Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “STARCH”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Ascitic starch phagocytosis in experimental guinea-pig peritonitis.

Phagocytosis of starch granules in ascitic fluid was sought in guinea-pigs 1 to 10 days after i.p. injection of a suspension of starch powder. Starch phagocytosis occurred in 75.9% of control animals with free peritoneal fluid. It probably represents a nonspecific reaction to the particulate nature of starch granules. Guinea-pigs sensitized to starch by nuchal inoculation of an emulsion of Freund's adjuvant and starch showed no increase in frequency or intensity of ascitic starch phagocytosis beyond that seen in control animals. Since only sensitized animals develop granulomatous peritonitis, ascitic starch phagocytosis is thus not indicative of granulomatous hypersensitivity peritonitis. This experimental model suggests that examination of ascitic fluid is not a reliable clinical investigation to establish a diagnosis of human granulomatous starch peritonitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Fistulation of the stomach and residual gastric contents after ingestion of a semi-purified diet of maize starch base in the pig].

Gastric emptying was studied by measuring the residual gastric contents in 6 pigs weighing an average 56.5 kg and fitted with an indwelling gastric cannula in the middle of the greater curvature of the stomach. The feed offered was a semi-purified test meal, including 1 980 g of fresh matter, 880 g of dry matter, 61.9 g of total crude protein (N x 6.25), 7.1 g of soluble crude protein, 720 g of total starch (glucose and all its alpha-derivatives) and 7 g of hydrosoluble starch. These components were determined in the gastric contents collected at the following intervals after the meal: 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 7 h. The inoffensiveness of stomach fistulation was checked by recording the electromyographic activities of the gastric antrum. The results on gastric emptying are given in figure 2. The total residual amounts of crude protein and starch were closely related to the amounts of dry matter. The soluble crude protein fraction increased stepwise, reaching 55 p. 100 of the total crude protein fraction 7 h after the meal. The soluble starch fraction was always less than 1 p. 100 of the total starch fraction. As calculated by difference, the amounts emptied were compared with those measured directly by collecting the duodenal contents in similar experimental conditions. This comparison of emptying kinetics showed large differences according to the technique used. Gastric emptying of dry matter was steadier and more marked within the 7-hour range when using gastric fistulation. The considerable difference also observed in the case of starch (fig. 3) may be interpreted as an underestimation of duodenal content starch because of the interference of bile pigments with H2O2 measurement in the enzyme analyses. A comparison of starch emptying kinetics with those of the absorption of reducing sugars suggested that sugar absorption might be restricted due to the velocity of starch hydrolysis by pancreatic alpha-amylase.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Contribution of adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase to the control of starch synthesis is decreased by water stress in growing potato tubers

Water stress stimulates sucrose synthesis and inhibits starch and cell-wall synthesis in tissue slices of growing potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) tubers. Based on the analysis of fluxes and metabolites, Geigenberger et al. (1997, Planta 201: 502-518) proposed that water deficits up to -0.72 MPa stimulate sucrose synthesis, leading to decreased starch synthesis as a result of the resulting decline of phosphorylated metabolite levels, whereas more-severe water deficits directly inhibit the use of ADP-glucose. Potato plants with decreased expression of adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) have been used to test the prediction that the contribution of AGPase to the control of starch synthesis should decrease in severely water-stressed tuber material. Freshly cut slices from wild-type and antisense tubers were incubated at a range of mannitol concentrations (20, 300 and 500 mM) and the metabolism of [(14)C]glucose was analysed. A 86-97% reduction of AGPase activity led to a major but non-stoichiometric inhibition of starch accumulation in intact growing tubers attached to the plant (40-85%), and an inhibition of starch synthesis in non-stressed tuber slices incubated in 20 mM mannitol (60-80%). The inhibition of starch synthesis was accompanied by a 2- to 8-fold increase in the levels of sugars in intact tubers and a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of sucrose synthesis in tuber slices, whereas respiration and cell-wall synthesis were not significantly affected. The strong impact of AGPase on carbon partitioning in non-stressed tubers and tuber slices was retained in slices subjected to moderate water deficit (300 mM mannitol, corresponding to -0.72 MPa). In discs incubated in 500 mM mannitol (corresponding to -1.2 MPa) this response was modified. A 80-97% reduction of AGPase resulted in only a 0-40% inhibition of starch synthesis. Further, the water stress-induced stimulation of sucrose synthesis was abolished in the transformants. The results provide direct evidence that the contribution of AGPase to the control of starch synthesis can be modified by environmental factors, leading to a lower degree of control during severe water deficits. There was also a dramatic decrease in the labelling of cell-wall components in wild-type tuber slices incubated with 300 or 500 mM mannitol. The water stress-induced inhibition of cell-wall synthesis occurred independently of AGPase expression and the accompanying changes in starch and sucrose metabolism, indicating a direct inhibition of cell-wall synthesis in response to water stress.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Purification and properties of a novel raw starch degrading-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Klebsiella pneumoniae AS- 22.

