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PubMed2006

Toothbrush-thinking seizures.

Seizures associated with toothbrushing have been reported in patients with precentral or postcentral partial epilepsy. Seizures precipitated by thinking have been described in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. We report a patient with intractable partial epilepsy in which seizures were induced both by toothbrushing, and by seeing or thinking about toothbrush and toothpaste. Video-EEG analysis revealed a left temporal lobe origin for these reflex seizures. We discuss how complex multimodal stimuli may trigger these reflex seizures.

Electroencephalography↗
PubMed1984

Toothbrushing frequency in 4 consecutive studies of Finnish adolescents.

This study aimed at analyzing the pattern of toothbrushing frequency over a period of 2 years in a group of Finnish adolescents. Data for this study were collected from 4 questionnaires distributed to a sample of adolescents born in 1960, 1962, and 1964. Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their reported toothbrushing frequencies. Half of the subjects remained in the same category of brushing frequency (in 3 categories) during the consecutive studies. Among those having changed the frequency (54%), changing to a better toothbrushing frequency was more common among girls than among boys.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

The distribution of plaque and gingivitis and the influence of toothbrushing hand in a group of South Wales 11-12 year-old children.

Numerous factors may affect the distribution of plaque and gingivitis in any individuals mouth. Of considerable importance must be the oral hygiene habits of each person, which will be influenced by compliance and dexterity with tooth cleaning methods. The pattern of gingivitis seen at a young age may, with time, reflect the eventual distribution of attachment loss. This in part, could explain the considerable variation in chronic periodontal disease seen between individuals and at different sites within the same mouth. This study reports the baseline data for the distribution of plaque and gingivitis in 1105, 11-12-year-old children in South Wales. The children were selected by disproportionate stratified random sampling and examined by a multidisciplinary group with the long-term aim of evaluating the importance of malocclusion to dental health and psychosocial variables. Toothbrushing frequency had a very low but significant correlation with the distribution of plaque and gingivitis, accounting therefore for only a small % of the variance in the group. For the total group and right-handed toothbrushers, buccal plaque and gingivitis was significantly increased on right contralateral teeth. No specific pattern for plaque and gingivitis distribution by side was seen for 100 left-handed toothbrushers. Plaque and gingivitis also showed significant differences dependent upon arch, tooth number, and surface. The population is being followed at 4-year intervals to monitor the pattern of periodontal disease with time and correlate changes with these baseline findings.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of manual and power toothbrushing, with and without adjunctive oral irrigation, for controlling plaque and gingivitis.

We compared the effects of four oral hygiene methods (manual tooth-brushing, power toothbrushing, manual toothbrushing plus irrigation, and power toothbrushing plus irrigation) on plaque and periodontal disease. These methods were tested both when used alone and when used in conjunction with professional mechanical oral hygiene. 108 subjects were clinically assessed for plaque, stain, gingival inflammation, bleeding to probing, probing depth and attachment loss, and randomly assigned to one of the 4 oral hygiene groups. Subjects were carefully instructed in the use of their assigned method and asked to discontinue all other forms of oral hygiene. After 3-months, subjects returned for re-examination and full-month professional mechanical oral hygiene care. 3 months later, subjects returned for a final oral examination. All subjects kept a diary of use of their assigned method and were called every 2 weeks to monitor discomfort, provide reinforcement and answer questions. Results showed that all the oral hygiene methods were equally effective in reducing plaque and stain accumulation, gingival bleeding, bleeding to probing ratio and the % of pockets 4 mm or deeper. None of the oral hygiene methods was associated with injury to soft or hard tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Self-esteem as a predictor of toothbrushing behaviour in young adolescents.

