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PubMed2005

Survey of a cDNA library from the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

Genome characterization and analysis is an imperative step in identifying and selectively breeding for improved traits of agriculturally important species. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) represent a transcribed portion of the genome and are an effective way to identify genes within a species. Downstream applications of EST projects include DNA microarray construction and interspecies comparisons. In this study, 694 ESTs were sequenced and analyzed from a library derived from a 24-day-old turkey embryo. The 437 unique sequences identified were divided into 76 assembled contigs and 361 singletons. The majority of significant comparative matches occurred between the turkey sequences and sequences reported from the chicken. Whole genome sequence from the chicken was used to identify potential exon-intron boundaries for selected turkey clones and intron-amplifying primers were developed for sequence analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery. Identified SNPs were genotyped for linkage analysis on two turkey reference populations. This study significantly increases the number of EST sequences available for the turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Catecholamines in turkeys with alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy.

Although alcoholic cardiomyopathy has been difficult to reproduce in animals, turkeys fed 5% ethanol develop a dilated congestive cardiomyopathy. We therefore used this model to examine the adrenergic response to left ventricular dysfunction induced by alcohol. In normal turkeys, norepinephrine in kidneys decreased markedly with age from 1 day to 2 mo, with a similar but less dramatic decrease in cardiac norepinephrine. By 2 mo, chronic alcohol ingestion depleted cardiac norepinephrine compared with controls (217 +/- 22 vs. 316 +/- 41 ng/g, P < 0.05), even though cardiac norepinephrine is relatively low in turkeys compared with many other animals and humans. Norepinephrine in aorta was also decreased with alcohol administration, but kidney norepinephrine was unaffected. Dopamine was unaltered in any of the organs studied. Plasma norepinephrine is normally high in turkeys with arterial levels greater than venous (2,898 +/- 746 vs. 1,987 +/- 531 pg/ml at 2 mo). Venous plasma norepinephrine did not differ from control (2,595 +/- 547 pg/ml) after 2 mo of alcohol. Thus, as in humans, cardiomyopathy in alcohol-fed turkeys is associated with reduced cardiac norepinephrine, but unlike humans with cardiomyopathy, circulating norepinephrine remains normal.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Allelic variation and genetic linkage of avian microsatellites in a new turkey population for genetic mapping.

Efforts to build a comprehensive genetic linkage map for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) have focused on development of genetic markers and experimental resource families. In this study, PCR amplification was attempted for 772 microsatellite markers that had been previously developed for three avian species (chicken, quail and turkey). Allelic polymorphism at 410 markers (53.1% of total examined) was determined by genotyping ten individuals (six F1 parents and four grandparents) in a new resource population specifically developed for genetic linkage mapping. Of these 410 markers, 109 (26.6%) were polymorphic in the tested individuals, with an average of 2.3 alleles per marker. Higher levels of polymorphism were found for the turkey-specific markers (61.1%) than for the chicken (22.7%) or quail-specific markers (33.3%). To test the fidelity of the matings, demonstrate the power of these families for linkage analysis, and determine genetic linkage relationships, 86 polymorphic markers were genotyped for up to 224 birds including founder grandparents, parents and F2 progeny. Linkage relationships for many of the chicken markers elucidated in the turkey were comparable to those observed in the chicken. These data demonstrate that the new UMN/NTBF resource population will provide a solid foundation for constructing a comparative genetic map of the turkey.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

[Balneotherapy and spa therapy of rheumatic diseases in Turkey: a systematic review].

AIM: Turkey has a lot of thermal and mineral springs and is looking back on a still vivid tradition of spa therapy and balneotherapy, applied especially for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. This tradition is predominantly empiric and intuitive, however, it has assumed some important aspects of modern balneotherapeutic methods as well. This article is aimed at presenting the characteristics of traditional and modern balneological and spa therapy forms in Turkey. METHOD: The studies which have been conducted between 1990 and 2000 in different spas in Turkey on the efficacy and effectiveness of spa therapy and balneotherapy for rheumatic diseases have been searched and analyzed independent of their design. A descriptive evaluation of the studies was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 15 published studies have been found and analyzed. The investigations have been carried out in 8 different spa resorts in Turkey. In these studies the effectiveness and efficacy of different balneological and spa therapies on a variety of rheumatic diseases (from osteoarthritis to fibromyalgia and from rheumatoid arthritis to low back pain) could be shown. Nearly all studied balneotherapeutic modalities were applied as bathing cures. Only in one study peloid therapy was applied. Balneotherapeutic therapy was applied in a modern and traditional way, and both open and stationary spa therapy forms were used at the same time. CONCLUSIONS: The review has shown the effectiveness of the investigated spa therapy and balneotherapy forms. It could be concluded that nearly all forms of spa therapy and balneotherapy used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases in Turkey are effective. A definitive conclusion, however, is not possible because of the heterogeneity of the study designs, methodological flaws, and the publication bias. In future good quality randomized controlled trials are needed.

