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PubMed1997

Bubble palate and failure to thrive: a case report.

In this report, a mother presents at 29 days postpartum with extremely sore nipples. Her infant is 1 1b 2 oz (511 gms) below birth weight, a continuing weight loss consistent with failure to thrive. Failure to thrive may be caused by a variation in infant palatal structure (VIPS) such as a bubble palate. The mother demonstrated correct latch-on, positioning, and soreness secondary to nipple candidiasis concealing the VIPS as a hidden component to this breastfeeding problem. A thorough assessment of the infant at breast, the infant's oral anatomy and the mother's breasts revealed the VIPS and information necessary for treatment. Alternative positioning and repatterning of oral behavior resolved the breastfeeding problem. A variation in infant palatal structure may be a hidden breastfeeding problem and needs to be considered.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1996

Classical conditioning in the fetal rat: reinforcing properties of dynorphin A (1-13).

This study examined the reinforcing properties of dynorphin A (1-13) in a single-trial classical conditioning paradigm in the E20 rat fetus. Injection of dynorphin into the cisterna magna increased fetal motor activity and reduced facial wiping in a test of perioral cutaneous responsiveness. Dynorphin was effective as an unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning paradigm using an artificial nipple conditioned stimulus (CS) and dynorphin A (1-13) US. The association between CS and US was dependent on activity in the kappa opioid system. Re-exposure to the artificial nipple CS after a single pairing of the nipple with dynorphin resulted in conditioned activation of the kappa opioid system. Dynorphin A (1-13) functions as a reinforcer for classical conditioning in the rat fetus after intracisternal or intrahemispheric injection, with the conditioned response depending on route of administration and site of injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Are breastfeeding problems related to incorrect breastfeeding technique and the use of pacifiers and bottles?

BACKGROUND: In Western countries during the 1960s and 1970s, sore nipples and insufficient milk were common problems that made it hard for mothers to maintain breastfeeding for long. This study investigated the relationship of breastfeeding problems to nursing behavior and pacifier use. METHODS: Fifty-two healthy mother-infant pairs with breastfeeding problems were referred for observation of nursing behavior to a breastfeeding clinic at the Department of Pediatrics of Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, from August 1987 to July 1989. The infants ranged in age from 1 to 17 weeks. A faulty nursing pattern was corrected as necessary. Forty mother-infant pairs with no breastfeeding problems provided a control group. RESULTS: In most cases the nursing problems were related to incorrect sucking technique. The difference in technique of the study group compared with the control group was significant (p = 0.0001). The continuation of breastfeeding was poorer if the infant already had become used to bottle-feeding. Pacifier use was more common in conjunction with breastfeeding problems and in cases with a faulty superficial nipple-sucking technique. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding problems may be prevented by the adoption of hospital routines that do not interfere with the start of breastfeeding and by the avoidance of extensive use of pacifiers.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effect of intranasal zinc sulfate treatment on odor-mediated behavior and on odor-induced metabolic activity in the olfactory bulbs of neonatal rats.

This study describes the effect of lesions of the peripheral olfactory receptor sheet on odor-mediated behavior and on odor-induced metabolic activity in the neonatal olfactory bulb. Nine-day-old rats were treated by intranasal irrigation with a solution of 1% ZnSO4 or 5% ZnSO4 or saline. At 1 and 5 days following treatment they were tested for maternally-directed behaviors which are mediated in large part by olfactory cues. At 1 day following treatment the pups treated with ZnSO4 solutions had significant deficits in their odor-directed behavior. By 5 days however, most pups treated with 1% ZnSO4 had recovered to control levels, while the pups treated with 5% ZnSO4 continued to exhibit profound behavioral deficits. Following the behavioral testing, the pups were tested using the 2-deoxyglucose method for amyl acetate odor-induced metabolic activity in their olfactory bulbs. Control pups had large regions of high focal activity in their anterolateral and caudomedial olfactory bulbs. The 1% ZnSO4 pups had smaller foci which were confined primarily to the medial olfactory bulb. The 5% ZnSO4 pups had very little focal uptake in their olfactory bulbs. There was a clear correlation between intact olfactory nerve and glomerular layers and sites of increased functional activity. The results of this study demonstrate that there is a relationship between the degree of behavioral deficit and the extent of odor-induced functional activity in the olfactory bulb.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol during pregnancy in the rat: II. Effects on ontogeny of locomotor activity and nipple attachment in the offspring.

