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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Post-operative sore throat: effect of lignocaine jelly and spray with endotracheal intubation.

The effects of laryngeal lignocaine spray and/or lignocaine jelly as lubricants were studied on the incidence of sore throat, hoarseness, or tracheal irritability as evidenced by either a tendency to cough or frank coughing after intubation with a Sensiv tube (Searle Medical Products). Pressure in the medium-volume, low-pressure cuff was controlled and kept below 2.5 kPa (25 cmH2O) during anaesthesia. The side-effects of 94 surgical patients were recorded in a double-blind manner in the recovery room and on the first post-operative day. The lowest number of patients (62%) with side-effects was found in the control group and the greatest (95%) after the combination of lignocaine jelly and spray (P less than 0.05). The number of side-effects after lignocaine jelly alone was 85% and after the spray alone 68%. Women were more prone to have side-effects, especially sore throat and hoarseness, than men (P less than 0.05). Induced hypotension did not increase the incidence of side-effects. Endotracheal cuff pressures were also studied in 114 patients during N2O-O2 anaesthesia and in 54 patients after the replacement of N2O with nitrogen. The minimum occluding pressure required was 1 kPa (10 cmH2O). In 42% of the patients receiving N2O a limiting value of 2.5 kPa (25 cmH2O) was reached during anesthesia in a mean time of 74 min (range 25-180 min). After the replacement of N2O with nitrogen, the cuff pressure decreased from 1.8 kPa (18 cmH2O) to 0.7 kPa (7 cmH2O) over 40 min. It is concluded that lignocaine jelly with the use of a spray significantly increases post-operative side-effects.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in patients with sore throat.

From 361 females and 452 males (527 primary care out-patients and 286 in-patients) a total of 813 throat swabs were examined for bacterial pathogens by conventional bacteriological techniques. Beta-haemolytic streptococci were grouped by the coagglutination method. Throat swabs from 14% of males and 15.6% of females were positive for bacterial pathogens; 75 (64% specimens grew BHS group A. All age groups of both sexes yielded a similar proportion of organisms. All pathogens were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin and cephradine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The accuracy of experienced physicians' probability estimates for patients with sore throats. Implications for decision making.

Ten physicians recorded their treatment decisions and estimated probabilities of streptococcal infection for patients with sore throats. Of 308 throat cultures, 15 (4.9%) were positive for group A streptococci. The physicians overestimated the probability of a positive culture for 81% of their patients and their estimates and treatment decisions were strongly associated. Of 104 patients treated before culture results were available, only eight had positive cultures. Probability overestimation may have been due to neglect of the low culture-positive rate, assignment of undue importance to weakly predictive or highly intercorrelated clinical features, and a value-induced bias, occurring when features important for treatment are erroneously linked to the likelihood of disease. Cognitive limitations in information processing may limit the effectiveness of pharyngitis management protocols that require subjective estimates of disease probability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Virus excretion in smallpox. 2. Excretion in the throats of household contacts.

Throat swabs of 34 of 328 family contacts of 52 smallpox cases, examined 4-8 days after the onset of the disease in the family, were positive for variola virus. The log titre of virus per swab ranged from 2 to 3.95. A higher proportion of unvaccinated than of vaccinated contacts excreted the virus. Only 4 of the virus-positive contacts developed clinical smallpox; this occurred 5-7 days after their swabs were examined. Excretion of virus in the throats of these contacts, a few of whom were in the incubation period of the disease, suggests the possibility that they could have spread the infection. This possibility, if kept in mind, may help in tracing the source of infection or in determining the incubation period in a few instances when difficulty is experienced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in the throat of swine.

Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0 3 was isolated from 84 (30%) of 282 throat swab cultures from bacon pigs at slaughter. Other serotypes of Y.e. were not isolated. All the isolations were made by the cold-enrichment method. The serum agglutinin titres against serotype 0 3 were low in most of the pigs examined. The rate of isolation of the organism increased with rising serum titre. In Denmark, Y.e. serotype 0 3 would appear to be a common inhabitant of the throat of swine.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1979

Cefaclor in the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat.

Clinical experience and laboratory tests in 52 patients (14 to 77 years of age) who had moderate to severe ear, nose, and throat infections were evaluated in this study of cefaclor, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, The drug proved to be effective in the treatment of these infections, and the incidence of side effects was low. Patients received oral doses of 500 mg every 8 hr for three to five days after all signs of infection had disappeared. Therapeutic results were assessed as very good in 31 patients, good in 17, and unsatisfactory in one. Three were unevaluable. The rapid onset of the therapeutic effect obtained with cefaclor in these patients was particularly striking. Some side effects occurred, but they were essentially transient and minor. Cefaclor should become a major antibiotic for the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of primary plating media for the isolation of group A streptococcus from delayed throat cultures.

Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar (SXT-BA), neomycin blood agar (NEO-BA) and plain sheep blood agar plates (SBA) were compared for isolating group A streptococci in 1,954 throat cultures. SBA and SXT-BA had similar isolation rates (approximately 75% of all positive isolates). NEO-BA was significantly better (87% recovery). A combination of any two media gave 92-95% recovery of group A streptococci from throat specimens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Quantitative throat-swab culture in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children.

A striking difference in the detection of a heavy growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in throat swabs taken from 1054 children with pharyngitis compared with those from 462 normal children was demonstrated when a standardised technique of quantitative culture was used. In patients with pharyngitis 71% of the isolates were heavy whereas a heavy culture was obtained in only 1-7% of healthy children. Also, a significant correlation between the clinical observations suggestive of streptococcal pharyngitis and the results of culture was confined to those patients whose throat swabs yielded a heavy growth of streptococci. It is concluded that bacteriological examination is of value as a diagnostic test only when the results of culture are quantitatively assessed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

[Therapeutic comparison of throat lozenges (author's transl)].

The efficacy of two commercially available throat lozenges (test preparation with lysozyme, papain and bacitracin as active ingredients, comparative preparation with a disinfectant only) has been tested under conditions of a randomized clinical study. Two groups of 50 patients each with the indications pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis, acute or subacute, have been compared under the conditions of an ENT-practice. The efficacy of the test preparation was established by the general amelioration evaluated by physician and patient and the symptoms reddening, swelling and coating of the throat, pain on swallowing and hoarseness, swelling and pain of lymph nodes. It is supposed that this superiority is due to the enzyme lysozyme and papain in the test preparation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Gonococcal carriage in the throat--no common findings anyhow? Absence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the pharynges of 158 repeatedly swabbed young men.

Urethral carriage of gonococci is now accepted as a common phenomenon. During the last 10 years, moreover, gonococcal infections of the throat--both symptomatic and asymptomatic--have increasingly been demonstrated. As most investigations were undertaken in a highly selected population (VD patients), it seemed useful to screen a group of army recruits for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in their throats. In fact, while Neisseria meningitidis turned up very often, no such strains could be found. So gonococcal pharyngeal--other than urethral--carriage cannot be considered as a normal finding in an unselected population; as high as the corresponding rates in VD patients patients may be.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Susceptibility of group A streptococci to oleic acid and ultraviolet light. Comparison of strains from throat and skin.

Group A streptococcal strains of some serotypes can be cultured repeatedly from normal human skin for days or weeks and subsequently produce pyoderma, but strains of other serotypes that cause pharyngitis are rarely recovered from normal human skin or skin lesions. In an attempt to understand the biological differences between "skin" and "throat" strains of group A streptococci, we studied their susceptibility to two bactericidal agents operative at the skin surface--oleic acid and UV light. No consistent differences were found between skin and throat strains; all streptococcal strains were exquisitely sensitive to both oleic acid (10 microgram/ml) and UV light (60 microW/cm2).

Microbial Sensitivity Tests↗
PubMed1978

Inaccuracy of house staff in reading throat cultures.

The low prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis in our pediatric clinic during a normally high-prevalence period encouraged us to examine the accuracy of throat culture readings made by the house staff. Six pediatric residents processed 256 cultures, which were then reinterpreted by a microbiologist. The residents consistently underread the cultures, failing to identify 68 (60%) of 112 with beta-hemolysis and 23 (58%) of 40 with a zone of bacitracin inhibition. This inaccuracy in interpretation of throat cultures emphasizes the physician's need to periodically reassess these skills.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Erythromycin infusions for treatment of infections in the ear, nose and throat region.

Sixteen adult male patients (aged between 20-38 years) with ear, nose and throat infections, caused by bacteria sensitive to erythromycin, received daily infusions of 2 x 1 g erythromycin for 48 hours. The duration of infusion was 30 or 60 minutes, administered at intervals of 12 hours between infusions. Symptoms of intolerance such as nausea, retching, feeling of pressure in epigastric angle as well as abdominal cramps occurred as side-effects in many cases. A spasmolytic was given intravenously to twelve patients; it rapidly eliminated the symptoms. However, these side-effects were considered insignificant compared to the excellent clinical results obtained during infusion therapy. We, therefore, believe that 2 x 1 g/day erythromycin per infusion can be regarded as the drug of choice in chronic and acute ear, nose and throat infections. The rapid resolution of infections, which are otherwise difficult to treat, and the concomitant decrease in confinement to bed by about 8 to 10 days are the most important results in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Properties of S. aureus and H. influenzae strains residing in the throats of children].

