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PubMed1995

Antimelanoma antibodies in swine with spontaneously regressing melanoma.

Sinclair swine provide a unique model for studying mechanisms of tumor regression because they are born with melanomas that spontaneously regress approximately 10 weeks after birth. To examine whether an antitumor immune response is present in these animals, and, if so, to study its relation to tumor regression, 38 sera specimens collected at different times from 13 swine born with melanomas were tested for melanoma antibodies by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis of 125I labelled swine melanoma macromolecules. Antibodies to melanoma were present in 13 (100%) of the swine versus 1 of 3 control swine. The antibodies were directed to antigens of approximately 45, 68-75, or 100 kDa. These antigens were also expressed on human melanomas and normal melanocytes but on only one of five unrelated tumors. The incidence and level of these antibodies increased with time. Antibodies to the 45, 68-75, and 100 kDa antigens were present in 36%, 55%, and 9%, respectively, of sera collected prior to 7 weeks of age, but in 80%, 100%, and 37% of sera collected between 7 and 20 weeks (P < 0.05). The rise in melanoma antibodies usually preceded or appeared together with tumor regression and loss of pigmentation. These findings indicate that Sinclair swine with melanomas have antibodies to antigens preferentially expressed on pigment cells, and support the hypothesis that the regression phenomenon and the vitiligo-like skin depigmentation result from immune responses to common antigens shared by normal and malignant swine pigment cells.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Identity of a novel swine hepatitis E virus in Taiwan forming a monophyletic group with Taiwan isolates of human hepatitis E virus.

Recently, we found that more than 10% of the cases of acute non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis in Taiwan were caused by a novel strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Since none of these patients had a history of travel to areas where HEV is endemic, the source of transmission remains unclear. The recent discovery of a swine HEV in herd pigs in the United States has led us to speculate that HEV may also circulate in herd pigs in Taiwan and may serve as a reservoir for HEV in Taiwan. Of 275 herd pigs obtained from 10 pig farms in Taiwan, 102 (37%) were seropositive for serum anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG). A 185-bp genomic sequence within the ORF-2 of the HEV genome was amplified and cloned from serum samples of an anti-HEV positive pig and subsequently from serum samples of a patient with acute hepatitis E. Sequence comparison revealed that the swine and human isolates of HEV share 97.3% identity. Phylogenetic analyses further showed that the Taiwan swine and human isolates of HEV form a distinct branch divergent from all other known strains of HEV, including the U.S. swine strain. To examine the potential risk of cross-species transmission of swine HEV to humans, the seroprevalences of anti-HEV IgG in 30 swine handlers, 20 pork dealers, and 50 control subjects were assessed and were found to be 26.7, 15, and 8%, respectively (for swine handlers versus controls, P = 0.048). Our findings may help provide an understanding of the modes of HEV transmission and may also raise potential public health concerns for HEV zoonosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Capped RNA transcripts of full-length cDNA clones of swine hepatitis E virus are replication competent when transfected into Huh7 cells and infectious when intrahepatically inoculated into pigs.

Swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), the first animal strain of HEV to be isolated, is a zoonotic agent. We report here the construction and in vitro and in vivo characterizations of infectious cDNA clones of swine HEV. Eight overlapping fragments spanning the entire genome were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and assembled into a full-length cDNA clone, clone C, which contained 14 mutations compared to the consensus sequence of swine HEV. RNA transcripts from clone C were not infectious, as determined by intrahepatic inoculation into pigs and by in vitro transfection of Huh7 cells. Multiple site-based site-directed mutagenesis was performed to generate three new cDNA clones (pSHEV-1, pSHEV-2, and pSHEV-3) which differed from each other. The transfection of capped RNA transcripts into human liver Huh7 cells resulted in the synthesis of both ORF2 capsid and ORF3 proteins, indicating that the cDNA clones were replication competent. Each of the three clones resulted in active swine HEV infections after the intrahepatic inoculation of pigs with capped RNA transcripts. The patterns of seroconversion, viremia, and fecal virus shedding for pigs inoculated with RNA transcripts from clones pSHEV-2 and pSHEV-3 were similar to each other and to those for pigs inoculated with wild-type swine HEV, suggesting that the nucleotide differences between these two cDNA clones were not critical for replication. Pigs inoculated with RNA transcripts from clone pSHEV-1, which contained three nonsilent mutations in the ORF2 capsid gene, had a delayed appearance of seroconversion and fecal virus shedding and had undetectable viremia. The availability of these infectious cDNA clones affords us an opportunity to understand the mechanisms of cross-species infection by constructing chimeric human and swine HEVs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antibody responses of swine to type A influenza viruses in the most recent several years.

