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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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PubMed1999

Dentine hypersensitivity - an enigma? A review of terminology, mechanisms, aetiology and management.

Dentine hypersensitivity is a relatively common problem experienced in clinical dental practice. This condition may disturb the patient during eating, drinking, brushing and sometimes even breathing. Therapeutic intervention by desensitising agents may provide only partial pain relief and recurrence is common. Much remains unknown about dentine hypersensitivity, even the terminology can be questioned. Most of the literature over decades has been concerned with reporting clinical trials proving the efficacy of numerous treatments for dentine hypersensitivity. Indeed, besides haemorrhoids, there can be few other diseases or conditions known to man that can apparently be successfully treated by so many and extremely varied agents and formulations applied topically. This paper will discuss the epidemiology, mechanisms of pain production and aetiological factors for the condition in the hope of developing ideas for more realistic prevention and management strategies.

Dentin Sensitivity↗
PubMed2001

Comprehensive microsurgical anatomy of the jugular foramen and review of terminology.

The microsurgical anatomy of the jugular foramen was studied in 12 formalin preserved cadavers (24 foramina) and 40 dry-skulls (80 foramina). The jugular foramen was exposed by microsurgical dissection with drilling from a superior to inferior direction. Observations regarding dural architecture of the jugular foramen and relationships between neurovascular structures passing through the foramen were noted in cadavers. Normal bony construction of the foramen and its variational anatomy were examined in dry-skull specimens. Using photographs and drawings, the anatomy of the jugular foramen is presented and related terminology is discussed in the light of a literature review.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1988

Sexual endocrinology and terminology in sexology.

Sexual endocrinology has contributed decisively to the development of sexology. Effects of most recent findings in neuroendocrine research on the development of terminology in sexology, sex therapy and sex legislation are discussed.

Endocrinology↗
PubMed1990

[Terminology of ultrasonic vascular diagnosis].

There is at present no accepted nomenclature regarding diagnostic vascular ultrasound. At two scientific meetings, the Study Group for Vascular Diagnosis of the German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM) developed a terminology for Doppler and duplex sonography of the arteries and veins supplying the brain and of peripheral vessels. The most important of these sonographic terms and their synonyms are presented. Recommendations as to which of the presently employed terms should be avoided, are given.

Brain↗
PubMed1996

[History and definition of sepsis--do we need new terminology?].

The history of sepsis demonstrates that despite current knowledge about its pathogenesis the definition of sepsis is more contested than ever. However, a definite terminology is necessary to define the entrance criteria for future clinical studies concerning patients with sepsis or septic shock. For this purpose, in 1991 a consensus conference was held in the US, but its recommendations have not found unequivocal acceptance. These recommendations and their historical background are presented and their consequences discussed.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1996

[Current systematic definition and terminology of the face lifting technique].

OBJECTIVE: A more precise definition of the term "face lifting" appears to be necessary. The development of new techniques and modifications in the last decade has been the main reason for the proliferation of definitions. Nearly every author has his own terminology for describing his procedures. METHODS: Three criteria are helpful in achieving an overview. 1. The selection according to the anatomical areas of the face and the neck which have to be rejuvenated 2. The selection according to procedures, involving resection of soft tissues as opposed to techniques that solely involve soft tissue reposition, modification of facial bones, and combinations of these principles. 3. The selection according to the different layers of soft tissue or to the combination of different layers which are to be lifted. CONCLUSIONS: The terms "face lifting" and "lifting" are used synonymously in international literature. They refer to those surgical procedures which aim a achieve facial rejuvenation and a younger appearance of the neck. Definitions that refer only to a lifting of the facial skin do not correspond to the actual techniques, which often involve the surgical treatment of different soft tissue layers and sometimes facial bone. A classification is possible because some terms are used more often.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Reliability of assigning correct current procedural terminology-4 E/M codes.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We determine the degree of interagency and intra-agency agreement on Current Procedural Terminology-4 (CPT-4) coding levels for emergency department medical records. We hypothesized that the level of agreement among coding agencies would be poor, but the distribution of codes would be similar and not significantly different. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study consisting of 3 separate randomized, blinded trials: 2 interagency comparisons and 1 intra-agency comparison. The setting was 2 suburban academic EDs. In the 2 interagency audits, 4 coding agencies were used. In the intra-agency comparison, we used 5 individual coders from within our own internal agency. The main outcome measures were the level of agreement not due to chance estimated with the multiple-rater weighted kappa statistic and the Kendall tau-b. We measured the distribution of codes by agency or by individual coders with the chi(2) test. RESULTS: Our sample for the 2 interagency audits consisted of 194 and 195 records, respectively. We observed poor agreement in the level of coding assigned to individual charts among the 4 coding agencies, with kappa values of 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.275 to 0.285) and 0.287 (95% CI 0.283 to 0.291). Our intra-agency comparison consisted of 100 records. The agreement in the intra-agency review was significantly better but still fair (kappa=0.436; 95% CI 0.428 to 0.444). The distribution of CPT-4 codes was significantly different for all 3 comparisons (P <.001). CONCLUSION: For our patient population, group of physicians, and methods of documentation, we identified poor-to-fair agreement in coding of emergency charts between coding agencies. Only fair agreement was measured in the intra-agency sample. The distribution of assigned CPT-4 codes was significantly different in each comparison. These findings have important financial and legal implications regarding the reliability of coding methods.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1993