Strains of S. aureus and H. influenzae which were isolated from the throats of 41 children suffering from successive acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis were compared. All strains which were isolated at least twice, during acute occurrences, or more from the throat of each child, were traced by: phago-typing, biochemical properties, antibiogram and ability to produce beta-lactamases (S. aureus), or by: biotyping, serotyping, ability to produce beta-lactamases and antibiogram (H. influenzae). Based on these investigations it was concluded that the bacterial strains among the examined children had often changed. It was concluded that only a few children were a carriers of the same strain of S. aureus.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of throat culture methods for the recovery of group A streptococci in a pediatric office setting.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a single-plate method for the recovery of group A streptococci with other methods that have recently been reported as being significantly more sensitive. DESIGN: Throat swabs were allowed to dry for 2 to 6 hours before inoculating 5% sheep blood agar plates. Stabs were made into the agar, bacitracin disks were placed on the primary plates, and the cultures were incubated aerobically. Using duplicate throat swabs, the recovery rates of the above method were compared with the following ones: a carbon dioxide-enhanced incubation atmosphere, an anaerobic atmosphere with a selective blood agar medium, and a Todd-Hewitt broth medium. SETTING: A five-pediatrician office. PATIENTS: A total of 301 pediatric patients with pharyngitis were evaluated using all comparative methods. In addition, duplicate swabs from 590 pediatric patients were compared with each other using the same single-plate method. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between any of the methods. The sensitivity of the single-plate method compared with selective plates incubated anaerobically was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: In a pediatric office setting, a single-plate method using aerobic incubation was adequately sensitive for the recovery of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Transport medium, selective medium, carbon dioxide enhancement, and anaerobic incubation did not significantly improve recovery. The present federal regulations that restrict the use of nonselective media and bacitracin disks on primary plates should be reevaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscopy: throat spray or sedation?

Anxious patients tolerate endoscopy poorly. It was proposed that such patients might derive most benefit from sedation, while most non-anxious patients would prefer endoscopy with lignocaine throat spray alone. In a prospective study, 200 outpatients underwent diagnostic endoscopy after receiving one of two detailed information sheets which offered them either the choice between spray or sedation (n = 100) or the same choice but encouraged those who were anxious about endoscopy to choose sedation (n = 100). When given an informed choice, most non-anxious patients prefer not to be sedated most non-anxious patients prefer not to be sedated during diagnostic endoscopy. If patients who are anxious about the procedure are advised to choose sedation, those who nevertheless opt for topical throat spray alone find the endoscopy just as comfortable. If the endoscopy were to be repeated, 73% of the spray group and 77% of the sedation group would make the same choice again. Of 33 patients who chose spray but had been given only sedation for a previous endoscopy, 26 (79%) would choose spray again for a future endoscopy. The choice of spray or sedation should reflect the patient's view as well as that of the endoscopist.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1994

[Therapeutic strategy for sore throat: current role for targetted antibiotic therapy].

The beta-haemolytic streptococcus A, which is responsible for almost all bacterial sore throats in children and young adults, is the target for the first antibiotic treatment. What is really at stake for the treatment is to prevent the serious complications linked with this germ, acute articular rheumatism (RAA) and glomerulonephritis. The recurrence of RAA seen in the United States from 1985, has started many investigations as much for epidemiology as for therapy. Some authors have questioned the treatment with penicillin because of the rise in numbers of carriers of streptococcus A after treatment. They have suggested the use of compounds with a greater spectrum of activity. However, work in the international literature re-states the benefits of a targetted antibio-therapy in this context. Is it appropriate to use a wide spectrum antibiotic to treat an infection of monobacterial target, taking into account the bacteriological and clinical efficacy of penicillin, the only available treatment that has shown its capacity to prevent RAA, with a treatment length of 10 days and which seems to be constant with time? Because of this, faced with the ecological risks of a multi-use of wide range compounds, with a treatment that has not been validated in France, phenoxymethylpenicillin, Oracilline, penicillin V, the antibiotic targetted to sore throat and the streptococcal risk, is correct now for 1994.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

[Choice of antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcus A sore throat: new bacteriologic data].

The choice of antibiotic therapy for sore throat of bacterial origin must be directed against the beta-haemolytic streptococcus A, or more rarely C and G. Recent bacteriological data confirm the raised and constant antibacterial activity in vitro of penicillins V and G, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (CMI) as low as 0.01 mg/ml. Until now, there have been no resistant or reduced sensitivity strains reported. Those strains reported as "tolerant" to penicillin are not correlated with therapeutic checks. As for strains of "intermediate sensitivity" to penicillin, these should be attributed to effects of the diffusion techniques. In contrast, in France now, 8% of strains of streptococcus A are resistant to macrolides and 60% to tetracyclines. Finally, new data show that the different selective powers of beta-lactamines, especially cephalosporins, introduce risks of modification of the oro-pharingeal ecology, linked in part with transfer of genetic material between commensal streptococci of reduced sensitivity to beta-lactamines to sensitive pneumococci. All these data emphasize the importance of an antibiotic therapy that is directed to streptococcus A, with a strong and constant bactericidal activity, without risk of selection or appearance of strains of resistant streptococcus A, and that will not disturb the long term bacterial ecology of the oro-pharynx. Now, in 1994 phenoxymethylpenicillin, Oracilline, penicillin V has the place of reference in the treatment of bacterial acute sore throat.

Acute Disease↗