A survey of 4075 14-year-old children from secondary schools throughout England was made to obtain information about toothbrushing frequency, motivation for mouth care, and self-esteem. Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in class. Toothbrushing frequency was found to increase significantly with increasing self-esteem in males (P less than 0.0001) and females (P less than 0.05). However, there was no consistent variation with self-esteem in those brushing 3 or more times per day, in either sex. There was a significant variation in the main reason given for mouth care between the sexes (P less than 0.0001); proportionately more females (67%) than males (57%) gave cleanliness or cosmetic effect as the principal reason for mouth care. A variation was observed in the mean reason given for mouth care with self-esteem in females (P less than 0.05), but not in males. However, in both sexes, as self-esteem improved, there was a consistent increase in the proportions of individuals who brushed their teeth to make them feel clean. These findings suggest there may be a positive relationship between self-esteem and toothbrushing behaviour and motivation for mouth care in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Mechanical stimulation by toothbrushing increases oxygen sufficiency in human gingivae.

We studied the immediate effect of mechanical stimulation with a toothbrush on oxygen sufficiency in human gingivae. Teeth were brushed with a modified Bass technique at various forces (100, 200, and 300 g) for various times (5, 10, and 30 s). Hemoglobin (Hb) oxygen saturation was measured before and intermittently for 60 min after brushing, by non-invasive tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. Hb oxygen saturation increased within a few min after brushing and then slowly returned to the initial level. Toothbrushing at 200 g for 10 s caused the longest-lived increase in Hb oxygen saturation; saturation remained about 6% above the baseline level for more than 25 min. Before brushing, Hb oxygen saturation was significantly lower in inflamed gingivae than in healthy gingivae (p < 0.05). After brushing of inflamed gingivae, the Hb oxygen saturation almost reached the level measured in healthy gingivae before brushing. These findings suggest that stimulation with a toothbrush increases oxygen sufficiency in both healthy and inflamed gingivae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of a manual and a new electric toothbrush for controlling plaque and gingivitis.

In the present clinical trial, the effect on existing plaque and gingivitis of a new electric toothbrush (ET) was compared to that of a manual toothbrush (MT). 40 medical students, age 18-30 years, participated. Plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded at 6 sites at all teeth. At baseline, a PlI and GI > 1 were required. The participants were at random allocated to a group using either ET or MT and were instructed only to use the assigned toothbrush, brushing each morning and evening for 2 min. No oral hygiene instruction was given. Re-examination was done after 1, 2 and 6 weeks. In the MT group, a minor decrease in mean PlI was found after 6 weeks (all sites: from 1.2 to 1.1, approximal sites: from 1.4 to 1.2). The corresponding figures in the ET group were: 1.2 to 0.6 and 1.4 to 0.8. After 6 weeks, the % of sites with visible plaque with MT was: 24% (all sites) and 30% (approximal sites) and with ET 8% and 9%, respectively. With MT, mean GI was unchanged after 6 weeks compared to baseline, whereas with ET, the changes were from 1.1 to 0.9 (all sites) and from 1.1 to 1.0 (approximal sites). The % of sites with GI score > or = 2 had not changed after 6 weeks with MT (all sites: 11%, approximal sites: 13%). With ET, these results were 3% and 4%, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a new toothbrush concept with regard to bacterial elimination. Imprint study using scanning electron microscopy.

