Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Trail Making Test”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Does loss of consciousness predict neuropsychological decrements after concussion?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the importance of loss of consciousness (LOC) in predicting neuropsychological test performance in a large sample of patients with head injury. DESIGN: Retrospective comparison of neuropsychological test results for patients who suffered traumatic LOC, no LOC, or uncertain LOC. SETTING: Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PATIENTS: The total number of patients included in this study was 383. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuropsychological test measures, including the visual reproduction, digit span, and logical memory subtests of the Wechsler memory scale (revised), the Trail Making test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Hopkins Verbal Learning test, Controlled Oral Word Association, and the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia test (GOAT). RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the LOC, no LOC, or uncertain LOC groups for any of the neuropsychological measures used. Patients who had experienced traumatic LOC did not perform more poorly on neuropsychological testing than those with no LOC or uncertain LOC. All three groups demonstrated mildly decreased performance on formal tests of speed of information processing, attentional process, and memory. CONCLUSION: The results of this study cast doubt on the importance of LOC as a predictor of neuropsychological test performance during the acute phase of recovery from mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological testing procedures have been shown to be sensitive in measuring cognitive sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) in athletes. The failure of this study to find any relationship between LOC and neuropsychological functioning in a large sample of patients with mild head trauma calls into question the assignment of primary importance to LOC in grading severity of concussion. This study also does not provide support for the use of guidelines that rely heavily on LOC in making return-to-play decisions. Continued research is necessary to determine the relative importance of markers of concussion in athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of deliberate hypotension induced by labetalol with isoflurane on neuropsychological function.

The effect of deliberate hypotension on brain function measured by neuropsychological tests was studied in 41 adult patients. Twenty-four patients were anaesthetized for middle-ear surgery with deliberate hypotension induced by labetalol with isoflurane (hypotensive group). Seventeen patients without hypotension served as a control group. The mean arterial pressure was 77 +/- 2 mmHg (10.3 +/- 0.3 kPa) before hypotension and 50 +/- 0 mmHg (6.7 +/- 0.0 kPa) during hypotension in the hypotensive group, and 86 +/- 2 mmHg (11.5 +/- 0.3 kPa) during anaesthesia in the control group. The following psychological tests were performed: four subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (similarities, digit span, vocabulary and digit symbol), Trail-Making tests A and B, Zung tests (self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale) and two-part memory test battery with immediate and delayed recall. The tests were performed preoperatively and 2 days postoperatively. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in any of the tests in the changes from preoperative value to postoperative value. The results indicate that hypotension induced by labetalol with isoflurane has no significant harmful effects on mental functions compared to normotensive anaesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Neuropsychological pattern of striatonigral degeneration: comparison with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.

To study the neuropsychological pattern of striatonigral degeneration (SND), 14 consecutive patients with probable SND were submitted to an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Compared with controls the performance of patients with SND was impaired on category and phonemic fluency, frontal behaviours, trail making test A and B, and free recall of the Grober and Buschke test, but normal on the revised WAIS verbal scale, Raven 47 coloured progressive matrices, Wechsler memory scale, California verbal learning test, Wisconsin card sorting test, and the Stroop interference condition. The performance of patients with SND was also compared with that of 14 patients with Parkinson's disease and 14 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) matched for age at onset, duration of disease, severity of intellectual deterioration, and depression. The results showed that the dysexecutive syndrome of SND is similar to that of Parkinson's disease and less severe than in PSP.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Essential hypertension and cognitive function. The role of hyperinsulinemia.