A serological survey was conducted on 4,080 swine sera collected for the years 1985-90. The swine sera positive to A/New Jersey/8/76 (swine type H1N1) strain were observed in annual (10-20%) and monthly (20-40%) incidences during the observation period except for occasional months. Antibodies to recent human H1N1 viruses in swine were recognized in relation to the human H1N1 influenza epidemics. Antibody responses of swine to human H3N2 strains appeared irrespective of human epidemics with the virus in the years 1985-87. However, in 1988 almost no antibodies to three human H3N2 isolates of 1983-88 were observed for this year except a few months though the human epidemic occurred in the area. Although in 1989-90 many swine had antibodies to the three strains in the percentage of 3 to 35, no antibody to the latest isolate, A/Hokkaido/20/89 (H3N2), was found for almost all the months of both years. These findings differed markedly from the possible relationship between the prevalence of H3N2 virus-antibodies in swine and the human influenza epidemics, which were described previously in many reports including our studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Novel swine influenza virus subtype H3N1, United States.

Influenza A virus infects various animal species and transmits among different hosts, especially between humans and swine. Swine may serve as a mixing vessel to create new reassortants that could infect humans. Thus, monitoring and characterizing influenza viruses in swine are important in preventing interspecies transmission. We report the emergence and characterization of a novel H3N1 subtype of swine influenza virus (SIV) in the United States. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the H3N1 SIVs may have acquired the hemagglutinin gene from an H3N2 turkey isolate, the neuraminidase gene from a human H1N1 isolate, and the remaining genes from currently circulating SIVs. The H3N1 SIVs were antigenically related to the turkey virus. Lung lesions and nasal shedding occurred in swine infected with the H3N1 SIVs, suggesting the potential to transmit among swine and to humans. Further surveillance will help determine whether this novel subtype will continue to circulate in swine populations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus antibodies in feral swine in Florida.

Serum samples collected from feral swine (Sus scrofa) throughout Florida (USA) from 1980 to 1989 were tested for antibodies to pseudorabies virus (PRV) by the serum neutralization test, the latex agglutination test, or by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seropositive swine were detected at 11 of 13 sites with a composite seroprevalence of 34.8% (579 of 1,662 samples; range = 5.9% to 58.2%) for sites with seropositive swine. Data on age and sex of the swine were available from three sites. Seroprevalence in males and females did not differ significantly (P = 0.62 for the combined data). Seroprevalence in adult (> or = 8 mo) and juvenile swine (< 8 mo) was significantly different at all sites (P < 0.05 for the combined data). From these data, PRV infections appear to occur widely in populations of Florida feral swine and may seriously undermine efforts to eradicate this virus from the domestic swine population of the USA.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

[Oral immunization against classical swine fever (CSF) in the Federal State of Brandenburg from 1995 to 1997].

The first findings of classical swine fever in wild boar occurred in the rural district Ostprignitz-Ruppin of Brandenburg in March 1995. Up to this time the area was considered to be free of swine fever in domestic and wild boars. The swine fever cases were marked particularly by the occurence of dead games and clinically decreased individuals as well as by the involvement of young wild boars. (< 10 kg carcass weight). In Brandenburg, the eradication programme of classical swine fever was based on oral immunization with an attenuated type C vaccine (so called Dessauer wild boar lure) carried out within the frame of a field trial since 1995. The success of oral immunization was examined by the development of swine fever positive-findings within the swine fever endangered district and by the seroconversion in the entire vaccination area. Due to the oral immunization the classical swine fever prevalence decreased from 4.65% in March 1995 to 0.58% in December 1997. After the third immunization the seroconversion reached on average rates between 30% and 35%. The seroconversion increased with carcass weight and with number of subsequent immunization. During the investigation period the rate of seroconversion in wild boars up to 17 kg carcass weight was 13.2%, in wild boars from 18 to 28 kg carcass weight 23.1%, sub-adult wild boars from 29 to 56 kg carcass weight 33.2%, and the adult wild boars above 57 kg carcass weight 41.5%.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Joint changes in lameness of confined swine.

