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PubMed1994

A new look at some old mechanisms in human newborns: taste and tactile determinants of state, affect, and action.

Three studies of normal human newborns and of newborns of methadone-maintained mothers evaluated how orotactile (pacifier) and orogustatory (sucrose) stimulation, alone and in combination, affected crying behavior, heart rate, gross motor activity, eye opening, and hand-mouth coordination. For each measure of infant state, pacifier and sucrose stimulation each caused significant changes that followed very different time courses. Orotactile (pacifier) stimulation precipitated immediate changes in all behaviors, and, when the pacifier was removed, all behaviors soon reverted to baseline levels. The changes precipitated by orogustatory (sucrose) stimulation were more gradual but extended well beyond the end of sucrose administration. Although both pacifier and sucrose influences are mediated orally as opposed to in the stomach or intestine, the effects involve different brain pathways. The fact that infants born to methadone-maintained mothers did not change their behaviors during or after sucrose administration but that their reactions to pacifier stimulation could not be distinguished from those of normal infants suggests that reactions to sucrose are mediated centrally by endogenous opioids while those to the pacifier work through other central mechanisms. These findings with human newborns are consonant with those of many animal studies that have also shown rapid onset and rapid offset for contact- and suckling-induced behavioral changes, slower onset and slower offset for changes induced by taste, and opioid mediation of changes induced by the taste of sucrose. Orogustatory and orotactile influences on affect, action, and cardiovascular function are discussed from the perspectives of energetics and growth, central determinants of state, motivation, and learning during the newborn period.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tolerability of long term therapy with enalapril maleate in patients resistant to other therapies and intolerant to captopril.

Patients with severe hypertension and/or congestive heart failure (n = 281) who were unresponsive to other therapies and intolerant to captopril received enalapril treatment (mean dose 19.5 mg/day) under study conditions as part of a Compassionate Use Program. Many of these patients had serious concurrent disorders known to predispose them to a greater risk of adverse experiences and death. The mean duration of enalapril treatment was 29 weeks, with a range of 1 day to approximately 3.5 years. Enalapril was generally well tolerated, and the estimated long term probability of patients terminating enalapril therapy because of adverse effects was low. 20 patients had discontinued captopril treatment because of low white blood cell counts; during subsequent enalapril treatment these reactions resolved in 14 patients, persisted in 2 patients, and could not be evaluated in 4 patients. Captopril-related proteinuria improved or resolved in 9 and persisted in 2 of 15 patients, taste disturbances resolved in 35 and persisted in 2 of 38 patients; and rash resolved in all but 7 of 178 patients during enalapril treatment. 18 patients (6%) discontinued enalapril treatment because of lack of efficacy; 6 of these 18 patients died due to a progression of heart failure, and another 11 patients died for other reasons. The deaths were considered unrelated to therapy with enalapril. Adverse reactions were the reason for discontinuation of enalapril treatment in 53 patients (19%). The most common adverse experiences that resulted in discontinuation of enalapril were: impairment of renal function (5%), hypotension (2%) and rash (2%). No neutropenia, proteinuria, or new taste disturbances were recorded as reasons for discontinuation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional management of patients with chemosensory disturbances.

The effect of a chemosensory disturbance on nutrition and quality of life is not clear and may show individual variance. It is important for the clinician to become sensitive to this relationship and pursue appropriate nutritional management. Nutritional management of an individual with a chemosensory disorder requires nutritional assessment with appropriate dietary intake measurements, dietary and weight history, food behavior questions, and anthropometric measures. A registered dietitian can identify potential nutritional problems and provide guidance for weight control, dietary modification, and use of food-related compensatory mechanisms to maintain the nutritional status and quality of life in the person suffering from chemosensory disturbances.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

[Occupational impairment of the olfactory sense of chromate producing workers (author's transl)].

