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PubMed1994

Neutrophil activating activity of tonsillar cells from patients with tonsillitis.

The previous paper demonstrated that tonsillar cells cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, produce factors that activate various neutrophil functions. In the present study, examination was made of the factor productivity of tonsillar cells from patients with chronic tonsillitis of varying severity, and palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). Tonsillar cells from patients with severe tonsillitis and PPP incubated with culture medium alone produced a much greater amount of active factors compared with those from patients with mild tonsillitis. When tonsillar cells were incubated in the presence of OK-432, augmentation in factor production by the addition of OK-432 was less in former than latter cases, suggesting that factor production from tonsils correlates with the course of inflammation in this organ.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[A study of cytokine in palatine tonsil--cytokine mRNA expression determined by RT-PCR].

To clarify the cytokine profile of tonsils, cytokine mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNA of interleukin-1 beta (IL 1 beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were expressed on the whole tonsillar tissue of all 5 subjects with recurrent tonsillitis, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome caused by tonsillar hypertrophy or tonsillar focal infection. These cytokine mRNAs were detected in tonsillar mononuclear cells freshly isolated from all or 14 of 15 subjects. The CD4, CD8 and CD19-positive cells were purified using immunomagnetic beads. The CD4-positive cells expressed mRNA of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The CD8-positive cells expressed mRNA of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The CD19-positive cells expressed mRNA of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Quantitative measurement of PCR products in tonsillar mononuclear cells revealed that the IL-8 mRNA was expressed at a higher level than any other cytokine. A comparison among tonsillar diseases mentioned above revealed that the IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha mRNA were expressed at significantly higher levels in tonsillar mononuclear cells from patients with recurrent tonsillitis than in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome caused by tonsillar hypertrophy. These data indicate that tonsils are active immunologic organs containing a wide variety of cytokines.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[On validity of intralacunar exposure to surgical laser beam in chronic tonsillitis (experimental study)].

An experimental study was made on the removed tonsil to validate clinical efficiency of intralacunar impact of surgical laser beam. The experiment was based on computed tomography of the removed tonsil with intralacunar introduction of the contrast medium before and after intralacunar impact of surgical laser beam. The study demonstrates changes in the lacunar apparatus of the palatine tonsils in response to laser beam radiation. Dilation of the lacunae, disappearance of lacunar narrowings and branches promoted improvement of the drainage function of the lacunar complex of the palatine tonsils.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed2005

The correlation of micro-organisms between tonsillar crypt culture and tonsillar core culture in chronic tonsillitis.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to seek the correlation between tonsillar core and tonsillar crypt cultures and study the incidence of beta- lactamase producing bacteria (BLPB) in chronic tonsillitis patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was carried out in Department of Otolaryngology from Feb 2000 to Dec 2001. Patients with chronic tonsillitis who underwent tonsillectomy were enrolled, and culture results from tonsillar crypts were compared with tonsillar core. RESULTS: The tonsil were removed from 61 patients. Age ranging from 2-14 years (n=21) and 15-50 years (N= 40); H. influenza (25.2%), S. aureus (23.4%), and S. viridian (11.3%) were isolated from tonsillar core, while 25.9% and 24% of organisms isolated from tonsillar crypt were H. influenza and S. aurieus, respectively. Correlations between tonsillar core and tonsillar crypt culture were 100% specificity for Group A beta hemolytic streptococcocus (GABHS), 86.2% for H. influenza and 81.5% for S. aureus. Regarding beta-lactamase production, 29.2% of H. influenza were beta lactamase producing bacteria (BLPB), while 88.9% of S. aureus were BLPB. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates a high correlation in cultures obtained from tonsillar crypt and tonsillar core. The difference in isolated technique may account for the higher correlation when compared to previous studies. The incidence of beta- lactamase producing bacteria in chronic tonsillitis was high.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Assessment of the intensity of lymphocyte blast transformation in the crypts of the palatal tonsils by using DNA cytophotometry].