Balneology↗
PubMed1982

Effect of hydralazine on aortic rupture induced by B-aminopropionitrile in turkeys.

The effects of hydralazine on aortic rupture, hemodynamics and aortic ultrastructure were studied in turkeys fed B-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). A mortality rate of 24% due to hemopericardium and internal hemorrhage in turkeys fed only BAPN increased to 91% when turkeys were fed both BAPN and hydralazine, despite a significant reduction in blood pressure after both drugs. Death rates among turkeys fed BAPN and hydralazine were lowered by adding either dietary propranolol (53%), which lowered blood pressure and dP/dt max, or reserpine (67%), which reduced blood pressure and increased dP/dt max. Striking ultrastructural alterations of collagenous and elastic fibers of the aortic media, which were additive to the effects of BAPN alone, were induced by BAPN and hydralazine. This study demonstrates that a 6-week feeding of high levels of BAPN and hydralazine, which accumulates in vessel walls, can produce vascular injury and increase mortality from hemorrhage in lathyritic turkeys.

Aminopropionitrile↗
PubMed1980

Beta-adrenergic receptors and isoproterenol-stimulated potassium transport in erythrocytes from normal and hypothyroid turkeys. Quantitative relation between receptor occupancy and physiologic responsiveness.

We have previously reported that in hypothyroid turkeys the number of beta-adrenergic receptors in intact erythrocytes is reduced by approximately 50% without any changes in the affinity of the receptor for the agonist, isoproterenol. In view of the physiological action of the catecholamines to stimulate bidirectional ion fluxes in these cells, we have now examined the possibility that the decrease in beta receptor number might be associated with concomitant changes in catecholamine-dependent potassium ion transport. Hypothyroid turkey erythrocytes display decreased sensitivity to isoproterenol-stimulated potassium influx. Half-maximal stimulation of potassium influx occurs at 9.2+/-1.7 nM in hypothyroid cells as opposed to only 3.8+/-0.4 nM in normal cells (P < 0.005). A maximal stimulatory concentration of isoproterenol (100 nM) leads to the same increment in ion flux in erythrocytes from hypothyroid and normal turkeys. Analysis of the quantitative relationship between isoproterenol concentration, receptor occupancy, and associated effects upon potassium influx shows that at low levels of isoproterenol, where occupancy is linear with agonist concentration, occupation of a given number of beta receptors leads to a stimulation of potassium transport that is identical in erythrocytes from normal and hypothyroid turkeys. Thus, decreased sensitivity to catecholamine-stimulated potassium transport in hypothyroidism can be attributed to the decrease in receptor number and the resulting two- to threefold higher isoproterenol concentration required for occupancy of the same number of beta receptors. Once a single receptor is occupied, however, the more distal components of the sequence of events mediating the physiological response to beta-adrenergic agonists in the hypothyroid cell function as they do under normal circumstances. It would appear, therefore, that the decrease in sensitivity to isoproterenol-dependent ion flux in the hypothyroid turkey erythrocyte can be accounted for solely by the decrease in receptor number. These changes are shown to occur in the absence of any modifications in the number of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase effector units per cell.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A single subtype of avian pneumovirus circulates among Minnesota turkey flocks.

The recent emergence of avian pneumovirus (APV) infection among US turkey flocks has resulted in a major economic threat to the turkey industry. In order to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of APV, comparative sequence analysis of the fusion (F) protein gene of APV was performed for 3 cell culture-adapted isolates and 10 APV positive clinical samples recovered from US turkey flocks. Relatively modest levels of nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence were identified, suggesting the prevalence of a single lineage of APV among US turkey flocks. Additionally, numerous polymorphisms were identified that were only represented in the clinical samples but not in the in vitro propagated isolates of APV. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that the subtype of APV circulating in the upper Midwestern United States is evolutionarily related to, but distinct from, European APV subgroups A and B. Overall, the results of the present investigation suggest that there has been only a single recent introduction of APV into US turkey populations in the upper Midwestern United States.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Identification of mammosomatotrophs in the turkey hen pituitary: increased abundance during hyperprolactinemia.