A novel raw starch degrading alpha-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase; E.C. 2.4.1.19), produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae AS-22, was purified to homogeneity by ultrafiltration, affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The specific cyclization activity of the pure enzyme preparation was 523 U/mg of protein. No hydrolysis activity was detected when soluble starch was used as the substrate. The molecular weight of the pure protein was estimated to be 75 kDa with SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The isoelectric point of the pure enzyme was 7.3. The enzyme was most active in the pH range 5.5-9.0 whereas it was most stable in the pH range 6-9. The CGTase was most active in the temperature range 35-50 degrees C. This CGTase is inherently temperature labile and rapidly loses activity above 30 degrees C. However, presence of soluble starch and calcium chloride improved the temperature stability of the enzyme up to 40 degrees C. In presence of 30% (v/v) glycerol, this enzyme was almost 100% stable at 30 degrees C for a month. The K(m) and k(cat) values for the pure enzyme were 1.35 mg ml(-1) and 249 &mgr;M mg(-1) min(-1), respectively, with soluble starch as the substrate. The enzyme predominantly produced alpha-cyclodextrin without addition of any complexing agents. The conditions employed for maximum alpha-cyclodextrin production were 100 g l(-1) gelatinized soluble starch or 125 g l(-1) raw wheat starch at an enzyme concentration of 10 U g(-1) of starch. The alpha:beta:gamma-cyclodextrins were produced in the ratios of 81:12:7 and 89:9:2 from gelatinized soluble starch and raw wheat starch, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Dietary amylose-amylopectin starch content affects glucose and lipid metabolism in adipocytes of normal and diabetic rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the chronic consumption of two starches, characterized by different glycemic indices and amylose-amylopectin content, on glucose metabolism in rat epididymal adipocytes. The two chosen starches were from mung bean (32% amylose) and cornstarch (0.5% amylose). The alpha-amylase digestibility was higher for the waxy cornstarch than that of the mung bean starch (60 +/- 4 vs. 45 +/- 3%, mean +/- SEM, respectively). The glycemic index of the waxy cornstarch diet (575 g starch /kg diet) was higher than that of the mung bean starch diet (107 +/- 7 vs. 67 +/- 5%, P < 0.01) when measured in vivo in two groups of normal rats (n = 9). In a subsequent study, normal and diabetic (streptozotocin-injected on d 2 of life) male Sprague-Dawley rats (18 per group) consumed a diet containing 575 g starch/kg diet as either waxy cornstarch or mung bean starch. After 3 wk, food intake, epididymal fat pad weights, and plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations did not differ between diet groups. Adipocyte diameter was smaller in rats that consumed mung bean starch compared with those that consumed the waxy cornstarch diet (P < 0.01). The mung bean diet increased maximal insulin-stimulated 14C-glucose oxidation (% of basal values, P < 0. 05). In contrast, incorporation of 14C-glucose into total lipids was significantly lower in rats that consumed the mung bean diet (P < 0. 05). We conclude that in both normal and diabetic rats, the chronic replacement of a high glycemic index starch by a low glycemic index one in a mixed diet increases insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, decreases glucose incorporation into total lipids and decreases epididymal adipocyte diameter. Thus, the type of starch mixed into the diet has important metabolic consequences at the cellular level in both normal and diabetic rats.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1992

Is there an alternative pathway for starch synthesis?

