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Results for “Subliminal Stimulation”

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Elaboration of a conditioned reflex in chronic alcoholics using an unrecognizable motivationally significant word].

20 patients suffering from chronic alcoholism and 10 healthy, righthanded persons with normal sight were examined. Alcoholics were trained to elaborate a temporary connection by means of unrecognized significant word "vodka" related to their dominant motivation. The amplitude of the late positive response P300 was greater and its latency was shorter comparing with responses to neutral words. The latency of P300 potential to a conditioned stimulus combined with the word "vodka" is reduced in all recorded areas, especially in the left occipital zone. Healthy persons did not manifest this facilitation. The amplitude of the potential considerably decreased in all recorded areas (occipital, parieto-temporo-occipital and central) especially in the left hemisphere. Conditioned changes of the P300 wave during conditioning by means of the unrecognized stimulus are stable and do not extinct despite multiple signal presentations without pairing with the significant word. The formation of conditioned connections by means of unrecognized stimulus in patients suffering from chronic alcoholism suggests that a certain role in psychical dependence upon alcohol may be played by unrecognized stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Conditioned reflex mechanism of unconscious decision making].

Temporary connections are elaborated in adult subjects between subliminal visual stimuli and voluntary motor reaction. The observed gradual shortening of the reaction time is considered to be a result of learning by means of subliminal visual signals. This learning is unstable and is retained only in the short-term memory, unlike experiments in which the same visual stimuli are recognized. This fact explains discrepancies and uncertainty of the existing opinions on the role of subliminal visual signals in the voluntary behaviour of man.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Reply to Silverman.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

[Status of neurophysiologic research in psychiatry].

Neurophysiological studies in psychiatry have two trends: study of the mechanisms of normal and abnormal brain actvity and the use of the neurophysiological techniques to diagnose brain function in different mental pathology. The essential progress of both trends is based on the wide use of computers and mathematical analysis during recent decade. The drawback of the present state of clinical neurophysiology is its inadequate interrelation with the trends and concepts of experimental neurophysiology.

Brain↗
PubMed1994

[Behavioral effect of a subliminal (masked) signal].

Three experiments investigated the influence of a non-consciously perceived visual signal on motor reaction time when subjects were exposed to a stimulus contingency according to the general rules of the Pavlovian conditioning procedure. Conscious perception was prevented by meta-contrast backward masking. A total of 128 adult subjects had to discriminate between two imperative stimuli by means of a choice reaction. Each imperative stimulus was signalled by a different brief figural stimulus (signal). In Experiment 1, the signal was not masked during the training period but was masked during the subsequent test period. The subjects were unable to report the stimulus-contingency to which they were exposed during the training period. Inspite of masking, the signal remained efficient, i.e., reaction time increased when the stimulus-contingency was inverted. In Experiment 2, the signal was masked during the training period but not during the test period. There was no evidence that the masked signal influenced reaction time. In Experiment 3, during the training period, the signal was followed by a distractor instead of the mask. As a result, the distractor prevented the signal from becoming an efficient stimulus similar to the mask in Experiment 2. The data suggest that preattentive (non-conscious) processing is sufficient for a previously learned signal to influence reaction time. On the other hand, focussed attention seems to be a precondition for a stimulus becoming an efficient signal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Neural response during preference and memory judgments for subliminally presented stimuli: a functional neuroimaging study.

Preexposing subjects to visual stimuli is sufficient to establish a subsequent preference, even when previous exposure is subliminal, such that explicit recognition is at chance. This influence of previous exposure on preference judgments, known as the "mere exposure effect," is a form of unconscious memory. The present functional neuroimaging study examines the mechanism of this effect. Nine volunteer subjects were studied using functional imaging while making forced choice judgments about abstract stimuli on the basis of either preference or memory. Each judgment type was made under two conditions: under one condition one or the other stimulus had previously been presented subliminally, whereas under the second condition both stimuli were novel. Memory judgments were associated with activation of left frontopolar cortex and parietal areas, whereas preference judgments were associated with activation of medial prefrontal cortex and regions of occipital cortex. The modulation of preference by objective familiarity (implicit memory) was associated with right lateral frontal activation. Significant activation of hippocampal gyrus was seen in response to objective stimulus novelty, regardless of judgment type required. Our data thus demonstrate activations of a memory system independent of recollective experience. Dissociable activations within this system implicate a frontopolar involvement in explicit retrieval attempt and right lateral prefrontal cortex involvement in implicit memory expressed in preference judgments. Furthermore, the results suggest that hippocampal response to stimulus novelty can be independent of conscious reportability of familiarity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Replicable unconscious semantic priming.

In 4 experiments, subjects classified visually presented target words as pleasant-unpleasant words or male-female first names. Prime words were similar (congruent) or dissimilar (incongruent) in meaning to targets. Brief duration of prime words (17, 33, or 50 ms), along with pre- and postmasking, prevented most subjects from perceiving their physical and semantic properties. By constraining response latencies to fall within a response window--a narrow time band that occurred earlier than subjects would ordinarily respond--these experiments consistently produced subliminal priming effects, indicated by greater error rates for incongruent than congruent priming trials. This conclusion was confirmed by analyzing magnitude of priming as a regression function of prime perceptibility using the method of A. G. Greenwald, M. R. Klinger, and E. S. Schuh (1995). The data of each experiment passed their significant-intercept criterion for demonstrating unconscious cognition.

Cognition↗