher for the drink containing 32 g 2H2O than for the drink containing 16 g 2H2O, which in turn was higher than after ingestion of the drink containing 8 g of 2H2O. In expt 2, no significant differences between treatments were observed at any time. In expt 3, the rate of 2H accumulation was greater after ingestion of the drink containing 32 g of 2H2O than after either of the other two drinks, and the 2H accumulation rate was greater after ingestion of the drink containing 16 g of 2H2O than after the drink containing 8 g of 2H2O. When data from all three experiments were combined, significant correlations were observed between the rate of accumulation of 2H in the circulation (p.p.m. min-1) and the amount (rs = 0.75, P < 0001) and concentration (rs = 0.69, P < 0001) of 2H2O in the test drink, but there was no relationship (rs = 0.09, P = 0.5) between the rate of 2H accumulation in the blood and the volume of the drink consumed. The results suggest that the rate of tracer accumulation in the blood after ingestion of different volumes of test drinks is not a reliable indication of the availability of the ingested fluid, but that the method gives at least a qualitative measure of the sum of the effects of gastric emptying and intestinal water absorption.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Binge drinking among US adults.

CONTEXT: Binge drinking (consuming > or =5 alcoholic drinks on 1 occasion) generally results in acute impairment and has numerous adverse health consequences. Reports indicate that binge drinking may be increasing in the United States. OBJECTIVES: To quantify episodes of binge drinking among US adults in 1993-2001, to characterize adults who engage in binge drinking, and to describe state and regional differences in binge drinking. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit telephone survey of adults aged 18 years or older that is conducted annually in all states. The sample size ranged from 102 263 in 1993 to 212 510 in 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Binge-drinking prevalence, episodes, and episodes per person per year. RESULTS: Between 1993 and 2001, the total number of binge-drinking episodes among US adults increased from approximately 1.2 billion to 1.5 billion; during this time, binge-drinking episodes per person per year increased by 17% (from 6.3 to 7.4, P for trend =.03). Between 1995 and 2001, binge-drinking episodes per person per year increased by 35% (P for trend =.005). Men accounted for 81% of binge-drinking episodes in the study years. Although rates of binge-drinking episodes were highest among those aged 18 to 25 years, 69% of binge-drinking episodes during the study period occurred among those aged 26 years or older. Overall, 47% of binge-drinking episodes occurred among otherwise moderate (ie, non-heavy) drinkers, and 73% of all binge drinkers were moderate drinkers. Binge drinkers were 14 times more likely to drive while impaired by alcohol compared with non-binge drinkers. There were substantial state and regional differences in per capita binge-drinking episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking is common among most strata of US adults, including among those aged 26 years or older. Per capita binge-drinking episodes have increased, particularly since 1995. Binge drinking is strongly associated with alcohol-impaired driving. Effective interventions to prevent the mortality and morbidity associated with binge drinking should be widely adopted, including screening patients for alcohol abuse in accordance with national guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Age-related differences in risks of drinking and driving in gender and ethnic groups.

We examine the extent to which empirically observed age-related differences in rates of drinking and driving can be explained by concurrent differences in drinking patterns. Building on previous research showing significant age differences in drinking patterns between men and women and among three ethnic groups, Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, our study considers whether there are unique gender and ethnic group differences in patterns of drinking and driving. Data were from 4395 respondents 12 to 80 years old in a general population survey of 20 urban areas in the United States. During the month preceding the interview, 1130 (25.7%) of all respondents had driven after having one or more drinks. Drinking pattern measures included drinking frequency, average drinking quantity, and the variance in the number of drinks consumed per occasion. To assess the relationships of drinking patterns to drinking and driving across age groups, two sets of analyses were conducted, one set in which age differences in drinking patterns were statistically controlled and one set in which they were not. Although the statistical control for drinking patterns reduced age differences between gender and ethnic groups, it did not eliminate them. The reduction demonstrated that part of observed group differences in driving after drinking over age among gender and ethnic groups is due to age-related differences in drinking patterns. However, despite controlling drinking patterns young respondents remained more likely to drink and drive. A supplementary analysis of self-reported incidents of driving while intoxicated (i.e., driving after having five or more drinks) further indicated that, controlling for drinking patterns, young respondents are most at risk.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

Longitudinal evaluation of a screening measure for problem drinking among female college freshmen.