Either 15 or 50 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in sesame oil was administered by gastric intubation to gravid rats during the last two weeks of gestation. A pair-fed control group was administered the vehicle alone and allowed to eat and drink only the amount consumed by the 50 mg/kg group on the same gestation days. A nontreated control group was left undisturbed during pregnancy. All treated and control litters were fostered at birth to untreated dams. Intact litters from the two THC treated and the two control groups were tested at 3-day intervals from birth to 32 days of age for differences in locomotor activity. In addition, pups were tested for nipple attachment on days 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 of age. There were no differences in locomotor activity among any of the groups although activity level varied during development. Pups from dams exposed to 50 mg/kg of THC, as well as the pair-fed controls, displayed significantly longer latencies to attach to a nipple. These results suggest that the impaired nipple attachment observed among the high-dose offspring was not a primary effect of THC, but rather was secondary to the significant reduction of food and water intake among the dams. The behavioral findings are discussed with respect to other animal and clinical reports of prenatal cannabinoid exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Age-dependent inhibition of suckling by cholecystokinin.

The effects of exogenous cholecystokinin (10--40 U/kg body wt) on neonatal rat suckling were studied in 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-day-old rats that were equipped with tongue cannulas. Milk (0.1 ml over 10 s) was delivered through the tongue cannula once every minute, providing a rat was still suckling. Cholecystokinin, a well-established inhibitor of adult rat feeding, did not reduce milk intake volume of 5- and 10-day-old rats. It did, however, depress milk intake of 15- and especially of 20-day-old rats. Despite its effect on milk intake, cholecystokinin never lengthened the latency to attach to the nipple and, paradoxically, reduced it on certain occasions. The implications of these findings for the events controlling various aspects of suckling behavior throughout the course of the nursing-suckling period in rats and for the mechanism of action of cholecystokinin are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

[Abnormalities in behavior in the oral and cervical area: reassurance breast-feeding. Considerations on sudden infant death].

The oral zone reflects the relational modalities of the child: the sensorimotor physiological and psychological behaviour is established according to the development of the facial sphere and its aero-digestive crossroads. In the baby, the mandibular equilibrium and position and the dimensions of the lower part of the face essentially depend upon praxic activities, which drive the mandibular and hyoid displacements. During the period of immaturity, the lingual area is brought into movement with each "sucking-swallowing" action that characterises breast-feeding: the mandibulo-hyoid swing is subordinate to the pharyngo-lingual complex. The analysis of this psycho-motor behaviour reveals imperfect and upsetting "mimics" that modify the balance of the jaw and of the hyo-lingual area during swallowing, which is the second phase of the reassurance breast-feed. The lingual ptosis causes congestion of the airways. These lax children, with a receding chin, are deformed by their oral habits. The clinical picture evidences the constitutional hyperlaxity by examining the parental group -the same facial dystrophies, the same habits resulting in various disorders of general or cervical statics. At the level of the temporomandibular joint, the dysfunction is also accompanied by claudication by mandibulo-hyo-lingual tipping. The general and cervical statics of the baby are thus affected in the course of sleep. It is during paradoxical sleep that the baby's head tips on to the thorax, due to the resultant atonia of the neck muscles. The head, insufficiently supported on its cervical pillar accentuates the asphyxial mechanism provoked by the tipping of the lingual area on the epiglottis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Deglutition Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Classical conditioning in the rat fetus. III. Retention, extinction, and re-activation of the conditioned response (CR).