The relation between hypertension and cognitive function is not well established. Therefore, we examined cognitive function in a random sample of 744 nondiabetic elderly inhabitants of Kuopio, East Finland. Five brief neuropsychological tests known to be sensitive to cognitive impairment due to dementia--the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Buschke Selective Reminding Test (BSR), Russell's Adaptation of the Visual Reproduction Test (HVR), and the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT)--were used to evaluate cognitive function. The performance of the hypertensive group (n = 378) was impaired in almost all test items compared with that of the normotensive group (n = 366), but the difference between these two groups was statistically significant in 5 of 19 test items only. Moreover, within the hypertensive group, hyperinsulinemic (fasting plasma insulin > 17.9 mU/L) hypertensive subjects (n = 57) scored worse than normoinsulinemic hypertensive subjects (n = 321) in 16 of 19 test items and worse than the normotensive subjects in the same 16 of 19 test items. The difference between the hyperinsulinemic hypertensive and normotensive groups was significant in 11 test items that reflected complex cognitive function such as calculation, language, semantic memory, and problem solving. This difference in neuropsychological tests among the three study groups (normotensive, normoinsulinemic hypertensive, and hyperinsulinemic hypertensive subjects) persisted after adjustment for fasting plasma glucose, age, sex, and education in 3 test items measuring calculation, copying, and semantic memory. Thus, essential hypertension in the elderly is associated with an impairment in complex cognitive function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Psychometric assessment of the therapeutic efficiency of antidepressant agents.

A clinical trial of four weeks duration was conducted involving a total of thirty depressed patients, of both sexes, aged between twenty and thirty-four years. The total number of patients was divided into three groups of ten patients each. One group received amitriptyline, the second group was administered noxiptyline and the third group was given dibenzepine. All drugs were administered orally. Patients were submitted to psychometric testing before and after drug administration. The tests used included the 'Hamilton Rating Scale for depression', the 'Hildreth Feeling Scale' and the 'D Scale' and the 'Trail Making Test' for the evaluation of psychomotor retardation. It was concluded that the Hamilton Rating Scale was the most relatively sensitive test utilized in assessing the depressive state and its improvement. Amitriptyline was found to be mostly anxiolytic; noxiptyline controlled both depression and anxiety to approximately the same extent; and dibenzepine was found to be a mood-elevating drug with an energizing action.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A longitudinal neuropsychological study of partial brain radiation in adults with brain tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate longitudinal cognitive functioning in patients with brain tumor treated with modern highly conformal fractionated partial brain radiation therapy (RT). METHODS: Seventeen (of 22 initial consecutive patients) adults with primarily low-grade brain neoplasms who underwent either biopsy or tumor resection were tested at pre-RT baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after baseline. Participants were classified as RT-treated nonprogressors (n = 12) or progressors (n = 3) based on serial follow-up structural imaging. Two patients received surgery only and served as controls to help minimize surgical, practice, test form, or other potential non-RT effects. Serial neuropsychological assessments were conducted using alternate forms of the Selective Reminding Test, 10/36 Spatial Recall Test, and Symbol Digit Modality Test (oral, written) as well as the Shipley Scale (baseline only), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Digit Span, Trail Making Test, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Global Severity Index scale. RESULTS: There was evidence of subtle attention and memory improvement in RT-treated nonprogressors throughout the 2-year period, with no evidence of cognitive decline. In contrast, patients with disease progression evidenced more substantial decline in memory and attention. CONCLUSIONS: Partial brain fractionated RT was not associated with adverse neuropsychological effects through the first 2 years following therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Neuropsychological function in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.

BACKGROUND: Various aspects of neuropsychologic function have been reported to be abnormal in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the majority of these data come from studies of seriously ill, treatment-seeking samples with substantial substance use comorbidity. Few studies have included similarly trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD, and fewer still have focused on women. METHODS: Thirty-nine female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV; 22 without lifetime PTSD and 17 with current PTSD), and 22 nonvictimized comparison (NC) subjects were administered tests of attention, working memory, visuoconstruction, language ability, learning and memory, and executive functioning. RESULTS: The IPV and NC subjects did not demonstrate statistically significant differences on most neuropsychologic tests, with the exception of those in the realm of working memory, visuoconstruction, and executive functioning. The IPV subjects, regardless of PTSD status, had poorer performance on tasks of speeded, sustained auditory attention and working memory (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test) and response inhibition (Stroop). The IPV subjects with PTSD performed worse than NCs on a set-shifting task (Trail Making Test, Part B). No consistent relationships were noted between neuropsychologic functioning and severity of childhood abuse or domestic violence experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive deficits in IPV subjects were confined to measures of working memory, visuoconstruction, and executive function; were subtle; and were not uniformly worse among those with current PTSD. This pattern, however, is consistent with frontal-subcortical dysfunction in traumatized women. The clinical significance of these findings deserves further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Hepatic encephalopathy: neuropsychological and neurophysiological diagnosis].