The efficacy of a new toothbrush filament layout concept (Topix, Peridental, France) was compared to that of a standard vertical-tuft toothbrush. Bacterial and exogenous deposit elimination were used as parameters of efficacy. 30 dental surgery students took part in the study. Plaque index scores were calculated according to a pre-defined protocol. Imprints of the 6 anterior teeth were taken before and after brushing with the 2 types of brushes, without toothpaste or rinsing. Imprints were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 12 h after brushing, imprint examination revealed bacterial flora polymorphism and the amount of dental plaque accumulated at the cervical third zone of teeth. Automated quantification in this zone of exogenous bodies showed that after brushing with vertical-tuft and cross-tuft brushes, there remained 1.26 mm2 and 0.83 mm2 of dental plaque, squamae, and blood residues, respectively. The plaque index values correlated to scanning electron microscopic observations. There was no significant difference in terms of efficacy between the cross-tuft and vertical-tuft toothbrushes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The effectiveness of an electronic toothbrush in the removal of established plaque and treatment of gingivitis.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an electronic toothbrush on established plaque and gingivitis in a 5-month clinical trial. This electronic toothbrush sends approximately a 0.15 mA current through the brushhead which presumedly enhances the efficacy of the brush in plaque elimination. For this study, 80 volunteers (non-dental University students) were selected on the basis of having moderate gingival inflammation. At baseline, plaque and bleeding upon probing were assessed on the vestibular, mesio-vestibular, distovestibular and lingual surfaces using the 'half-mouth' design. After 2-months and 5-months, these clinical indices were again recorded. At each assessment, the participants received a new brushhead. All baseline indices appeared to be well-balanced. A mean Silness and Löe plaque score of 1.70 and 1.64 were found in the control and test groups, respectively. Little change was observed from baseline to 5-months. The Quigley and Hein plaque index behaved comparably. The mean bleeding upon probing score at baseline was 1.43 and 1.39 for the control and test group, respectively. Little to no improvement was observed in the course of this study. No beneficial effect could be shown for this 'electronic' design of manual toothbrush.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of 2 electric toothbrushes in plaque-removing ability. Professional and supervised brushing.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the Braun Plak Control (D7) and Philips HP 500 (MM) in their plaque removing efficacy. Furthermore the brushing force applied by the panelist on the brush-head with both these brushes was evaluated. For this study, 35 university students (non-dental) were selected. The study consisted of 3 experiments. Prior to each experiment, all subjects were asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for at least 48 h. In Exp. I, the efficacy of toothbrushing was studied when one of the investigators brushed the teeth of the panellists. In Exp. II, the efficacy of the brushing was studied after the students had received a professional instruction. In Exp. III, the brushing force used during a single brushing exercise was evaluated. The available time for the brushing amounted to a total of 2 min per mouth. Dental plaque was evaluated by means of the Silness and Löe and Quigley and Hein plaque indices assessed at 6 sites per tooth. Results showed that both in Exp. I and Exp. II, the D7 removed significantly more plaque than the MM electric toothbrush. The plaque reduction assessed according to Silness and Löe in Exp. I was for the D7, 1.07 and for the MM, 0.78. In Exp. II, the reduction was 1.08 and 0.88, respectively. The results of Exp. III show that the mean brushing force was comparable for both brushes (D7 = 173 g, MM = 175 g). All 35 subjects were allowed to choose one electric toothbrush as compensation for their participation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of 2 toothbrushing methods for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal. The Toothpick method and the Bass method.

Plaque removing efficacy was compared between a new toothbrushing method named the Toothpick method and the Bass method. 20 male university dental students participated in the study, which consisted of 2 experiments. Prior to each experiment, all subjects were asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for 48 h. In Exp. I, plaque-removing efficacy was assessed after each participant's mouth had been professionally brushed by a dentist. In this experiment, 2 quadrants were brushed professionally using the Toothpick method, and the remaining 2 quadrants were brushed using the Bass method. The brushing time amounted to a total of 2 min per mouth. In Exp. II, the subjects brushed their own teeth after receiving toothbrushing instruction. A blind examiner assessed dental plaque using a modification of the Quigley and Hein index at 6 sites around each tooth. Toothbrushing using the Toothpick method was found to remove significantly more plaque from proximal tooth surfaces than brushing using the Bass method.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between the plaque removal efficacy of a manual toothbrush and brushing force.