We have previously reported that the hyperprolactinemia in incubating turkey hens is associated with recruitment of lactotrophs in the pituitary gland. In this study we have used double immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization histochemistry to 1) identify mammosomatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland of egg-laying turkey hens and incubating hens, and 2) verify PRL gene expression within mammosomatotrophs by colocalizing PRL messenger RNA in GH-immunoreactive (ir) cells. The pituitaries of laying and incubating turkey hens were collected, and the midsagittal sections were dual labeled for either PRL and GH or PRL messenger RNA and GH. The plasma PRL concentrations were higher in incubating hens (231 +/- 10.6 ng/ml) than in laying hens (43 +/- 7.4 ng/ml; P < 0.01). In the midsagittal pituitary sections, mammosomatotrophs were predominantly found scattered in the caudal lobe of the anterior pituitary gland, in the ventral half of the cephalic lobe, and at the junction of cephalic and caudal lobes. In incubating hens, the proportion of mammosomatotrophs was 7.4 +/- 1.52% (mean +/- SEM) of the total number of GH-ir and/or PRL-ir cells counted, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that found in laying hens (0.6 +/- 0.23%). Furthermore, PRL gene expression was observed in many GH-ir cells in the incubating hen pituitary gland. These data suggest that 1) mammosomatotrophs are present in the turkey pituitary gland, and 2) there is an increased abundance of mammosomatotrophs in the incubating turkey hen that may contribute to hyperprolactinemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Homosexuality and police terror in Turkey.

Being a way of sexual living as old as human history, homosexuality occupies an interesting place in the life of the Turkish people of the Republic of Turkey. This has been so since the days of the glorious Ottoman Empire. In the year 1987, instead of investigating the roots of homosexuality, the pressing need has become to present a particular view of homosexuality in Turkey today. To be more specific, there is a need to explain the problems of Turkish homosexuals and suggest certain vital solutions. Our country is constantly endeavoring to become "westernized" and it is claimed that steps are being taken toward that modernization. Despite this fact, homosexuals are confronted with such great problems that it is not difficult to justify those who say that there is no democracy in Turkey. I will try to explain these problems with documentary evidence and without exaggeration. In doing so, I shall make use of new material in my book, published under the title of Homosexuality in Turkey: Yesterday, Today. Beginning in March of 1986, we compiled a list of the attitudes of the police toward gays, involving pressure and cruelty that can be qualified as torture. Despite this situation, instead of being more democratic and humane, in April 1987 the police force employed terror tactics against homosexuals in Istanbul. This was "the straw that broke the camel's back." Soon after this act of oppression, 18 gays, acting on our suggestions, sued the police for the first time. They then submitted a petition to the Attorney-General and later launched a hunger strike in Taksim Square. These represent movements of importance in the political history of Turkey. From now on homosexuals, too, will have the right to speak out in political affairs.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2006

Pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in commercial and specific pathogen-free turkeys experimentally infected with isolates of different virulence.

The pathogenesis of five different Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates representing all pathotypes was examined in commercial and specific pathogen-free (SPF) turkeys. Experimentally-infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized, with subsequent tissue collection, for examination by histopathology, by immunohistochemistry for the presence of NDV nucleoprotein, and by in situ hybridization for the presence of replicating virus. Clinically, the lentogenic pathotype did not cause overt clinical signs in either commercial or SPF turkeys. Mesogenic viruses caused depression in some birds. Turkeys infected with velogenic neurotropic and velogenic viscerotropic isolates showed severe depression, and neurologic signs. Histologic appearances for all strains had many similarities to lesions observed in chickens inoculated with the various isolates; that is, lesions were present predominantly in lymphoid, intestinal, and central nervous tissues. However, in general, disease among turkeys was less severe than in chickens, and turkeys could be considered a subclinical carrier for some of the isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Isolation and characterization of turkey prolactin.

Prolactin from frozen turkey pituitary glands was purified by alkaline ethanol extraction of the pituitary residue after pre-extractions of the gonadotrophins and GH, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography at different pH. A specific radioligand--receptor assay for ovine prolactin was used to locate the activity in eluates after column chromatography and gel filtration. The potency of the highly purified turkey prolactin was characterized by a radioligand--receptor assay to be 3.40 i.u./mg and by a heterologous radioimmunoassay to be 35 i.u./mg as compared to purified ovine prolactin as standard. The yield of turkey prolactin was 3 mg/100 g frozen pituitary glands. The purified turkey prolactin consisted of three protein bands upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight was estimated to be 22000 by SDS--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Turkey prolactin was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid and leucine, but lacking in methionine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virulence of recent isolates of Mycoplasma synoviae in turkeys.