Using T & T Olfactometer which had been developed and standardized for clinical use in Japan recently, measurements of olfactory thresholds of odor detection and of odor recognition were carried out on 33 subjects (26 males and 7 females), who had worked in a chromate producing factory. The subjects had left the factory before 7 years or more. Five kinds of test odors were used; beta-phenyl ethyl alcohol, methyl cyclopentenolone, iso-valeric acid, gamma-undecalactone, and scatol. The degree of olfaction loss was expressed with the number of powers of 10 in series of multiple concentrations by 10 of each test odor with reference to the concentration of the detection threshold of young normal people. Seventeen of 33 subjects (51.4%) had a perforation of the nasal septum. Middle and high grade decrease of odor recognition faculty were found in 18 (54.5%) including 2 anosmia, one of whom complained also of the disorder of taste. Any specific pattern of olfactogram characterizing them were not found, namely, chromates impair olfactory sense for all kinds of odors, which means the impairment of olfactory epithelium itself. The degree of olfaction loss was related to the duration of employment in the chromate producing factory. The existence of septal perforation had no direct relation to the degree of olfaction loss.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taste responses in alcohol-dependent men.

The aim of the present study was to compare taste responses to sweet, bitter, sour and salty solutions in male alcoholics and control subjects. The groups did not differ in terms of rated intensity or pleasantness of sucrose (1-30%), quinine (0.001-0.005%), citric acid (0.02-0.1%) and sodium chloride (0.18-0.9%) solutions. The proportion of sweet-likers was also similar in both groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Flavour neophobia in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Flavour neophobia in gerbils and hamsters was studied by comparing the ingestive/pouching behaviour of these animals when presented with either a familiar unflavoured peanut or a novel one that imparted basic flavours such as sweet, salty, sour, or bitter. Neophobia was expressed by an aversion towards the novel nut manifested by greater latency either to ingest it (gerbils) or to deposit it in the cheek pouch (hamsters) relative to that of the unflavoured one. This method, involving reactions to the taste of novel solid food, provides a more sensitive measure than the traditional one measuring intake of a novel flavoured fluid. The results indicated that gerbils and hamsters encountering either a sweet, salty, or sour nut for the first time showed a neophobic reaction. However, there was no apparent sign of neophobia when the animals were tested with a nut flavoured with quinine. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy and safety of eszopiclone across 6-weeks of treatment for primary insomnia.

OBJECTIVE: Eszopiclone is a new, single-isomer, non-benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone agent under investigation for the treatment of insomnia. The present study was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone in adults with chronic primary insomnia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients (n = 308) were randomized to receive placebo or eszopiclone (2 mg or 3 mg) for 44 consecutive nights, followed by 2 nights of single-blind placebo. Efficacy was evaluated with polysomnography (Nights 1, 15 and 29) and patient-reports (Nights 1, 15, 29 and 43/44). Next-day residual effects were evaluated using the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS: Eszopiclone 3 mg had significantly less time to sleep onset (p < or = 0.0001), more total sleep time and sleep efficiency (p < or = 0.0001), better sleep maintenance (p < or = 0.01), and enhanced quality and depth of sleep (p < 0.05) across the double-blind period compared with placebo. Eszopiclone 2 mg had significantly less time to sleep onset (p < or = 0.001), more total sleep time (p < or = 0.01) and sleep efficiency (p < or = 0.001), and enhanced quality and depth of sleep (p < 0.05) compared with placebo, but did not significantly improve sleep maintenance. There was no evidence of tolerance or rebound insomnia after therapy discontinuation. Median DSST scores showed no decrement in psychomotor performance relative to baseline and did not differ from placebo in either eszopiclone group. Treatment was well tolerated; the most common adverse event related to eszopiclone was unpleasant taste. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with nightly eszopiclone 3 mg had better polysomnographic (through Night 29) and patient-reported measures (through Night 44) of sleep over the 6-week trial. There was no evidence of tolerance or rebound insomnia and no detrimental effects on next-day psychomotor performance using the DSST.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent rats are protected from the conditioned aversive properties of cocaine and lithium chloride.