Hampshire swine reared in confinement developed spontaneous lameness. In a comparison of lame swine with normal Hampshire and normal Yorkshire swine, there were no substantial differences in the gross or microscopic appearance of synovial membranes or volume of synovia per joint. Somatic cell count in synovia of lame Hampshires was higher than that of normal Hampshires; however, in normal Yorkshires, cell count was higher than that of either group of Hampshires. Total protein and total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) values were significantly higher in synovia of lame swine than in synovia of normal swine, as were also the gamma-globulin and LDH5 values. Hampshire swine seemed to be more heavily muscled than the Yorkshires, but the difference was not significant. In a 2nd comparison, joints of the swine were regrouped as normal or abnormal, on the basis of macroscopic appearance. Significant differences were not detected in total volume of fluid per joint, number of somatic cells per milliliter of fluid, total protein, or the 3 microscopic lesion scores in this comparison. Total LDH was significantly higher in the abnormal joints.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Coronary, aortic and cerebral atherosclerosis in swine of 3 age-groups: implications.

CORONARY, AORTIC AND INTERCRANIAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS HAS BEEN COMPARED IN SWINE MAINTAINED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: (1) adequate food and housing but animals held in test social situations for 1 year; postmortem examination at ages of 13 to 15 months; (2) food and management designed for high productivity; postmortem examination at ages of 6 to 9 years; (3) an outdoor system of husbandry and a cooked garbage diet; postmortem examination at ages of 8 to 14 years.Extramural coronary, aortic and intracranial atherosclerosis was most advanced in swine that were fed garbage. Cerebral infarction (cerebromalacia) also was most advanced in these swine but developed in swine of the younger groups in which it was associated with atherosclerosis of small intracranial extracerebral arteries rather than with stenosis of the larger intracranial extracerebral arteries as in the oldest swine. The lesions of atherosclerosis in swine of these 3 age-groups form a continuous series and are morphologically identical with corresponding stages of atherosclerosis of man.It is concluded that swine can replace non-human primates as subjects for studies of atherosclerotic vascular disease, and that experimental designs must allow for age and behaviour patterns of the species.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

A microtitration agglutination test for detecting group E streptococcus infection in swine.

A microtitration agglutination test was developed and evaluated for detecting infection of swine with group E streptococci type IV, the most common causative agent of streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine. Whole cell agglutinogens representing group and type antigens of group E streptococci were tested in the microtitration agglutination test against reference antisera to Streptococcus groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G. H, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S and U, as well as specific antisera to types II, IV and V of group E. Group E specific agglutinogens were unsatisfactory in the microtitration agglutination test because of cross reactions with group P and U antisera and because of poor reproducibility of the test. Type specific agglutinogens of group E streptococci reacted only with their respective homologous antisera and not with any heterologous group antisera. None of the group E streptococci agglutinogens reacted with 52 normal swine sera. Agglutinogen made from group E streptococci type IV was selected for further evaluation in the microtitration agglutination test because group E streptococci types II and V are considered to be of minor importance in the etiology of streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine. Swine experimentally infected with a type IV strain developed significant titers in the microtitration agglutination test. All swine tested negative before exposure and seroconverted (titer >/=4) two to six weeks postexposure.The microtitration agglutination test was used by two different laboratories to test 187 duplicate samples of serum from infected swine. A total of 94.1% of the tests were read at either the same titer (48.1%) or a difference of not more than one dilution (46.0%) at the two laboratories. There was disagreement between the two laboratories in the test-positive test-negative status of 19 of the sera (10.2%). Titers of two of the sera differed by two dilutions (<4 at one laboratory and 8 at the other). The remaining 17 sera differed in titer by only one dilution (<4 at one laboratory and 4 at the other).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Mineral and vitamin nutrition of swine.

Major changes in the swine industry during the last quarter century have influenced mineral and vitamin nutrition of swine. Improvements in the efficiency of lean tissue synthesis of pigs through selection has necessitated a reappraisal of dietary requirements of minerals and vitamins to realize the genetic potential. Bioavailabilities of some minerals and vitamins in various feedstuffs have been determined. Much is still to be done. The importance of trace elements in biology and in the swine diet became well recognized during the last 25 years. Analytical capabilities are well developed. Skeletal strength and other measures of maximum bone mineralization have been used as sensitive criteria for dietary adequacy of Ca, P and vitamin D. Dietary mineral or vitamin deficiencies or excesses in the etiology of osteochondrosis or atrophic rhinitis have yet to be satisfactorily proven. The emergence in the last 25 years of the use of supplemental vitamin E and selenium in swine diets and their roles in protection of cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative damage have been of utmost importance. The presence of unique proteins carrying trace elements or vitamins in uterine fluids of swine merits research into their role in reproduction. The entire field of trace element and vitamin involvement in endocrine function is a largely unresearched area of swine nutrition. In this paper we review major accomplishments of the last 25 years in mineral and vitamin nutrition of swine and suggest areas of future research needs.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1975

Incidence of antibody for hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in serums from swine in the United States.