OBJECTIVE: A previous study suggested that combining the CAGE (cutting down of drinking, feeling annoyed by criticisms of drinking, feeling guilty about something that happened because of drinking, having an eye-opener) questionnaire with the Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale, an adolescent's use of tobacco, the age at which an adolescent first started drinking, and an adolescent's best friend's drinking pattern is a useful composite screening measure for problem drinking among adolescents. The present study was undertaken to evaluate prospectively this composite screening measure as a predictor of subsequent problem drinking among college women during their freshman year. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Private university student health service. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 248 college freshman women entered a longitudinal study of alcohol use at the beginning of their freshman year. One hundred twenty (48%) completed follow-up measures of alcohol use at the end of the year. Respondents were 90% white, with a mean age of 17.9 years (SD = 0.5 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An index of the quantity and frequency of alcohol use and a composite measure of specific alcohol-related problems. RESULTS: The CAGE questionnaire score, the Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale score, the student's tobacco use, the student's best friend's drinking pattern, and the age at which the student first started drinking as reported at the beginning of the year together explained 38% of the variance in subsequent drinking habits and 26% of the variance in alcohol-related problems reported during the freshman year. Use of the composite screening measure significantly increased sensitivity and specificity beyond that obtained with the CAGE questionnaire or the Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale alone for problem drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The CAGE questions, the Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale, the student's tobacco use, the student's best friend's drinking pattern, and the age at which the student first started drinking may together constitute a clinically useful screening measure for subsequent problem drinking among female college freshmen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

'When you were drinking' vs. 'in the past 12 months': the impact of using different time frames in clinical and general populations.

AIM: Different time frames have been used to ask about drinking in clinical and general populations. Surveys of clinical populations have asked about the quantity and frequency of drinking within the context of "when you were drinking". In general population surveys, the customary practice has been to ask about a period of time such as "the last 12 months". This paper compares answers to questions about drinking using both time frames. DESIGN: Bivariate chi-squares and multi-variate logistic regression analyses were used to compare consumption estimates across the two time frames for different demographic and drinking categories of respondents. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: In-person interviews were conducted with general population (N = 3069) and representative treatment samples (N = 381) in a northern California county. MEASUREMENTS: Respondents were asked about their drinking within the context of "the last 12 months" and only "when you were drinking". FINDINGS: There were no meaningful differences in aggregate measures of drinking based on the time frame of assessment in either sample. Drinking five or more drinks weekly was a significant predictor of consistent reporting of frequency of drinking among the clinical sample, and of reporting inconsistent frequency of drinking 12 or more drinks among the general population. Being female or being age 46 or over also was predictive of a "consistent" response in the general population for drinking 12 or more drinks; while being 46 or older, married, and white was predictive of consistent responses for drinking to intoxication in that population. CONCLUSIONS: Survey respondents do not average their drinking across a 12-month time frame that includes periods of abstinence; rather, they appear to answer only for the periods they were drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2007

Binge drinking and associated health risk behaviors among high school students.

OBJECTIVES: Underage drinking contributes to the 3 leading causes of death (unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide) among persons aged 12 to 20 years. Most adverse health effects from underage drinking stem from acute intoxication resulting from binge drinking. Although binge drinking, typically defined as consuming > or = 5 drinks on an occasion, is a common pattern of alcohol consumption among youth, few population-based studies have focused specifically on the characteristics of underage binge drinkers and their associated health risk behaviors. METHODS: We analyzed data on current drinking, binge drinking, and other health risk behaviors from the 2003 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using SAS and SUDAAN statistical software. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between different patterns of alcohol consumption and health risk behaviors. RESULTS: Overall, 44.9% of high school students reported drinking alcohol during the past 30 days (28.8% binge drank and 16.1% drank alcohol but did not binge drink). Although girls reported more current drinking with no binge drinking, binge-drinking rates were similar among boys and girls. Binge-drinking rates increased with age and school grade. Students who binge drank were more likely than both nondrinkers and current drinkers who did not binge to report poor school performance and involvement in other health risk behaviors such as riding with a driver who had been drinking, being currently sexually active, smoking cigarettes or cigars, being a victim of dating violence, attempting suicide, and using illicit drugs. A strong dose-response relationship was found between the frequency of binge drinking and the prevalence of other health risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking is the most common pattern of alcohol consumption among high school youth who drink alcohol and is strongly associated with a wide range of other health risk behaviors. Effective intervention strategies (eg, enforcement of the minimum legal drinking age, screening and brief intervention, and increasing alcohol taxes) should be implemented to prevent underage alcohol consumption and adverse health and social consequences resulting from this behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effects of sweetness and energy in drinks on food intake following exercise.