In leaf tissue, carbon enters starch via the gluconeogenesis pathway where d-glycerate 3-phosphate formed from CO(2) fixation is converted into hexose monophosphates within the chloroplast stroma. In starch-containing sink organs, evidence has been obtained indicating that the flow of carbon into starch follows a different pathway whereby hexose monophosphates formed from sucrose are transported into the amyloplast, a plastid specialized in starch accumulation. In both chloroplasts and amyloplasts, the formation of ADPglucose, the substrate for starch synthase, is controlled by the activity of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, a key regulatory enzyme of starch synthesis localized in the plastid. Recently, an alternative pathway of starch synthesis has been proposed in which ADPglucose is synthesized from sucrose and transported directly into the plastid compartment, where it is used for starch synthesis. On the basis of the biochemical phenotypes exhibited by various plant mutants with defined genetic lesions, it is concluded that ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is essential for starch synthesis, whereas the alternative pathway has only a minor role in this process.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

In vitro biosynthesis of phosphorylated starch in intact potato amyloplasts

Intact amyloplasts from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were used to study starch biosynthesis and phosphorylation. Assessed by the degree of intactness and by the level of cytosolic and vacuolar contamination, the best preparations were selected by searching for amyloplasts containing small starch grains. The isolated, small amyloplasts were 80% intact and were free from cytosolic and vacuolar contamination. Biosynthetic studies of the amyloplasts showed that [1-14C]glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) was an efficient precursor for starch synthesis in a manner highly dependent on amyloplast integrity. Starch biosynthesis from [1-14C]Glc-1-P in small, intact amyloplasts was 5-fold lower and largely independent of amyloplast intactness. When [33P]Glc-6-P was administered to the amyloplasts, radiophosphorylated starch was produced. Isoamylase treatment of the starch followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection revealed the separated phosphorylated alpha-glucans. Acid hydrolysis of the phosphorylated alpha-glucans and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography analyses showed that the incorporated phosphate was preferentially positioned at C-6 of the Glc moiety. The incorporation of radiolabel from Glc-1-P into starch in preparations of amyloplasts containing large grains was independent of intactness and most likely catalyzed by starch phosphorylase bound to naked starch grains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Characterization of starch breakdown in the intact spinach chloroplast.

Starch degradation with a rate of 1 to 2 microgram-atom carbon per milligram chlorophyll per hour was monitored in the isolated intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplast which had been preloaded with (14)C-starch photosynthetically from (14)CO(2). Starch breakdown was dependent upon inorganic phosphate and the (14)C-labeled intermediates formed were principally those of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway from glucose phosphate to glycerate 3-phosphate. In addition, isotope was found in ribose 5-phosphate and in maltose and glucose. The appearance of isotope in the intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but not in the free sugars was dependent upon the inorganic phosphate concentration. Dithiothreitol shifted the flow of (14)C from triose-phosphate to glycerate 3-phosphate. Iodoacetic acid inhibited starch breakdown and caused an accumulation of triose-phosphate. This inhibition of starch breakdown was overcome by ATP. The inhibitory effect of ionophore A 23187 on starch breakdown was reversed by the addition of magnesium ions. The formation of maltose but not glucose was impaired by the ionophore. The inhibition of starch breakdown by glycerate 3-phosphate was overcome by inorganic phosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ribose 5-phosphate did not affect the rate of polysaccharide metabolism but increased the flow of isotope into maltose. Starch breakdown was unaffected by the uncoupler (trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone), electron transport inhibitors (rotenone, cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid), or anaerobiosis. Hexokinase and the dehydrogenases of glucose 6-phosphate and gluconate 6-phosphate were detected in the chloroplast preparations. It was concluded (a) that chloroplastic starch was degraded principally by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and by a pathway involving amylolytic cleavage; (b) ATP required in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway is generated by substrate phosphorylation in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to glycerate 3-phosphate; and (c) the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is the probable source of ribose 5-phosphate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Photosynthate Partitioning into Starch in Soybean Leaves: I. Effects of Photoperiod versus Photosynthetic Period Duration.