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a metabolically induced, potentially reversible functional disorder of brain, that may occur during chronic and acute liver diseases. It is of special clinical relevance to identify latent or subclinical HE, when patients show no clinical signs, but exhibit changes of complex cerebral functions as well as subcortical psychomotor deficits in psychometric tests. Because patients experience significant limitations in everyday life and the presence of such deficits is of prognostic value concerning their life expectancy, detection of latent HE has clinical importance. Psychometric tests have gained most significance because they are easy to perform and demonstrate high sensitivity, being highest with the trail-making-test part B. Electrophysiological methods such as EEG, visual evoked potentials, and P300 currently have a secondary and complementary role. An integration of brain imaging and spectroscopic techniques, electrophysiological methods, and neuropsychological tests is necessary for a comprehensive description of the disturbance on functional and topographical level in the future.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive assessment for CI therapy in the outpatient clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in a preliminary fashion whether several standard cognitive assessments predict treatment outcomes on real-world functional activities following Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CI therapy) for either the upper extremity (UE) or the lower extremity (LE) for chronic stroke hemiparesis in the outpatient therapy clinic. METHODS: 15 UE and 14 LE patients in the clinic underwent a short battery of cognitive assessments that evaluated sustained attention, episodic memory, executive control abilities, and general cognitive function. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate whether each cognitive test predicted treatment outcome on the limb-specific Motor Activity Log (MAL). RESULTS: Two assessments (delayed verbal memory and Trail Making Test form B) significantly correlated with LE MAL change that followed therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We tentatively conclude from this exploratory and preliminary study that cognitive performance may predict treatment changes in response to CI therapy for the LE. Moderate to large correlations that we observed between other cognitive assessments and CI therapy outcomes recommend replicating this study with a larger and more cognitively diverse sample of stroke patients to learn if these findings are generalizable.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Controlled prospective neuropsychological assessment of active experienced amateur boxers.

OBJECTIVE: To use a practical battery of eight neuropsychological tests for the detection of an association between amateur boxing and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. DESIGN: A controlled prospective neuropsychological study over a 15-18-month period. SETTING: Dublin, Ireland. March 1992 to September 1993. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty experienced actively competing amateur boxers and 20 controls matched for age and socioeconomic status. INTERVENTIONS: Participation in competitive amateur boxing and training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Absolute scores, and changes in scores, in the neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: At the end of the study period, the boxers performed significantly better then the controls in both the Trail-Making Tests A and B (TMT-A, TMT-B), whereas the control group's scores for the Finger Tapping Tests (FTT) were significantly higher than those of the boxers. The boxer's scores for the dominant-hand FTT showed a significant deterioration, but there was no association between this change and boxing exposure. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of neuropsychological impairment in the boxers as compared with socioeconomically, educationally and age-matched controls, and there was no association between boxing exposure and performances in any of the neuropsychological tests used. There is accumulating evidence that amateur boxing is not associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy but longer term prospective studies are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A noncoding motoric equivalent measures most of what the digit symbol does, including age changes.

The Digit Symbol test and a copying test with identical graphomotor requirements but not visual search, memory, or coding demands were given to 108 normal volunteers and neurologically screened physical rehabilitation patients age 20 to 90 yr. The ratio of coding to copying scores did not change over age, and the high correlations between them were similar across age groups. Little variance was unaccounted for; gross lapses in nonmotoric functions such as memory or attention may prevent Digit Symbol's use with some patients, but subtler decrements need not be invoked to explain age effects. Tentative norms provided here allow evaluation of individual deviations in coding/copying ratios or exploratory use of the copying test to monitor the course of disease or drug titration with patients whose linguistic or perceptual deficits invalidate Digit Symbol or Trail Making tests. If discrepant ratios characterize some groups of patients, the ratios may become useful diagnostic indices. If coding and copying are as closely related for patients with cerebral dysfunction as for normals, the copying test may become a useful alternative to Digit Symbol with patients unable to comply reliably with its requirements.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Manganese exposure: neuropsychological and neurological symptoms and effects in welders.