A single paired presentation of an artificial nipple (conditioned stimulus, CS) and milk (unconditioned stimulus, US) resulted in classical conditioning. When re-exposed to the artificial nipple CS after conditioning, fetuses showed fewer oral grasp responses compared to control fetuses exposed to the milk (US) and artificial nipple (CS) in an unpaired fashion. The reduction in oral grasping was evident when the test of oral grasping was administered 18 min after conditioning but not 21 to 30 min after conditioning (Experiments 1a and 1b). Experiments 2a and 2b confirmed that nine or more exposures to the CS after conditioning, without a milk infusion, resulted in experimental extinction of the conditioned reduction in oral grasping. One re-exposure to milk during the period after classical conditioning was sufficient to re-activate memory for the association between artificial nipple CS and milk US (Experiment 3a). Fetuses exposed to one or two re-activation treatments that comprised an intraoral infusion of milk showed evidence of the conditioned reduction in oral grasping when tested after a delay sufficient to produce forgetting. Experiment 3b showed that the orosensory properties of milk were sufficient to re-activate fetal memory for the association between artificial nipple and milk. Experiment 3c indicated that central injection of 10 ng of dynorphin A 1-13 re-activated fetal memory for the classically conditioned association. Experiments 3b and 3c suggested that the orosensory properties of milk activated a kappa opioid system in the fetal brain that reduced oral grasping of the artificial nipple during the test for oral grasping.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Sapid savvy in sucklings: the effect of quinine hydrochloride on intraoral negative pressure and intake by 11-13-day-old rat pups.

Three experiments describe the consummatory behavior of 11-13-day-old rat pups during and following experience with a model aversive taste, quinine hydrochloride. Pups were observed while away from the dam and while suckling. Results show that pups actively reject quinine adulterated solutions in both situations. They do so by spitting the solution from the mouth when away from the nipple and by leaving the nipple and/or decreasing their sucking effort when with the dam.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Development of responses to an artificial nipple in the rat fetus: involvement of mu and kappa opioid systems.

Presentation of an artificial nipple to the rat fetus on E19, E20, or E21 of gestation promotes the expression of organized behavioral responses. Fetal responses include mouthing, licking, head-turning, and oral grasping of the nipple. Fetuses on E21 were more successful at grasping the nipple. Because all subjects were naive at the time of testing, this improved performance occurred in the absence of explicit experience with the nipple or specific practice (grasping the nipple). Manipulation of kappa and mu opioid activity with selective agonist drugs (U50,488 and DAMGO, respectively) altered fetal responsiveness to the nipple. U50,488 generally disrupted appetitive responses and promoted aversive reactions to the artificial nipple, whereas DAMGO increased responsiveness (licking and oral grasping), especially on E21. These findings suggest that both the mu and kappa systems may play functional roles in regulating neonatal behavior at the nipple by initiating and terminating a suckling bout.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Suckling behavior in rat pups with lesions which destroy the modified glomerular complex.

Seven-day-old sham operated rats and those with lesions of the rostral medial, lateral, or posterior medial olfactory bulbs were tested postoperatively for nipple attachment behavior and weighed daily. The posterior medial lesions included the area of the modified glomerular complex (MGC), a region of the bulb that has been implicated in suckling behavior. There were no significant differences among groups in nipple attachment latency or weight gain. These results do not support the notion that the MGC is essential for suckling in neonatal rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anatomy and physiology of lactation.

Milk secretion is a robust process that proceeds normally in at least 85% of women postpartum. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, with assistance in the techniques of breastfeeding, at least 97% of women can successfully breastfeed their infants. The causes of lack of success in breastfeeding are not well understood because, at least in Western societies, when infants fail to thrive on the breast, formula substitution is easy. Although this article is not the place to discuss possible pathologic mechanisms, breastfeeding failure usually occurs at approximately the first week postpartum, and a much better understanding of the mechanisms by which milk secretion is initiated during this period may help researchers to understand why some women have severe problems with lactation. The general understanding of the mechanisms of milk secretion is fairly good, but the regulatory mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels have not been given adequate attention and are ripe for future investigation. Other areas that require attention are the behavior correlates of breastfeeding and the transfer of drugs and toxins into milk. The latter may have a long-term impact on infant health and should receive increased attention.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Common feeding problems in the intensive care nursery: maturation, organization, evaluation, and management strategies.

This paper reviews current literature on feeding and swallowing of the premature and high-risk infant. If addresses issues of maturation and organization that affect feeding abilities. Evaluation issues including instrumental evaluations (e.g., cervical auscultation, modified barium swallow studies) are discussed. Finally, common problems seen in this population are described along with the wide range of management strategies to consider. Whenever intervening with this fragile population a team approach must be used; the individual needs and behavioral cues of the infant must be read, respected, and responded to, while ensuring that families play an integral part of the process.

Deglutition Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anorexia, a recessive mutation causing starvation in preweanling mice.