Systemic Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infection was induced experimentally in commercial turkeys with recent MS isolates (K4822D and K4774J) from turkey breeder flocks that exhibited no clinical signs typical of MS infection except for a low incidence of swollen footpads. The virulence of each strain was compared by evaluating gross and microscopic lesions, serologic responses, and MS isolation rates at 10 and 21 days postchallenge and by comparing these results with those obtained from a known virulent isolate (K1968), another previously characterized field isolate (K4463B), and unchallenged controls. All strains induced lesions typical of infectious synovitis but showed distinct differences in the extent of the gross and microscopic lesions and in the isolation rates from the tissues in turkeys. K1968 induced the most extensive lesions in hock and stifle joints and footpads, but strains K4822D, K4774J, and K4463B all induced synovitis and were similar in virulence for synovial tissues. Very mild respiratory lesions were induced by all of the strains studied. All strains yielded strong positive serologic responses. We concluded that these recent field isolates, although able to induce synovitis, are less virulent for turkeys than a known virulent strain. Nevertheless, under severe experimental challenge, these strains have the capability of causing lesions that may be incompatible with economical turkey production.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of an immunomodulator on the efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus in turkeys.

Since 1997, avian pneumovirus (APV) has caused estimated annual losses of $15 million to the Minnesota turkey industry. In order to develop an attenuated live vaccine against APV, we serially passaged a Minnesota isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in vitro in cell cultures for 41 passages. Laboratory experiments with this high-passage virus (P41) indicated that the attenuated virus provided immunogenic protection to turkeys against challenge with virulent APV, although some birds showed mild to moderate dinical signs after inoculation. To reduce the residual pathogenicity of P41, while maintaining its immunogenicity, we decided to vaccinate turkeys with P41 in the presence of an immunomodulator, S-28828 (1-n-butyl-2-ethoxymethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine-hydrochloride), which is a potent cytokine inducer. The combined inoculation of S-28828 (5 mg/kg body weight) and P41 resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of virus-induced clinical signs in comparison with birds that received P41 without immunomodulator (P < 0.05). Only 17% of birds inoculated with S-28828 + APV P41 showed mild respiratory symptoms at 5 days postinoculation as compared with 46% of the vaccinated turkeys that did not receive S-28828. Vaccination with either P41 or with P41 + S-28828 protected turkeys against dinical signs and viral replication after challenge with virulent APV. These results indicate that immunomodulators, such as S-28828, may act as good vaccine adjuvants that can reduce the pathogenicity but maintain the immunogenicity of partially attenuated vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity of embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens and turkeys.

The pathogenicity of serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and 2-wk-old SPF chickens and turkey poults was investigated. The virus was pathogenic for chicken embryos after five passages as evidenced by pathologic changes in inoculated embryos. The embryo-adapted virus was not pathogenic for 2-wk-old SPF chickens and turkey poults as indicated by lack of clinical signs, gross or microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius of inoculated birds. Bursa-to-body-weight ratios of the inoculated chickens and turkey poults were not significantly different from those of uninoculated controls. Virus-neutralizing antibodies to serotype 2 IBDV were detected in inoculated chickens and turkeys. Results of this study indicated that the embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH IBDV isolate that is pathogenic for chicken embryos is infectious but not pathogenic in chickens and turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of Histomonas meleagridis DNA in different organs after natural and experimental infections of meat turkeys.

Histomonas meleagridis infection of turkeys is usually accompanied by a severe disease with unspecific clinical symptoms but with distinct pathological lesions in the ceca and liver. In the literature some macro- and microscopic evidence of the spread of histomonads to the other organs has been provided. The aim of the present investigations was to use real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to demonstrate the dissemination of H. meleagridis DNA to different organs after natural and experimental infection of meat turkeys. Samples from several organs were collected from a meat-turkey flock, which proved to be naturally infected with histomoniasis, and examined for histomonad DNA by real-time PCR. Histomonad DNA was detected in all investigated ceca, livers, spleens, kidneys, and pooled brain swabs. Additionally it was found in 75% of investigated samples from bursae of Fabricius, in 50% of investigated duodenums, and in 40% of investigated jejunum samples. After experimental intracloacal infection of 3-wk-old turkey poults with 147,500 histomonads, similar samples were collected from all turkeys that died. After a 3-wk observation period the surviving birds, as well as the noninfected control group, were euthanatized and samples were taken. During the entire experimental period, 10 birds out the 20 infected birds died. Histomonad DNA was detected in all investigated ceca, livers, lungs, and hearts (100%) and almost all kidneys (90%) and bursae of Fabricius (80%). On the other hand, only 30% of examined spleens and 10% of brain samples revealed positive results. Surviving infected birds were euthanatized and necropsied; histomonad DNA was found in one out of 10 livers but not in any ceca. Also, histomonad DNA could not be detected in examined cecal and lung samples from the noninfected control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of developmental changes in chicken and turkey insulin-like growth factor-II by homologous radioimmunoassay.