Cell fractions isolated from lacunae of palatine tonsils with different functional activities were taken from 40 children 6-15 years of age. The cell fractions were examined using vital phase-contrast microscopy, light microscopy of Pappenheim-stained smears and the Feulgen cytophotometry. Lymphocytes with signs of immunological involvement were shown to constitute 95 per cent of the whole cell lacunar population of the active functional tonsils. 35 per cent of lymphocytes, being in different stages of blast transformation, were found. The most intense blast transformation was revealed in patients with tonsil inflammation. 5-13 per cent of lacunar nuclei with DNA content above the diploid level were found in these patients. Some multicellular islets accumulating small lymphocytes, lymphocytes at different stages of blast transformation, and macrophages were revealed to imitate the cooperation of immunocompetent cells. The data obtained can be helpful in the practical surgery of palatine tonsils.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Polydispersity of glycosaminoglycan components in human palatal tonsils.

The aim of this study was to characterize glycosaminoglycan components in human palatal tonsils and to determine whether the proportions of individual glycosaminoglycans change with bacterial infection of the palatal tonsils and after recovery. The changes in glycosaminoglycans' content in the course of tonsillitis were mainly related to heparin and chondroitin-4-sulphate (increase) and hyaluronic acid (decrease). After recovery the polydispersity of glycosaminoglycans was found to be comparable to that in normal palatal tonsils.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Enzyme histochemical characteristics of prostaglandin synthetase, adenylate cyclase and cAMP in a focus of inflammation in chronic tonsillitis].

Upon enzyme histochemical evaluation of palatine tonsils removed from 80 patients with chronic tonsillitis it was established that there is a close correlation between activity of prostaglandin synthetase (PG-synthetase), adenylate cyclase (AC), cellular cAMP, pattern of inflammation and the size of streptococcal foci. Enhanced enzymatic activity, elevated content of lymphoid and connective tissue cAMP are associated with minor interstitial streptococcal foci, being a frequent finding in mild inflammation. Low cellular cAMP in high PG-synthetase and AC activity occurs in mild inflammation and large-sized interstitial streptococcal foci. When both enzymatic activity and cellular cAMP are low, torpid inflammation indicates lack of tissue response to microbial invasion resulting in emergence of interstitial streptococcal colonies. In view of the essential role of mediator effects in the inflammation focus, high activity of tonsil PG-synthetase should be considered a major indicator of activated chronic tonsillitis.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1976

Interferon-producing capacity of human tonsil cells and properties of interferon produced by these cells.

Tonsils excised from human beings for chronic tonsillitis have been shown to be an accessible and sufficiently rich source of human lymphocytes. Tonsil cells produced interferon as intensively as blood leukocytes and the properties of this interferon were similar to those of leukocyte interferon. The optimal conditions for interferon production by tonsil cells were established.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1984

Autonomic nervous system in human palatine tonsil.

The autonomic nervous system in the human palatine tonsil was studied systematically as follows: 1) Using the radio binding assay method, the presence of beta-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic-cholinergic receptors was demonstrated in the tonsil. 2) Using high performance liquid chromatography, the quantity of catecholamines in the tonsillar tissue was determined for the first time. 3) The distributions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the tonsillar tissue were demonstrated by fluorescence- or enzyme-histochemistry. 4) Cases of habitual tonsillitis were compared with cases of simple tonsillitis concerning the quantities of beta-adrenergic receptors and catecholamines. As a result, the difference in quantity of beta-adrenergic receptors between the two was insignificant, but the quantity of catecholamine was greater in the former.

Adrenergic Fibers↗

PubMed1994

Concomitant in vivo production of 19 different cytokines in human tonsils.

Accumulating data indicate that cytokines, peptides involved in regulation of both physiological and pathological immune responses, are produced predominantly at the site of local antigen stimulation. Cytokine-producing cells were detected at the protein level in human tonsil tissue obtained from children with recurrent tonsillitis or infectious mononucleosis (IM). Concomitant production of 19 different human cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor-beta 1-3 (TGF-beta 1-3), was identified at a single-cell level by indirect immunohistochemical staining procedures and use of carefully selected cytokine-specific antibodies (Ab). Fresh frozen sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized by 0.1% saponin treatment, eluting cholesterol from the cell-surface membrane and the Golgi complex. The intracellular localization of all cytokines, except IL-1 and IL-1ra, was demonstrated by a characteristic local cytoplasmic perinuclear configuration in producer cells. In addition, the immunoreactivity for certain cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, G-CSF and GM-CSF) was expressed on the cell membranes and extended over a large extracellular area encompassing the producer cell. Localization of the cytokine to the Golgi organelle was established by co-staining with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to the Golgi complex. Both the extra- and intracellular cytokine staining reactions could be blocked by preincubation of the cytokine-specific Ab with the corresponding purified natural or recombinant cytokine. A complex cytokine pattern was established in both groups studied, where most T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 lymphokines were expressed in the tonsils but at different frequencies and localizations. Cells expressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13, (Th2 response) were evident at higher frequencies in recurrent tonsillitis compared to sections from IM, which were associated with a more pronounced IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-beta expression.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

[Antibacterial action of clindamycin in chronic, recurrent tonsillitis].