Screening for cervical cancer. Current terminology, classification, and technique.

The Pap smear is one of the most successful of the screening tools for cancer. However, refinements are continually being made in the terminology used to define the gradations of disease, in the classifications used to describe test results, and in the appropriate technique for performing the test. Dr Fowler offers these guidelines to keep you up to date on the current state of cervical cancer screening methods.

Colposcopy↗
PubMed2001

Sports-related brain injury research: methodological difficulties associated with ambiguous terminology.

A basic premise underlying sound methodological research is that it is based on constructs that have a sound operational definition. Failure to do so impedes comparison with other relevant literature. In sports-related brain injury research, the varied criteria and inconsistent use of the term 'concussion' and its interchangeability with other generic terms such as mild/minor head injury, and mild brain injury exemplifies such a situation. This paper will background the issues involved and provide rationale to support a call for tightening the use of terminology in the area.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2004

The World Health Organisation's terminology and classification: application to severe disability.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe the international classification system proposed by the World Health Organisation for describing individuals with disability. Initially the 'International classification of impairment, disability and handicap' (ICIDH) was used. This has been replaced by the 'International classification of functioning, disability and health' (ICF). Both of these systems will be described and followed by a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of using the WHOs classification framework. An application to the field of severe disability will be made throughout. METHOD: Providing a theoretical framework for classification of disability in accordance with the system proposed by the WHO. RESULTS: The ICF is a useful tool that contributes to uniformity of international terminology and standardization in the disability field. It is not a minority model, and focuses on strengths and skills. CONCLUSIONS: An international classification system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework for information that is relevant to the long-term consequences of disability. Although any type of classification system has certain limitations, the advantages present within the ICF outweigh the limitations.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2005

Concepts of skin protection: considerations for the evaluation and terminology of the performance of skin protective equipment.

This article proposes a common language for better understanding processes involved in dermal exposure and skin protection. A conceptual model has been developed that systematically describes the transport of agent mass from sources, eventually resulting in "loading" of the skin surface or the skin contaminant layer. In view of a harmonized glossary of exposure terminology this is considered the exposure surface. Loading is defined as agent mass present in this layer divided by the exposure surface area. Skin protective equipment (SPE) is meant to reduce uptake, that is, an agent crosses the absorption barrier of the skin, by intervening in the processes of loading the exposure surface; however, the design of the equipment may fail to cover skin surface entirely. In addition, part of the mass intercepted by the SPE may reach the skin surface either by permeation, penetration, or by transfer when touching the contaminated exterior of the SPE. Evaluation of SPE performance has earlier focused on chemical resistance performance testing for permeation, penetration, or degradation of SPE-materials. In use-scenario practice, however, all processes will occur concurrently. Thus, SPE field performance evaluation including user-SPE interaction complementary to material testing is warranted. Results of laboratory testing for SPE-materials are reported as substance-specific breakthrough times and permeation rates. SPE field performance should be evaluated for reduction of either uptake or parameters that reflect the outcome of dermal exposure. Ideally, this should be based on the results of intervention-type workplace studies, for (e.g., assessment of exposure loading). The level of reduction can be expressed as a protection factor (ratio without/with SPE) for different parameters of dermal exposure or uptake. It is concluded that for evaluation of SPE-type performance, generic protection factors can be derived for substance-independent processes (e.g., reduction of exposure loading) but not for substance-specific reduction of uptake.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2004