Serums prepared from blood collected from swine in Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington were examined by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for antibody to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV). Antibody was detected in serums from swine in each of the states except Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The frequency of antibody ranged from 10.9% (6 of 55) with serums from swine in Oregon, to 98.6% (71 of 72) with serums from sows in Iowa. A total of 1,241 serums (438 from hysterectomy-derived, colostrum-deprived, neonatal pigs and 803 from older swine) were examined by the HI test. Antibody was detected in 578 (72%) of 803 serums from older swine but not from any of the 438 serums from neonatal pigs. The 803 serums from older swine all were examined by the agar gel diffusion (AGD) test, and antibody was detected in 364 (45.3%). Some of the 803 serums (349 from butcher swine in Iowa) were also examined by the serum-neutralization (SN) test. The number and percentage of the 349 serums with detectable antibody by SN, HI and AGD tests were 331 (94.8%), 313 (89.7%) and 181 (51.9%), respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects on growing swine and sheep of two polychlorinated biphenyls.

Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls in feeds at concentrations of 20 ppm given to swine and sheep between weaning and time of their reaching market weight reduced feed efficiency and rate of gain. These effects were of the same magnitude as those observed in swine and sheep fed sub-optimal diets, and in swine, there was a highly significant interaction between diet and polychlorinated biphenyl effects. Gross and microscopic lesions were few, consisting of increased frequency of pneumonia in swine and sheep and of increased frequency and severity of gastric lesions in swine. The gastric lesions in swine consisted of erosions of surface mucosa; these lesions were greater in the swine given the higher dose levels when they included hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and deep ulcerative lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microsurgery for tubal reconstruction following Falope-Ring sterilization in swine.

Thirteen domestic swine underwent laparotomy and sterilization using the Falope-Ring. The silastic band was applied to the isthmus in 6 swine, and to the isthmic-ampullary junction in 7 swine. Tubal reconstruction was performed using the OPMI-6 Zeiss operating microscope. Pregnancy was observed in 5 (83%) of 6 swine following isthmic-isthmic anastomosis, and in 5 (71%) of 7 swine following isthmic-ampullary anastomosis. Overall, 10 (77%) of 13 swine conceived following tubal anastomosis. An advantage to the placement of the Falope-Ring in the isthmus of the swine oviduct could not be demonstrated by chi-square analysis.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1987

Atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries of hyperlipidemic swine. Part 1. Cell increases, divisions, losses and cells of origin in first 90 days on diet.

The intima of the proximal portion of the coronary arteries of young swine is normally thickened by accumulations of cells about 90% of which are smooth muscle cells (SMC) and about 10% are of probable monocyte origin. Extracellular components such as collagen and elastic tissue are also present but we have chosen to emphasize their cellular nature by calling the regions of thickened intima, intimal cell masses (ICM). We have previously shown that atherosclerotic lesions produced in the coronary arteries of swine by 90 days of feeding a hyperlipidemic (HL) diet arise almost exclusively in the normally occurring ICM. We are reporting here a study of the pathogenesis of these lesions following killing at 0, 14, 49 and 90 HL diet days with comparisons between ICM in control mash-fed swine and ICM-lesions in the HL swine. We found that in the ICM: lipid accumulation was present by 14 days and increased thereafter; the lipid was mostly in SMC but percentage wise the monocyte-macrophages were involved as much or more, cell division activity was increased 3-4-fold by 49 days, cell numbers in ICM were similar in HL and control swine at 49 days but were about 6-fold greater in the HL swine at 90 days, (now in ICM-lesions), at 90 days, circa 90% of the cells appeared to be of SMC and circa 10% of monocyte origin both in the ICM-lesions of the HL swine and in the normal ICM of the controls. The data suggest but do not prove that early lipid accumulation precedes increased cell divisions especially among the SMC component and this in turn precedes increased numbers of cells in the ICM. Although SMC constitute the major cell component of the ICM-lesion at 90 days, the monocyte-macrophage-like cells also increase in number as a result of the HL diet and constitute a small but definite minor component. One possible explanation for the increased cell division activity is that one of the lipid constituents is acting as mitogen; another possibility is that the effect of a well known mitogen such as platelet-derived growth factor is enhanced by the lipid; another is that the monocytes are being stimulated to produce monocyte-derived growth factor. In any event in the very early stage of atherogenesis in the coronary arteries in these experiments excessive proliferation of resident SMC in the ICM appears to be the predominant feature.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin genes of swine.