In humans, most drug use is initiated during adolescence and adolescent users are more likely to become drug-dependent than adult users. Repeated, high levels of use are required for the transition from use to addiction. Individual levels of drug use are thought to result from a balance between the pleasant or rewarding and the unpleasant or aversive properties of the drug. Repeated high levels of drug use are required for the transition from drug use to dependence. We hypothesized that diminished aversive effects of drugs of abuse during adolescence might be one reason for higher rates of use and addiction during this phase. We therefore tested adolescent and adult CD rats in single-dose cocaine conditioned taste aversion (CTA) at a range of doses (10-40 mg/kg), and examined whether various behavioral markers of addiction vulnerability were correlated to outcome in cocaine CTA. We found that adolescents are indeed less susceptible to cocaine CTA. In fact, age was the predominant predictor of CTA outcome, predominating over measures of novelty-seeking, anxiety, and stress hormone levels, which are all known to be related to drug intake in other models. Furthermore, we found that adolescent rats are also less susceptible to conditioned taste aversion to a low dose of a non-addictive substance, lithium chloride. These results suggest that one explanation for elevated drug use and addiction among adolescents is reduced aversive or use-limiting effects of the drugs. This contributes to our understanding of why adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for development of drug abuse.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Odontologic survey of referred patients with symptoms allegedly caused by electricity or visual display units.

Twenty-eight consecutive patients with symptoms allegedly caused by electricity or visual display units were odontologically investigated according to a specially designed registration form including an anamnestic interview and a clinical protocol. The most common oral and general symptoms reported were burning mouth, craniomandibular dysfunction symptoms, skin complaints, and fatigue. Oral symptoms such as craniomandibular dysfunction and general symptoms such as eye complaints and dizziness scored highest on a visual analog scale regarding mean symptom intensity. The patients reported various numbers of medical diagnoses, such as allergic rhinitis or asthma and hypothyroidism. Various dental diseases were found; the most common were temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscle dysfunctions, lesions in the oral mucosa, and periodontal diseases. Urinary-Hg (U-Hg) analysis showed a mean U-Hg concentration of 8.5 nmol Hg/L urine, and none of the patients exceeded the limit of 50 nmol Hg/L urine. The U-Hg concentration was positively correlated with the number of amalgam fillings (P< 0.01) and craniomandibular disorders (P < 0.05). No or low secretion of the minor mucous glands was found in 43% of the patients. One patient showed hypersensitivity to gold and cobalt. The present study showed that various odontologic factors might be involved in some of these patients' suffering. Thus, it is important that professionals from other disciplines collaborate with dentistry if these patients are to be properly investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Smell and taste in drug addicts].

The main objective of this study was to establish the degree of influence of various illicit drugs, taken into the body in different ways, on the senses of smell and taste. Other possible factors, that might have caused disturbances in normal functioning of both senses, were outlined. The studied group consisted of 48 drug addicts, between the age of 16 and 48 years, addicted to various illicit drugs for several years. Olfactory testing included two methods. First quantitative method described by Elsberg and Levy, modified by Pruszewicz, was used to establish the smell detection threshold. Then the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was used as a method for odor identification. The sense of taste was tested with the use of method described by Krarup and modified by Pruszewicz. The results showed disturbances in olfactory performance (combined in both method) in 52.1% of all drug abusers, and 16.7% of them were diagnosed with ageusia when the sense of taste was tested. The route of administration of illicit drugs proved to be a statistically significant factor that might have caused disturbances of smell perception and identification in the study group. Drug abusers who were taking drugs intravenously and those who smoked and inhaled various drugs had the most significant olfactory problems. Both means for assessing smell function were statistically compared and the results showed that approximately 75% of drug users with olfactory disturbances had olfactory problems in both tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Oral Crohn's disease: report of two cases in brothers with metallic dysgeusia and a review of the literature.