Can psychiatric terminology be translated into legal regulation? The anorexia nervosa example.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the tension between the definition of mental illness in clinical psychiatry and its embodiment in legislation applied by tribunals reviewing decisions to treat. METHOD: Severe anorexia nervosa is used as a case exemplar of the tension between the appropriate narrative to express the clinical imperative to treat and the law's focus on finer technical language which secures individual civil rights and liberties. Australian and international experience is reviewed. RESULTS: The paper finds that the clinical and the legal narratives about how to 'define' mental illness do differ at the formal level of expression where they necessarily intersect in the setting of tribunal review of involuntary treatment decisions. However, in practice mental health admissions and tribunal reviews generally endorse the clinical applications of that more capacious and fluid terminology of clinical psychiatry. CONCLUSIONS: While tribunal reviews of clinical decisions may occasionally require clinicians to participate in an unfamiliar legal dialogue about narrowly construed definitions of mental illness, tribunals apply more complex tests which are sensitive to clinical practice and good therapeutic objectives.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2004

Towards less confusing terminology in reproductive medicine: a proposal.

The use of the term "infertility" and related terms in reproductive medicine is reviewed. Current terminology is found to be ambiguous, confusing and misleading. We recommend that the fertility investigation report of a couple should consist of statements concerning description, diagnosis and prognosis. The description concerns the duration of non-pregnancy before consulting the clinician. A system for prognostic grading is proposed. The fertility investigation report forms the basis for further action, including the possibility of waiting with treatment in case of almost normal or only slightly reduced fertility. The use of the terms infertility, subfertility and fecundity is not necessary, and it is recommended to avoid them.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Towards less confusing terminology in reproductive medicine: a counter proposal.

Less confusing terminology in reproductive medicine was the goal of a recent proposal the basis of which was to drop the term 'infertility' and replace it with a description. It also contained a prognostic grading system. The present article, arguing against most of these proposals, should not be regarded as nihilism but as constructive criticism to attain more clarity and common understanding. A counter proposal is suggested and includes retention of the term 'infertility', disposal of the terms 'subfertility' and 'sterility' with practical suggestions of when difficulties in conceiving should be investigated and treated.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

Towards less confusing terminology in reproductive medicine: clarifying medical ambiguities to the benefit of all.

It has been argued that terminology in reproductive medicine related to reproductive success is ambiguous, confusing and misleading. A proposed solution is the conditional use of the term 'fertility' which is qualified according to statements concerning description, diagnosis and prognosis, and for which a grading system is proposed. We argue that there already exists (from 1989) a well-articulated conceptualization of fertility that does not appear to have been well disseminated within reproductive medicine. Within this conceptualization there is an important place for separate terms that clearly distinguish aetiology from outcome. We therefore see a central role for maintaining and articulating the terms fecundity and fertility. It is also suggested that one source of confusion within reproductive medicine stems from the conflation of interests for clinicians and patients when discussing infertility as both a cause and an outcome. Unpacking the meaning of the term 'infertility' reveals a complex of interdependent concepts that are both social and biological in origin.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Standardization of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) terminology for anti-infective drugs: an update.

Interest in the relationships between the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial agents has increased over recent years. Since the appearance 2 years ago of our first article describing terminology in PK/PD, the field has continued to expand rapidly, urgently requiring an update. This paper describes in a uniform manner the use of PK/PD expressions for antimicrobial agents, and their units.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1979

Toward understanding the terminology of exercise mechanics.

The purpose of this paper is to reduce the confusion and misunderstanding of exercise mechanics terminology by giving simplified definitions of the most important physical quantities and terms. Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises are discussed and related to the appropriate physical quantities. The correct use of the most confusing and frequently misused terms is discussed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