The historical works describing the characterization of swine immunoglobulins are reviewed. The three major isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgG, have been recognized for 25 years and their concentrations in various body fluids, the location of the plasma cells throughout the body which synthesize them and their transport into lacteal secretions and absorption by the gut of the newborn piglet, have been studied by many investigators. Swine like humans, have both kappa and lambda light chains and their frequency of expression is similar to that of humans. Various investigators have provided immunochemical evidence for IgG subclass and allotype diversity, although until the recent advent of molecular biology, the complete sequence of any swine immunoglobulin was unknown. Molecular genetic studies reveal single copies of C alpha and C epsilon but as many as eight copies of C gamma. The sequences of five IgG subclasses, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and IgG4, are now available as well as the sequence and genomic organization of C alpha and the sequence of C mu. Swine CH genes all appear to belong to a single small family very similar to human VHIII. Especially interesting is the high degree of similarity among human and swine Ig genes despite the distinct phylogenetic relationship of these species. The rapid expansion of knowledge and technology in the field of molecular biology, together with the attractiveness of the swine as a model for immunoontogeny, in which the influences of both maternal regulatory factors and intestinal gut flora can be experimentally controlled, promises the beginning of an exciting area in swine immunology.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Using minced horseradish roots and peroxides for the deodorization of swine manure: a pilot scale study.

Enzymes that have proven to be capable of removing toxic compounds from water and soil may also be useful in the deodorization of animal manures. Considering that pork production in the US is a $40-billion industry with over half a million workers, odor control to protect air quality in the neighboring communities must be considered an essential part of managing livestock facilities. This pilot scale (20-120 L) study tested the use of minced horseradish (Armoracia rusticana L.) roots (1:10 roots to swine slurry ratio), with calcium peroxide (CaO(2) at 34 mM) or hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2) at 68 mM), to deodorize swine slurry taken from a 40,000-gallon storage pit at the Pennsylvania State University's Swine Center. Horseradish is known to contain large amounts of peroxidase, an enzyme that, in the presence of peroxides, can polymerize phenolic odorants and thus reduce the malodor. Twelve compounds commonly associated with malodor (seven volatile fatty acids or VFAs, three phenolic compounds and two indolic compounds) were used as odor indicators. Their concentration in swine slurry before and after treatment was determined by gas chromatography (GC) to assess the deodorization effect. The pilot scale testing demonstrated a complete removal of phenolic odorants (with a detection limit of 0.5 mg L(-1)) from the swine slurry, which was consistent with our previous laboratory experiments using 30-mL swine slurry samples. Horseradish could be recycled (reused) five times while retaining significant reduction in the concentration of phenolic odorants. In view of these findings, inexpensive plant materials, such as horseradish, represent a promising tool for eliminating phenolic odorants from swine slurry.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

A One Health perspective: Genomic insights into temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance and zoonotic transmission risks in Escherichia coli from human and swine.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge within the One Health framework. By integrating genomic data from 824 E. coli isolates obtained from 22 swine farms in southwestern China with 8432 publicly available genomes from human and swine sources, this study provides comprehensive insights into the temporal trends and divergence of AMR in human and swine E. coli populations, the risk of AMR transmission from swine to human, and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the human adaptation of ST2 strains. The results revealed an overall increase in AMR until approximately 2016, followed by a subsequent decline. However, resistance to tetracyclines, quinolones, and phenicols continues to exhibit an upward trend, highlighting the urgency of enhancing regulatory measures targeting these drugs. Horizontal gene transfer play pivotal roles in shaping distinct AMR profiles in human and swine strains. ST2 E. coli was identified as a major carrier of AMR in both human and swine, and also served as the primary reservoir of blaNDM-5 within the human-associated lineage. During evolution, ST2 E. coli underwent significant genetic changes, including the enrichment of blaNDM-5 and remodeling of virulence factors, facilitating its transition from a generalist lineage colonizing both human and swine to a human-adapted lineage.

Humans↗