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PubMed1987

The effects of unconscious presentation of information on therapist conceptualizations, intentions, and responses.

This article presents a study of the effects of tachistoscopic presentation of affective words on subjects' conceptualizations, intentions, and responses to a simulated client. The participants, 36 counseling students, were assigned randomly to one of the following treatments: subliminal presentation of negative emotional concepts; subliminal presentation of positive emotional concepts; supraliminal presentation of positive emotional concepts. After the tachistoscopic presentations, all subjects were exposed to a simulated client, whom they were asked to evaluate, respond to, and report the cognitive intentions that guided their responses. Significant effects were found in the subliminal presentation of positive emotional concepts on subjects' conceptualizations, intentions, and responses. Some significant effects also were found for the supraliminal presentation, but only for the client evaluation measure.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase isoenzyme BB levels do not predict the clinical outcome in patients unconscious following cardiac resuscitation.

It has recently been claimed that an increase in creatine kinase isoenzyme BB(CK-BB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is well correlated with the cerebral outcome in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Twenty-one such patients consecutively admitted from outside this hospital participated in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: 6 survivors and 15 nonsurvivors. The median CSF-CK-BB value was 5 U/L among nonsurvivors and below detection limit among survivors (NS). However, the predictive value of a positive test is limited, since only 6 of 15 nonsurvivors (40%) had an increase in CSF-CK-BB (predictive value of positive test = 67%). The predictive value of a negative test is limited, since 3 of 6 survivors (50%) showed no rise in CSF-CK-BB (predictive value of negative test = 25%). No relationship between cerebral dysfunction and CSF-CK-BB values was revealed. Thus, CSF-CK-BB does not predict the clinical outcome in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest.

Creatine Kinase↗
PubMed1998

Probing unconscious visual processing with the McCollough effect.

The McCollough effect, an orientation-contingent color aftereffect, has been known for over 30 years and, like other aftereffects, has been taken as a means of probing the brain's operations psychophysically. In this paper, we review psychophysical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging studies of the McCollough effect. Much of the evidence suggests that the McCollough effect depends on neural mechanisms that are located early in the cortical visual pathways, probably in V1. We also review evidence showing that the aftereffect can be induced without conscious perception of the induction patterns. Based on these two lines of evidence, it is argued that our conscious visual experience of the world arises in the cortical visual system beyond V1.

Consciousness↗
PubMed2000

The unconscious feeling of knowing: a commentary on Koriat's paper.

In Koriat's paper "The Feeling of Knowing: Some Metatheoretical Implications for Consciousness and Control," he asserts that the feeling of knowing straddles the implicit and explicit, and that these conscious feelings enter into a conscious control process that is necessary for controlled behavior. This assertion allows him to make many speculations on the nature of consciousness itself. We agree that feelings of knowing are produced through a monitoring of one's knowledge, and that this monitoring can affect the control of behavior such as whether or not to search memory for an answer. Further, we believe that monitoring of performance with a strategy can also affect cognition control and strategy selection; however, we also believe that frequently this monitoring and control occurs without conscious awareness. Feeling of knowing has received an inordinate amount of attention because it lies behind the highly recognizable tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon that represents one of the rare cases of conscious monitoring. There are other feelings of knowing which are much more common and are not accompanied by conscious awareness. These are evident in the early selection of a strategy for answering a problem. In our view, the research on feeling of knowing will not resolve the question of whether consciousness is merely epiphenomenal.

Cognition↗
PubMed2001

Unconscious familiarity and local context effects on low-level face processing: a reconstruction hypothesis.

A common view in face recognition research holds that there is a stored representation specific to each known face. It is also posited that semantic or memory-based information cannot influence low-level face processing. The two experiments reported in this article investigate the nature of this representation and the flow of face information processing. Participants had to search for a particular primed face among other faces. In Experiment 1, the search was done in a context where distractors had either a different degree of fame or the same degree of fame. In Experiment 2, the target face was primed either with semantic information or without any information. Both experiments demonstrated that increasing the display set size lengthened face detection time. However, the lengthening was a function of face fame. The search context also had an effect on the slope of the famous face detection. The results are explained in terms of the idea that face representations are reconstructed and that high- and low-level information are integrated into the processing. The integration process is not a conscious one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Unconscious updating of grasp motor program.

Grasp modification during prehension movements was studied in response to slight variations of somesthetic information about object size. Three experiments were carried out. In experiment 1 eight subjects were required to reach and grasp an object whose size could either increase or decrease, whereas its visual image remained unmodified. The object size was changed during the experiment with uninformed subjects after a block of trials during which visual and somesthetic information were congruent. At the end of the experiment subjects were required to reproduce the size of the object with their fingers (matching test). Results showed that maximal grip aperture during prehension as well as finger aperture in the matching test were modified according to variation in object size, although no subject realized that the object had changed during the experiment. Grasp time was also altered by object size change. Greater and earlier adaptation in maximal grip aperture, as well as perturbation of grasp time, were observed for decrease than for increase in object size. However, complete compensation was never reached for both parameters. Constant confidence in vision could have prevented both complete compensation and conscious detection of object change. This was investigated in two additional experiments. In experiment 2 visual information was made unreliable by informing subjects about variation in grasped object size. This led to greater and earlier modification in maximal grip aperture than in experiment 1. Grasp time was kept almost constant regardless of size variation. In experiment 3 vision of the stimulus was prevented and no information on change in object size was given to subjects. The results of experiment 3 were similar to those of experiment 1, although modification in maximal grip aperture was larger for increase in object size. Correspondingly, grasp time was more affected by increase than by decrease in object size. The results of the three experiments suggest that kinematic parameters usually considered as dependent on object properties, such as maximal grip aperture, were modified in order to compensate perturbation of temporal parameters. This modification induced a "pragmatic" knowledge of object size (as showed by the results of the matching test), although awareness was not reached.

Adult↗