This survey investigated the association between the efficacy of plaque removal and toothbrushing forces during a normal brushing regime. The 94 subjects participating in this study were requested not to brush 24 h prior to the experiment. Panelists brushed for 1 min with a manual toothbrush. Before and after brushing, plaque was assessed using the Turesky modification of the Quigley & Hein plaque index. A second 1-min exercise of brushing was carried out to assess the toothbrushing force. The mean plaque reduction was 39%, with vestibular surfaces being cleaned most effective (69%) and the lingual surfaces the least (21%). The mean brushing force was 330 g. No correlation was observed between efficacy and brushing force (r=0.14, p=0.16). The relationship between pre- and post-brushing plaque was stronger (r=0.68, p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis entering squared values of force as an independent variable into the equation, indicated that the relation between efficacy and force was not linear. A curve could be fitted to the plot (p=0.0004), demonstrating that up to a certain level of force, an increase of force is associated with an increase in efficacy (r=0.33, p<0.01). Beyond this point, application of higher forces resulted in reduced efficacy (r=-0.49, p=0.03). As was calculated in this particular test this 'transition' level of force was 407.4 g. The absence of a correlation between brushing force and plaque removal efficacy suggests that in a 'user model' brushing situation, other factors than brushing force are of major influence on the amount of plaque removed.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed2004

The anti-plaque efficacy of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse used in combination with toothbrushing with dentifrice.

BACKGROUND: Although the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) chemically can be affected by the presence of a sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-containing dentifrice in the oral cavity, previous data, collected without supervision, showed that the level of plaque inhibition offered by a 0.2% CHX post-brushing rinse in one jaw is not reduced under the influence of toothbrushing with a 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice in the opposite jaw. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate, during a 4-day supervised study period, the anti-plaque efficacy of a 0.2% CHX pre-brushing rinse in one jaw, under the influence of toothbrushing in the opposite jaw, either with a SLS-containing dentifrice or with a SLS-free dentifrice. Three different dentifrices were tested. Two of them contained SLS (Colgate Total & Aquafresh Natural Whitening), the other (Zendium) did not. METHODS: The study was an examiner blind, randomised 4-cell, crossover design. It used a 4-day plaque accumulation model to compare under supervision 4 different oral hygiene regimens with a washout period of at least one week. Thirty-five healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to a sequence according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. At the beginning of each 4-day test period, they received a thorough dental prophylaxis. Plaque was scored in one randomly assigned (upper or lower) jaw, called the study jaw. At the end of the 4-day period the study jaw was used to study the effect of the four regimens on the level of plaque accumulation. The opposite jaw was assigned as the dentifrice jaw and served only to introduce the effect of brushing with a dentifrice in the study model. Four oral hygiene regimens were designed. During the randomly assigned test periods, rinsing with 0.2% CHX and then brushing the dentifrice jaw was performed twice daily. In regimen 1, 2, and 3 the subjects used a dentifrice in the assigned dentifrice jaw being either a dentifrice with SLS (Colgate Total and Aquafresh Natural Whitening) or a SLS-free dentifrice (Zendium). Regimen 4 served as a control during witch subjects only rinsed with 0.2% CHX. No other oral hygiene methods were allowed. After 4 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation, the amount of plaque was evaluated (Lobene et al. 1982, Quigley & Hein 1962, Turesky et al. 1970 modifications). RESULTS: The overall plaque index for regimen 1, 2 and 3 was, respectively, 1.8, 1.8 and 1.9. For regimen 4, the overall plaque index was 1.9. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation between the four regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Within the present study design, it can be concluded that the anti-plaque efficacy of a pre-brushing 0.2% CHX mouthrinse does not seem to be reduced under the influence of a normal toothbrushing exercise with a dentifrice after rinsing, whether the dentifrice contains SLS or not.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quality of bristle end-rounding on replaceable heads of powered toothbrushes.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the geometry and the quality of bristle tip-rounding using 14 different heads from powered toothbrushes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six powered toothbrushes for children and eight for juveniles and adults were included. Five replaceable heads of each product were randomly selected. Of each sample, 35 bristles were used for examination. This resulted in 175 bristles from each product being evaluated. The quality of end-rounding was assessed by scanning electron microscopy at an original magnification x 80 in two categories of acceptable and five categories of unacceptable rounding according to Silverstone & Featherstone (1988). RESULTS: The portion of acceptable end-rounding varied strongly between the products (18.9-94.3%). There were significant differences regarding the products for children (p<0.001) and for adults (p<0.001) with respect to end-rounding quality. Only one product achieved more than 90% and eight products had between 68% and 86% acceptable end-rounding. Two products for children and one for adults had less than 25% acceptable end-rounding. CONCLUSION: A high standard of bristle tip-rounding is an important feature with respect to the safety of powered toothbrushes. Those products with a greater portion of unacceptably rounded bristles might cause more harm to oral soft tissues during use. The end-rounding quality of some of the products should be improved.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A systematic review of the effectiveness of self-performed mechanical plaque removal in adults with gingivitis using a manual toothbrush.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of self-performed mechanical plaque removal in adults with gingivitis using a manual toothbrush with respect to the level of plaque and gingivitis in controlled studies of at least 6 months duration. SEARCH: Medline-PubMed up to and including September 2004. RESULTS: Out of 3223 titles and abstracts, 33 trials were found for data extraction. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies (n=9) in which, for the manual toothbrush group at baseline, only a professional prophylaxis provided. The weighted mean differences (WMD) between baseline and end-trial for the Quigley & Hein plaque index was 0.28 and 0.21 for the Gingival Index (p<0.05). Eight studies provided both a professional OHI and prophylaxis at baseline. The WMD for the Silness & Löe Plaque Index was 0.10 (ns). The WMD of the proportion of bleeding sites was 5.84% (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In adults with gingivitis the quality of self-performed mechanical plaque removal is not sufficiently effective and should be improved. Based on studies > or = 6 months of duration, it appears that a single oral hygiene instruction, describing the use of a mechanical toothbrush, in addition to a single professional 'oral prophylaxis' provided at baseline, had a significant, albeit small, positive effect on the reduction of gingivitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effect of mouth rinsing and toothbrushing with fluoride solutions on caries among Norwegian schoolchildren.