After oral administration of 300 mg Sobelin, the efficacy and pharmacological kinetics of clindamycin (CAS 18323-44-9) were analysed in 35 patients with recurrent tonsillitis. Minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) have been evaluated for 120 strains. MIC and MBC for 91.7% of the strains amounted to 0.25 micrograms/ml. Concentrations of antibiotics in the serum were higher than 0.25 micrograms/ml after 12 h, i.e. higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration. The established free and efficient portion of clindamycin in the serum which is not bound to plasma proteins shows that a clear bacteriostatic effect is achieved up to 6 h after application of the antibiotic. The concentration in the tissue of the tonsils was 0.6-0.8 micrograms/g after 7-9 h indicating that sufficient MIC values were achieved. The free portion of the antibiotic in the tissues after 9 h also reached the MIC of germs. Hence clindamycin is considered to be an efficient antibiotic in the management of acute exacerbation of recurrent tonsillitis. Due to serum- and tissue levels of the tonsils administration of 300 mg of the test drug is indicated three times daily.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of clinico-biochemical indicators in obese children with chronic tonsillitis].

Chronic tonsillitis (CT) was found in 63.1% of 190 obese children aged 3-15 years, 15% of them had no quinsy in the past. Onset of obesity was attributed to frequent quinsy in 18.3% of the examinees. Marked CT exacerbations were more typical for the children aged 6-7 years (10%). In 12-15-year-olds the disease tended to a sluggish course with scarce symptoms (25.8%). Pharyngoscopy discovered edema and hypertrophy of the tonsils in 74.1% of the patients. 35 patients underwent tonsillectomy. Examination of the removed tonsil tissue for phospholipids revealed pathological phospholipids lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinosite the quantities of which rose with growing obesity. It may be the result of negative action of obesity on tonsil structure.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The colonization resistance of the tonsils in healthy and frequently ill children].

State of colonization resistance was studied in healthy children and those presenting with recurring infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Identification of representatives of tonsil anaerobic and aerobic floras was carried out. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), alpha-Streptococcus, were present in tonsil flora of healthy children. Pathogenic microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens were recoverable from always ailing children with tonsillitis, with alpha-streptococcus being recoverable very seldom and no decrease in LAB levels being seen. In patients--candidates for tonsillectomy, pathogenic microorganisms were identifiable, with LAB levels decrease by a factor of 10(3-4). The above findings suggest development of dysbacteriosis, decrement of tonsil colonization resistance in always ailing children, which fact is to be considered in designing and implementing therapeutic measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Life-threatening tonsil hyperplasia probably induced by severe bulimia nervosa: a case report.

METHOD: A case of life-threatening tonsil hyperplasia probably induced by severe bulimia nervosa is reported. A 14-year-old obese Caucasian girl developed severe dyspnea caused by an enlarged hyperplastic lingual tonsil after referral to a child and adolescent psychiatry unit after a suicide attempt during a family conflict. The enlargement of the lingual tonsil was seen 6 months after the development of severe bulimia nervosa. Surgical extirpation of the hyperplastic tissue was done without complications. Hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue associated with bulimia nervosa has never been described before. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There was no atopic or infectious history in this case. Presumably, excessive vomiting led to extreme tonsillar growth by irritating the lymphocyte tissue. The relationship between bulimia nervosa and tonsil hyperplasia is far from clear. Further clinical observations are necessary.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Tonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic / recurrent acute tonsillitis.