A new autosomal recessive lethal mutation in mice, anorexia (anx), located close to pallid (pa) on chromosome (chr) 2, is described. Mutant mice are characterized by growth failure, an emaciated appearance, and abnormal behavior including headweaving, body tremors, uncoordinated gait, and hyperactivity during the late preweanling period. Data suggest that the mutant mice are not ingesting the levels of nutrients necessary to sustain life. This mutation may provide an important tool for studying the neurobiology of suckling behavior in the preweanling animal.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Agreement between the neonatal neurological examination and a standardized assessment of neurobehavioural performance in a group of high-risk newborns.

The degree of agreement between the neonatal neurological examination and a standardized neurobehavioural assessment was investigated in a group of 32 newborns with congenital heart defects. A paediatric neurologist performed a neurological examination, and an occupational therapist administered the Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioural Assessment Scale on all subjects. Both examiners independently evaluated each subject, and were blinded to the diagnosis, to perinatal status and to each other's clinical findings. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between the overall impression between both examiners (p < .0001), with a crude agreement of 96.9%. Sixteen neonates were determined to be normal and 15 abnormal by both examiners, with disagreement in only one subject. Although two distinct approaches were employed in the neurological assessment of high-risk newborns, both assessments evaluate the maturity and integrity of the immature central nervous system. The results demonstrate a strong agreement between these two approaches, suggesting that the neonatal neurological examination is consistent and valid.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Human breast areolae as scent organs: morphological data and possible involvement in maternal-neonatal coadaptation.

In humans, areolar skin glands (AG) enlarge during pregnancy and lactation. Their role in mother-infant interactions may pertain to protective, mechanical, and communicative functions. It was questioned here whether more profuse AG could be related to more optimal adaptation to breastfeeding. A morphological study of the areolae was undertaken between birth and day 3 to assess the number, secretory status, and spatial distribution of AG. These data were related to infants' weight variation, mothers' perception of their infant's behavior at breast, and time between delivery and onset of lactation. AG were seen in virtually all women but with great interindividual variations; their areolar distribution was nonrandom, and about 1/5 of the women had AG giving off a secretion. The AG number was positively related with neonatal weight gain between birth and day 3, and with the mother's perception of infant's latching speed and sucking activity. AG numbers were also positively related with the onset of lactation in first-time mothers. In conclusion, the maternal endowment in AG may contribute to the infants' breastfeeding performance, early growth, and the mother's lactation onset.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ontogeny of analgesia elicited by non-nutritive suckling in acute and persistent neonatal rat pain models.

Significant analgesic and calming effects in human infants and neonatal rodents are produced by orogustatory and orotactile stimuli associated with nursing. These naturally occurring analgesic stimuli may help to protect the vulnerable developing nervous system from the long-term effects of neonatal tissue injury. However, the efficacy of orotactile-induced analgesia across the pre-weaning period, as well as its effects on persistent inflammatory pain, is unknown. Here, we investigated the developmental profile of analgesia produced by orotactile stimulation during non-nutritive suckling in rats. The effects of suckling, as compared to non-suckling littermates, on nocifensive withdrawal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli were examined at postnatal (P) days P0, P3, P10, P17 and P21. In some rats, Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected in a fore- or hindpaw to produce inflammation. For thermal stimuli, suckling significantly increased forepaw withdrawal latencies at P3, P10 and P17, while hindpaw responses were increased at P3 and P10, but not at P17. In inflamed pups, suckling increased fore- and hindpaw response latencies at P10 and P17, but not at P0 or P21. Suckling-induced analgesia was naloxone-insensitive. For mechanical stimuli, suckling-induced analgesia was present at P3, P10 and P17, but not at P21, for both fore- and hindpaws in naïve and inflamed animals. Additionally, suckling had a small but significant effect at P0 for the forepaw in inflamed pups. In nearly all experiments, the peak effect of suckling for thermal and mechanical stimuli occurred at P10. These results indicate that orotactile analgesia, like orogustatory analgesia, is absent or minimal at P0, appears consistently at approximately P3 and is maximal at P10. Unlike gustatory analgesia in rats however, orotactile analgesia persists at least to P17. Orotactile stimulation during suckling effectively reduces transient pain elicited by thermal and mechanical stimuli, as well as persistent hyperalgesia and allodynia caused by inflammation.

Acute Disease↗