Between 4% and 14% of patients with intestinal Crohn's disease (CD) may manifest the typical oral changes of this disorder. These changes include labial and intraoral inflammatory tissue hyperplasia with fissuring ("cobblestoning") and swelling. In addition, angular cheilitis and regional lymphadenopathy may be present. We report two cases of oral CD in brothers, in whom the unusual symptoms of metallic dysguesia and gingival bleeding were prominent features. Despite the well-recognized familiar incidence of CD, a review of the literature shows that in no previous case reports has familial oral CD been noted. Successful symptomatic and objective treatment results were obtained with a mouthwash preparation of triamcinolone acetonide, tetracycline, and lidocaine.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of prior exposure to cocaine: interaction of reinforcing and suppressant effects.

Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under second-order schedules of food presentation and then sequentially exposed to either a self-administration (SA) and then a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure, or a CTA procedure and then a SA procedure. Initial exposure to stimuli associated with post-session delivery of cocaine (0.3 mg/kg) either maintained (SA) or suppressed (CTA) responding, respectively. In contrast, following exposure to CTA, SA procedures failed to maintain levels of responding comparable to those seen with initial exposure to SA. Following exposure to SA, the CTA procedure failed to suppress responding. Thus, prior exposure to either the reinforcing or suppressant effects of cocaine modified its subsequent behavioral effects, suggesting a unique role for behavioral history in the abuse potential of cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Clinical features of burning mouth syndrome.

A study was carried out to compare the clinical features of 102 subjects suffering from burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and 43 age- and sex-matched control subjects. In comparison with those in the control group, the BMS subjects reported a significantly higher prevalence of dry mouth, thirst, taste and sleep disturbances, headaches, nonspecific health problems, pain complaints, and severe menopausal symptoms, but no significant differences in other oral or dental features or in the prevalence of candidiasis infection. In addition, there was no hematologic evidence of a nutritional disturbance in more than 90% of the BMS subjects tested, but immunologic abnormalities and an elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were found in more than 58% and 63% of the BMS subjects, respectively. These findings demonstrate those features which distinguish BMS subjects from age- and sex-matched control subjects but provide no confirmatory evidence for many of the etiologic factors frequently suggested for BMS.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of the aversive and rewarding effects of alcohol in Fischer and Lewis rats.

RATIONALE: Application of the Fischer-Lewis genetic model of drug abuse to the study of alcohol's motivational properties has been limited. OBJECTIVES: To assess the aversive and rewarding effects of ethanol in Fischer and Lewis rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fischer and Lewis rats underwent a four-trial combined conditioned taste aversion/conditioned place preference procedure (CTA/CPP; 0, 1, 1.25, or 1.5 g/kg IP ethanol). Others received 0, 1, or 1.5 g/kg followed by tail blood sampling at 15-, 60- and 180-min post-injection. In additional groups, hypothermia to 0, 1.5, and 3 g/kg was assessed before and 30- and 60-min post-injection. RESULTS: All alcohol-treated groups except low-dose Lewis acquired CTA after one trial. Fischer rats developed stronger CTAs than Lewis at 1.25 and 1.5 g/kg. Ethanol-induced reward in taste or place conditioning was not evident in either strain. Lewis animals showed overall higher peak blood alcohol concentrations, but hypothermia did not vary by strain. CONCLUSION: Compared to Fischer, Lewis rats are less sensitive to alcohol's aversive effects as assessed in the CTA paradigm. The behavioral differences observed are not due to hypothermia, but pharmacokinetic differences may contribute. These data underscore the importance of genetic factors and the aversive effects of initial drug exposures in modeling vulnerability to abuse. In addition to its application with other drugs, the Fischer-Lewis model may be useful for investigating the biobehavioral bases of alcohol abuse.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

[Taste and lacrimation after acoustic neuroma surgery].