Manganese exposure reportedly may have an adverse effect on CNS function and mood. Sixty-two welders with clinical histories of exposure to manganese were compared to 46 matched regional controls chosen at random from a telephone directory. The following tests were given: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III), Boston Naming, WRAT-3, Cancellation H, Trail Making Tests A and B, Auditory Consonant Trigrams, Stroop, Rey-Osterreith, Animal Naming, Controlled Oral Word Association (COWAT), Test of Memory Malingering, Rey 15-item, Fingertapping, Grooved Pegboard, Dynamometer, Visual Attention Test, Lanthony d-15 Color Vision, Vistech Contrast Sensitivity, and Schirmer strips. The controls were administered a shorter battery of tests and the Rey-Osterreith, Animal Naming and some of the subtests of the WAIS-III, WMS-III were not administered. Mood tests, given to both groups, included the Symptom Checklist-40, Symptom Checklist-90-R, Profile of Mood Scale, Beck Depression Inventory II, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Forty-seven welders and 42 controls were retained for statistical analysis after appropriate exclusions. Results showed a high rate of symptom prevalence and pronounced deficits in motor skills, visuomotor tracking speed and information processing, working memory, verbal skills (COWAT), delayed memory, and visuospatial skills. Neurological examinations compared to neuropsychological test results suggest that neuropsychologists obtain significantly more mood symptoms overall. Odds ratios indicate highly elevated risk for neuropsychological and neurological symptomatology of manganism. Mood disturbances including anxiety, depression, confusion, and impaired vision showed very high odds ratios. Neurological exams and neuropsychological tests exhibit complementarity and differences, though neuropsychological methods may be more sensitive in detecting early signs of manganism. The present study corroborates the findings of our previous study in another group of welders.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Choice stepping reaction time: a composite measure of falls risk in older people.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the neuropsychological, sensorimotor, speed, and balance contributions to a new test of choice stepping reaction time (CSRT) and determined whether this new test is an important predictor of falls in older people. METHODS: A total of 477 retirement-village residents aged 62 to 95 years (mean +/- SD, 79.2 +/- 6.2 years) took the CSRT test, which required them to step onto one of four panels that were illuminated in a random order. The subjects also took tests that measured neuropsychological, sensorimotor, speed, and balance function. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that poor performance in Part B of the Trail Making Test (a neuropsychological test) and impaired quadriceps strength, simple reaction time, sway with eyes open on a compliant surface, and maximal balance range were the best predictors of increased CSRTs (multiple r(2) =.45). Subjects with a history of falls had significantly increased CSRTs compared with nonfallers (1322 +/- 331 milliseconds and 1168 +/- 203 milliseconds, respectively). Impaired CSRT was a significant and independent predictor of falls, as were two complementary sensory measures (visual contrast sensitivity and lower limb proprioception). Of these measures, CSRT was the most important in predicting falls. Furthermore, the inclusion of CSRT in the model excluded measures of strength, central processing speed, and balance, because these could not provide nonredundant information for the prediction of falls. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a new test that provides a composite measure of falls risk in older people and elucidates the relative importance of specific physiological and neuropsychological systems in the initiation of fast and appropriate step responses.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2006

Anterior cingulate subregion volumes and executive function in bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Although research findings suggest a relationship between the function of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and both cognitive ability and the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BPD), few studies have examined cognitive correlates of specific ACC subregion volumes in BPD. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived gray and white matter volumes of ACC subregions (caudal, rostral, and subgenual) and performance on tests of executive function in 27 patients with BPD and 22 healthy subjects. METHODS: 1.5T MRI and neuropsychological assessment were conducted with all participants. RESULTS: MANCOVA revealed statistically significant group differences in performance on executive function measures. However, no group differences were observed in any of the ACC white matter or gray matter regions of interest. Multiple regression analyses revealed that rostral and subgenual gray matter each interacted significantly with group in predicting performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In addition, a significant interaction was observed between group and both rostral gray and white matter in predicting performance on the Trail Making Test. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this preliminary study support the extant literature that suggests that patients with BPD perform more poorly than healthy subjects on tests of executive function. Furthermore, the relationship between ACC subregion volumes and cognitive test performance was found to differ between patients with BPD and healthy subjects, despite comparable ACC volumes in the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Lowered VIQ level following traumatic brain injury].

A patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with incidence of cognitive dysfunction as a sequela. We have conducted WAIS-R to 237 patients who were diagnosed as TBI at the Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital in order to assess their intellectual function. Twelve patients, whose VIQ being marked significantly lower than PIQ, were retrospectively analyzed in terms of their Functional Independence Measure (FIM), neuropsychological test results and lesions found in diagnostic images. In consequence, presence of a patient group whose VIQ level is significantly lowered due to the TBI sequela is recognized, in addition to a finding that trauma sites of cerebral contusion or other incidents are not necessarily corresponding to the results of neuropsychological test. Furthermore, based on an observation that those patients with lowered VIQ level are also associated with aggravation of PIQ 'digit symbol', Trail Making Test, or word fluency levels. This result was before similar with the result of "32 cases of DAI (diffuse axonal injury)" which authors reported, and it was guessed anew that the main factor of a cognitive dysfunction was damage on axon.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Effects of crack cocaine on neurocognitive function.

Because crack cocaine appears to have a preferential effect on the metabolic and electrophysiological activity of the frontal and temporal regions of the brain (Pascual-Leone et al., 1991a, 1991b; Volkow, 1992), we hypothesized that cognitive measures of those regions would be impaired in crack cocaine users relative to measures in normal volunteers. We used logistic regression to determine the relationship of cocaine usage to neuropsychological test performance. We compared 38 patients with an average of 3.6 (SD = 2.5) years of crack cocaine use and 24.5 (SD = 28.1) days of abstinence to 54 normal volunteers on a battery of neuropsychological tests. Statistical adjustments were made for the effects of age, education, socioeconomic class, and level of depression. Our findings were mixed with regard to purported measures of executive/frontal functioning, with worse performance associated with cocaine usage on the Booklet Categories Test, but better performance associated on others (number of categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Controlled Oral Word Association). Cocaine usage was associated with impairment on measures of spatial, but not verbal memory, confrontation naming, and Trail-making Test, Part B, a measure of perceptual-motor speed and cognitive flexibility. In summary, it appears that continuous crack cocaine use produces a dissociative pattern in neuropsychological test performance with improvement on some measures, but deterioration on others. The permanence of these effects remains to be determined with longitudinal studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Neuropsychological studies on lead workers in Singapore.

The neuropsychological performance of a group of 49 workers occupationally exposed to lead was compared with a matched control group of 36 non-exposed workers. The psychometric measurements were composed of tests covering a broad range of different neuropsychological functions, particular emphasis being given to perceptual motor ability and attention concentration functioning. A questionnaire to assess subjective symptoms in mood, sleep disturbance, poor concentration and forgetfulness, somatic complaints, and social passivity was also included in the battery of tests. Compared with the controls, the performance of the lead workers was found to be significantly poorer for digit symbol, Bourdon-Wiersma, trail making test (part A), Santa Ana test, flicker fusion, and simple reaction time. In terms of subjective symptoms the exposed group also reported significantly more complaints of anxiety and depressed mood, poor concentration and forgetfulness, and other somatic complaints. These differences were observed among lead workers with a mean blood lead value of 2.35 mumol/l (SD 0.7).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Construct validity of the Knox Cube Test as a neuropsychological measure.

The Knox Cube Test is used in conjunction with some neuropsychological test batteries as a measure of visual attention and memory, but no data are available regarding the validity of this measure in a neuropsychological context. The present investigation examined the construct validity of the Knox Cube Test as a measure of attention span, and also as a neuropsychological instrument. Two independent samples were administered a battery of tests including the Knox Cube Test. The test was found to be strongly related to most of the measures, and in both samples the highest correlations were found with digit span backwards, Trail Making Test and Speech Perception Test. Factor analysis in the two samples revealed that the highest loadings for the Knox Cube Test were observed on a factor interpreted as measuring attention and concentration. These findings were discussed in regard to the validity of the Knox Cube Test, and its potential use in clinical neuropsychological examination.

Adult↗