The caries experience and the plaque and gingival conditions of 14-year-old children participating in fortnightly fluoride (0.2 % NaF) mouth rinsing (88 subjects) were compared with observations in children performing supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride (0.5 % NaF) solution 4-5 times per year (n = 90). Most of the children, 84 and 90% respectively, had participated in these programs for the previous 6 years. Caries was assessed only on radiographs. The mean number of decayed surfaces was 5.8 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 88) and 5.4 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 90). The mean numbers of decayed and filled surfaces were 19.3 +/- 9.2 and 27.9 +/- 10.2 for subjects with rinsing or brushing. This significant difference could not be ascribed to sex, social class, years of residence in the towns, number of dentists performing the previous treatments, toothbrushing habits, use of fluorides at home, or amount of plaque. All children had gingivitis. There were no differences in the mean number of Plaque Index score 2 or the number of Gingival Index score 2 between the children with the different preventive programs. The girls' oral hygiene was better than the boys', but the gingival conditions were the same. Sex, social class, and toothbrushing techniques tended to have a slight influence on the amount of plaque.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Influence of social norms on toothbrushing behavior of preschool children.

Two hundred and eighty mothers of preschool children were interviewed in order to determine first, their children's toothbrushing habits and secondly, their expectations concerning the brushing behavior of preschool children in general. The influence of social and demographic factors on children's brushing behavior was also investigated. The results showed that the practice of toothbrushing is widespread and mothers play the central role in teaching the brushing routine. However, the social norms concerning oral hygiene were imprecise, indicating that mothers had no social support for teaching their children to brush and no information on how brushing should be carried out. Dental health educators should encourage mothers of young children to develop positive attitudes towards toothbrushing and teach them the correct technique.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Relationship between reported toothbrushing and dental caries in adults.

The relationship of toothbrushing to dental decay has remained unclear. In the present study an effort was made to throw more light on this problem. Clinical and interview data were obtained from 212 males. Potential confounding risk indicators were controlled by a multivariate confounder summarizing score. In general it was found that the values of caries prevalence indicator were consistently higher for sporadic toothbrushers. It was concluded that the current study provides evidence in favor of a positive association between toothbrushing and low caries prevalence.

Adult↗