AIM OF THE STUDY: Postoperative sensory component of the facial nerve after acoustic tumor surgery has received little attention in the literature. The object of the present investigation was to review this specific topic analyzing the postoperative frequency of taste and lacrimation (crocodile tears or dry eye) abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 54 patients who underwent acoustic tumor removal were selected for this study. Each of these patients was recalled and pre and postoperative evolution of the sensory dysfunction were assessed. The latters were correlated with the facial function evaluated according to the House-Brackmann classification. RESULTS: Postoperative taste dysfunction (reduced or changed sensation) was complained by 38.5% of the patients. After surgery, 42.3% of the cases had crocodile tears, while in 59.6% altered tearing occurred. DISCUSSION: The present study, according to the Irving et al's experience confirmed a significant incidence of postoperative abnormal function of the sensory facial nerve. The influence of the motor component on these outcomes was variable. Lacrimation worsened when facial function was poor. On the other hand, grades V or VI did rarely manifest crocodile tears. Clinically, these findings implies the importance of a preoperative counseling of such particular aspect in the candidates to surgery of acoustic neuroma in order to adequately motivate them and, at the same time, to reduce their psychological discomfort.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effects of drug experience on drug induced conditioned taste aversions: studies with amphetamine and fenfluramine.

Conditioned taste aversions (C.T.As) established in rats to 0.1% sodium saccharin by intra-peritoneal injections of DL-fenfluramine hydrochloride (6 mg per kg) or d-amphetamine sulphate (2.0 mg per ke) were found to be significantly attenuated, but not abolished altogether, by chronic pretreatment (over 9 days) with the specific drug. Prior treatment with fenfluramine attenuated the aversive effects of amphetamine, but the converse was found not to be the case. These results are considered to refute the "Unnatural need state AND "Novelty" hypotheses of the effects of prior drug experience on the establishment of C.T.As. An alternative explanation of such effects in terms of tolerance is considered, and the possible relevance of the results to studies of drug abuse in humans discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Correlation between nasosinusal symptoms and topographic diagnosis in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Rhinitis and sinusitis concern roughly a quarter of the population in the Western world. They are associated with a wide range of symptoms: nasal obstruction, anterior and posterior nasal discharge, sneezing episodes, facial pain or congestion, and taste and smell disorders. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical significance of these various symptoms as a function of the topographic diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The study involved 474 patients with signs of chronic perennial and persistent rhinosinusitis. The disorders of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses were classified into three main diagnostic categories: chronic rhinitis, localized sinusitis (mainly, anterior sinusitis), and diffuse rhinosinusitis (ie, nasal polyposis). A principal components analysis was performed. The symptom patterns of the three main clinical entities differed greatly. Most of the following clinical signs--nasal obstruction, anterior and posterior nasal discharge, sneezing, and facial congestion--are found in all diagnostic categories and hold no specific clinical significance. By contrast, four symptoms seem to have a substantial differentiating potential: anosmia and complete loss of flavor for diffuse rhinosinusitis, cacosmia for localized anterior sinusitis, and severe facial pain for localized sinusitis. This study proposes a new analysis of the relationship between symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis and findings on a sinus computed tomography scan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Failure of behavioral dependence induction and oral nicotine bioavailability in rats.

As failure to induce behavioral dependence to oral nicotine (0.31 mM) might be caused by taste aversion. Sixteen rats were presented nicotine around the taste aversion threshold (0.025 mM then 0.05 mM) as only source of fluid for 10 weeks. Eight of them had undergone portacaval anastomosis (PCA) to increase bioavailability of nicotine by preventing liver first-pass. Weekly choice sessions between nicotine and water demonstrated neither aversion nor preference for nicotine. In 10 control and 11 PCA rats accustomed to drink 0.31 mM nicotine, plasma nicotine was determined after 3 ml/kg intragastric nicotine-solution. In both groups, 0.05 mM nicotine did not lead to detectable levels but 0.31 mM nicotine led to peak levels higher than seen in man after smoking. Similar levels were recorded after spontaneous nicotine drinking in 8 isolated and 18 grouped normal rats accustomed to 0.31 mM nicotine. Drinking nicotine for at least 10 weeks did not induce behavioral dependence in these rats. This cannot be explained by poor nicotine bioavailability by oral route.

Administration, Oral↗