The development of a homologous RIA for chicken insulin-like growth factor-II (cIGF-II) and its application to investigate the developmental changes in IGF-II in the chicken and turkey are described. A double-antibody RIA has been developed using recombinantly derived cIGF-II as antigen, radiolabelled tracer and standard. Serial dilutions of chicken and turkey plasma were parallel to serial dilutions of cIGF-II standard. We have also established that acid/ethanol extraction of chicken and turkey plasma reduced possible interference of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in the RIA. Consumption of a low-protein diet by male chickens lowered plasma IGF-I twofold, whereas IGF-II levels were unchanged. Food withdrawal evoked an increase in circulating IGF-II, while IGF-I levels were reduced. Refeeding returned both growth factors to normal circulating concentrations. During chick embryo incubation, plasma IGF-II levels were tenfold higher than those of IGF-I. In the turkey embryo, plasma IGF-II concentrations were higher than those of IGF-I. During the post-hatch period. IGF-II levels declined with age in chickens. In the growing turkey, IGF-II levels were consistently higher than IGF-I levels. The application of the homologous RIA to monitor plasma levels during embryonic development and post-hatch growth in avian species will provide more accurate comparisons of results from studies on the role of IGF-II in growth and metabolism of domestic birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pharmacokinetics of a combination preparation of ampicillin and sulbactam in turkeys.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the disposition kinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam after IV and IM administration of an ampicillin-sulbactam (2:1) preparation and determine the bioavailability of the combined preparation after IM administration in turkeys. ANIMALS: 10 healthy large white turkeys. PROCEDURE: In a crossover study, turkeys were administered the combined preparation IV (20 mg/kg) and IM (30 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected before and at intervals after drug administrations. Plasma ampicillin and sulbactam concentrations were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography; plasma concentration-time curves were analyzed via compartmental pharmacokinetics and noncompartmental methods. RESULTS: The drugs were distributed according to an open 2-compartment model after IV administration and a 1-compartment model (first-order absorption) after IM administration. For ampicillin and sulbactam, the apparent volumes of distribution were 0.75+/-0.11 L/kg and 0.74+/-0.10 L/kg, respectively, and the total body clearances were 0.67+/-0.07 L x kg(-1) x h(-1) and 0.56+/-0.06 L x kg(-1) x h(-), respectively. The elimination half-lives of ampicillin after IV and IM administration were 0.78+/-0.12 hours and 0.89+/-0.17 hours, respectively, whereas the corresponding half-lives of sulbactam were 0.91+/-0.12 hours and 0.99+/-0.16 hours, respectively. Bioavailability after IM injection was 58.87+/-765% for ampicillin and 53.75+/-5.35% for sulbactam. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that a regimen of loading and maintenance doses of 300 mg of the ampicillin-sulbactam (2:1) combination/kg every 8 hours could be clinically useful in turkeys. This dosage regimen maintained plasma concentrations of ampicillin > 0.45 microg/mL in turkeys.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1976

Lysine needs of rapidly growing turkeys from 12-22 weeks of age.

Two experiments were conducted with Large White male turkeys to investigate the lysine requirement from 12 to 22 weeks of age. Six pens of 20 turkeys were fed each of the experimental diets. In experiment 1, a basal diet containing wheat, meat meal, cottonseed meal and distillers dried grains with solubles was supplemented with four levels of L-lysine. Lysine at 4.27% of protein and 2.31 g./mcal. of metabolizable energy from 16 to 20 weeks of age, and 1.83 g. from 20 to 22 weeks of age was inadequate for optimum growth and feed efficiency (16-22 weeks). Supplementing the diet with lysine from soybean meal gave performance equivalent to synthetic lysine, indicating that it was fully available. Performance of turkeys fed a diet containing 88% triticale from 16 to 20 weeks of age, and 72% from 20 to 22 weeks of age was equivalent to that of turkeys fed a more complex ration with an equivalent level of lysine. In experiment 2, Large White male turkeys were fed a basal diet composed largely of triticale and soybean meal from 12 to 20 weeks of age with different levels of added lysine. From 12 to 16 weeks of age, 3.11 g. lysine/mcal. of M.E. (4.9% of protein) was adequate for optimum growth and feed efficiency. From 16-20 weeks of age 2.36 g. lysine/mcal. of M.E. (4.3% of protein) was adequate for optimum performance. Although the estimated requirement from 16 to 20 weeks of age based on the two experiments differs (perhaps because of differences in lysine availability), the results suggest that the current N.R.C. recommendation may be higher than necessary.

Age Factors↗