BACKGROUND: Surgical removal of the tonsils (tonsillectomy) is a common but controversial ENT operation. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of tonsillectomy in patients with chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. SEARCH STRATEGY: Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, bibliographies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing tonsillectomy with non-surgical treatment in adults and children with chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Trials which included reduction in the number and severity of tonsillitis and sore throat as main outcome measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors applied the inclusion/exclusion criteria independently. MAIN RESULTS: No trials evaluating the effectiveness of tonsillectomy in adults were identified. Two trials from Pittsburgh assessed tonsillectomy in children. Significant baseline differences between the surgical and non-surgical groups and the inclusion of children who also underwent adenoidectomy prevent firm conclusions being drawn from the fully published trial. Limited and insufficient information is available from the second study; further details are awaited. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of tonsillectomy has not been formally evaluated. Further trials addressing relevant outcome measure are required.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Prevalence of LMP-1 gene in tonsils and non-neoplastic nasopharynxes by nest-polymerase chain reaction in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) in tonsils and non-neoplastic nasopharynxes in Taiwan. METHODS: Nest-polymerase chain reaction (nest-PCR) was used to examine the presence of LMP-1 gene in lymphoid hyperplasia from non-neoplastic tonsillar and nasopharyngeal tissues and in tonsillar cancers. RESULTS: In 152 cases, 64 biopsy tissues were obtained from lymphoid hyperplasia of nasopharynxes, 57 from tonsillectomy of non-neoplastic tonsils, and 31 from tonsillar cancers. LMP-1 was detected in 43.4% of the study group. Nineteen (29.7%) and 29 (50.9%) lymphoid hyperplasias from normal nasopharynxes and tonsils, respectively, and 18 (58.1%) biopsies from tonsillar cancers had positive LMP-1. The 30-base pair (bp) deleted variant was detected in 89.5% and 82.8% of normal nasopharynxes and tonsils, respectively, and in 66.7% of biopsies from tonsillar cancers (p =.198). CONCLUSION: This study found that the 30-bp variant was the predominant type of LMP-1 from a healthy population in Taiwan.

Asian People↗

PubMed2002

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels in palatine tonsils and autologous serum from EBV carriers.

A real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect and quantitate Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in tonsils and autologous sera from EBV-seropositive children. EBV DNA was found in 95% of tonsils from 21 children and in 50% from 18 children with serum IgG titers to the virus capsid antigen (VCA) of > or =1:160 and 1:10 to 1:80, respectively (P = 0.002). Tonsils from children with titers > or =1:160 harbored more EBV DNA copies per mg tissue (mean, 1,237; range, < 2-13,998) than from children with titers 1:10 to 1:80 (mean, 23; range, < 2-226; P < 0.0001). By contrast, EBV DNA was detected only in serum from 25% of 20 children with titers > or = 1:160. Thus, ample differences in tonsillar EBV replication are mirrored inconstantly by detectable EBV in autologous serum suggesting that EBV DNA quantitation in tonsils may serve for refined monitoring of individuals at risk of EBV-associated lymphoproliferation.

Carrier State↗

PubMed1993

Molecular mechanisms involved in intraepithelial lymphocyte migration: a comparative study in skin and tonsil.

Intraepithelial lymphocyte migration is a biological process frequently observed in skin and tonsil. Using immunohistochemistry, we have studied the molecular bases of this process in seven skin biopsies involved by mycosis fungoides (MF) and in 12 tonsils, four involved by B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) and eight by lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (LH). In the skin, intraepidermal T-lymphocyte infiltration was associated with narrowing and fragmentation of the basement membrane, as shown by an anti-collagen type IV antibody. Immunostaining of serial sections with an anti-collagenase type IV antibody revealed that collagenase type IV was localized in the upper dermis and strictly co-distributed with collagen type IV, suggesting that enzymatic digestion played a role in the alterations of the basement membrane. Further migration through the epidermis was mediated by expression on keratinocytes of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and of leukocyte-function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on infiltrating lymphocytes. In the tonsil, intraepithelial infiltration was mediated by the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by epithelial cells and of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) by infiltrating lymphocytes. Further intraepithelial lymphocyte migration was then established, as already shown in the skin, by ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction. Lymphocyte recruitment from the systemic circulation was studied using antibodies directed against endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. These adhesion molecules were highly expressed by blood vessels in the upper dermis of MF and the percentage of ELAM-1+/VCAM-1+ vessels was significantly higher than that observed in tonsils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Basement Membrane↗