Exercise is known to cause physiological changes that could affect the impact of nutrients on appetite control. This study was designed to assess the effect of drinks containing either sucrose or high-intensity sweeteners on food intake following exercise. Using a repeated-measures design, three drink conditions were employed: plain water (W), a low-energy drink sweetened with artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame-K (L), and a high-energy, sucrose-sweetened drink (H). Following a period of challenging exercise (70% VO2 max for 50 min), subjects consumed freely from a particular drink before being offered a test meal at which energy and nutrient intakes were measured. The degree of pleasantness (palatability) of the drinks was also measured before and after exercise. At the test meal, energy intake following the artificially sweetened (L) drink was significantly greater than after water and the sucrose (H) drinks (p < 0.05). Compared with the artificially sweetened (L) drink, the high-energy (H) drink suppressed intake by approximately the energy contained in the drink itself. However, there was no difference between the water (W) and the sucrose (H) drink on test meal energy intake. When the net effects were compared (i.e., drink + test meal energy intake), total energy intake was significantly lower after the water (W) drink compared with the two sweet (L and H) drinks. The exercise period brought about changes in the perceived pleasantness of the water, but had no effect on either of the sweet drinks. The remarkably precise energy compensation demonstrated after the higher energy sucrose drink suggests that exercise may prime the system to respond sensitively to nutritional manipulations. The results may also have implications for the effect on short-term appetite control of different types of drinks used to quench thirst during and after exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Binge drinking in 19 year old men.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: To describe alcohol use, binge drinking and drinking consequences in 19 year old men. METHODS: During a one-day army recruitment process mandatory for all Swiss males, a convenience sample of 1,004 men completed the "Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire", assessing demographics, alcohol use, binge drinking, and drinking consequences over the last 12 months. Binge drinking was defined as having 5 or more drinks on a single occasion at least once over the last 12 months. Among the 1,004 subjects, binge drinking could not be defined in 123 (12.3%) due to "don't know" responses, leaving 881 subjects with complete data. RESULTS: Of the 881 subjects, 690 (78.3%) reported binge drinking at least once over the last 12 months, 269 (30.5%) with infrequent binge drinking (< or = 1x/month) and 421 (47.8%) with frequent binge drinking (> or = 2x/month). In addition, 379 (43.0%) of the subjects experienced 3 or more drinking consequences over the last 12 months and the number of these consequences increased as the frequency of binge drinking increased (trend analyses significant for 9 of the 12 consequences evaluated). Among the 687 subjects with moderate average alcohol intake (< 14 drinks per week), 252 (36.7%) reported infrequent binge drinking, of whom 82 (32.5%) experienced 3 or more adverse drinking consequences over the last 12 months, whereas 246 (35.8%) reported frequent binge drinking and 128 (52.0%) of these experienced 3 or more adverse drinking consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking in this sample of young men is frequent and is associated with numerous consequences, even among those consuming moderate amounts of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A latent class analysis of underage problem drinking: evidence from a community sample of 16-20 year olds.

The aim of this paper is to shed light on the nature of underage problem drinking by using an empirically based method to characterize the variation in patterns of drinking in a community sample of underage drinkers. A total of 4056 16-20-year-old current drinkers from 212 communities in the US were surveyed by telephone as part of the National Evaluation of the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL) Program. Latent class models were used to create homogenous groups of drinkers with similar drinking patterns defined by multiple indicators of drinking behaviors and alcohol-related problems. Two types of underage problem drinkers were identified; risky drinkers (30%) and regular drinkers (27%). The most prominent behaviors among both types of underage problem drinkers were binge drinking and getting drunk. Being male, other drug use, early onset drinking and beliefs about friends drinking and getting drunk were all associated with an increased risk of being a problem drinker after adjustment for other factors. Beliefs that most friends drink and current marijuana use were the strongest predictors of both risky problem drinking (OR=4.0; 95% CI=3.1, 5.1 and OR=4.0; 95% CI=2.8, 5.6, respectively) and regular problem drinking (OR=10.8; 95% CI=7.0, 16.7 and OR=10.2; 95% CI=6.9, 15.2). Young adulthood (ages 18-20) was significantly associated with regular problem drinking but not risky problem drinking. The belief that most friends get drunk weekly was the strongest discriminator of risky and regular problem drinking patterns (OR=5.3; 95% CI=3.9, 7.1). These findings suggest that underage problem drinking is most strongly characterized by heavy drinking behaviors which can emerge in late adolescence and underscores its association with perceptions regarding friends drinking behaviors and illicit drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Drinking restraint versus alcohol expectancies: which is the better indicator of alcohol problems?

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between expectancies and other psychological constructs related to drinking is unclear. The current study assesses the power of drinking restraint, measured by the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI), along with alcohol expectancy and drinking refusal self-efficacy, measured by the Drinking Expectancy Profile (DEP), as indicators of alcohol use and problem drinking. METHOD: Volunteer students (N = 359), consisting of 113 men with a mean (+/-SD) age of 25.31 +/- 10.61 years and 246 women with a mean age of 23.04 +/- 8.90, completed the TRI, DEP and Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) as well as frequency and quantity measures of self-reported drinking. RESULTS: Drinking Restraint was a stronger indicator of higher scores on the ADS, accounting for 54% and 45% of the variance for men and women, respectively, with Alcohol Expectancies and Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy being the better indicator of frequency of alcohol consumption, accounting for 20% of the variance for men and 26% for women. Both measures were represented by similar variances within the quantity of drinking measure. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking restraint and alcohol expectancies were seen to measure kindred but unique cognitive subsets, providing further insight into the progression of alcohol problems. Alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy may be acquired early in the development of drinking behavior, as evidenced by stronger associations with risky drinking; drinking restraint and its associated loss of control factors appear to be more specifically related to problem drinking. Alcohol expectancy and drinking refusal self-efficacy may thus have broader use in the assessment of drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