Photosynthesis, photosynthate partitioning into foliar starch, and translocation were investigated in soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Amsoy 71), grown under different photoperiods and photosynthetic periods to determine the controls of leaf starch accumulation. Starch accumulation rates in soybean leaves were inversely related to the length of the daily photosynthetic period under which the plants were grown. Photosynthetic period and not photoperiod per se appears to be the important factor. Plants grown in a 14-hour photosynthetic period partitioned approximately 60% of the daily foliar accumulation into starch whereas 7-hour plants partitioned about 90% of their daily foliar accumulation into starch. The difference in starch accumulation resulted from a change in photosynthate partitioning between starch and leaf residual dry weight. Residual dry weight is defined as leaf dry weight minus the weight of total nonstructural carbohydrates. Differences in photosynthate partitioning into starch were also associated with changes in photosynthetic and translocation rates, as well as with leaf and whole plant morphology. It is concluded that leaf starch accumulation is a programmed process and not simply the result of a limitation in translocation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Evidence for circadian regulation of starch and sucrose synthesis in sugar beet leaves.

Starch accumulation and sucrose synthesis and export were measured in leaves of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) during a period of prolonged irradiance in which illumination was extended beyond the usual 14-hour day period. During much of the 14-hour day period, approximately 50% of the newly fixed carbon was distributed to sucrose, about 40% to starch, and less than 10% to hexose. Beginning about 2 hours before the end of the usual light period, the portion of newly fixed carbon allocated to sucrose gradually increased, and correspondingly less carbon went to starch. By the time the transition ended, about 4 hours into the extension of the light period, nearly 90% of newly fixed carbon was incorporated into sucrose and little or none into starch. Most of the additional sucrose was exported. Gradual cessation of starch accumulation was not the result of a futile cycle of simultaneous starch synthesis and degradation. Neither was it the result of a decrease in the extractable activity of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase or phosphoglucose isomerase, enzymes important in starch synthesis. Nor was there a notable change in control metabolites considered to be important in regulating starch synthesis. Starch accumulation appeared to decrease markedly because of an endogenous circadian shift in carbon allocation, which occurred in preparation for the usual night period and which diverted carbon from the chloroplast to the cytosol and sucrose synthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Monogenic Recessive Mutations Causing Both Late Floral Initiation and Excess Starch Accumulation in Arabidopsis.

A recessive Arabidopsis mutation, carbohydrate accumulation mutant1 (cam1), which maps to position 22.8 on chromosome 3, was identified by screening leaves of ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M2 plants stained with iodine for altered starch content. Increased starch content in leaves of the cam1 mutant was observed at the onset of flowering. This mutant also had a delayed floral initiation phenotype with more rosette leaves than the parental line. In addition, activities of several enzymes associated with starch metabolism were altered in the cam1 mutant. The late-flowering mutant gigantea (gi) also manifested an elevated starch level in leaves. However, not all late-flowering mutants had increased leaf starch content. Double mutants cam1 adg1 (for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase), cam1 pgm (for phosphoglucomutase), and gi pgm had no observable starch in leaves but showed the late-flowering phenotype, demonstrating that the elevated starch content is not the cause of late floral initiation. The pleiotropic effects of cam1 and gi suggest that they may play regulatory roles in starch metabolism and floral initiation. These data suggest that starch accumulation and floral initiation may share a common regulatory pathway.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Simultaneous and Enhanced Production of Thermostable Amylases and Ethanol from Starch by Cocultures of Clostridium thermosulfurogenes and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum.

Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum and Clostridium thermosulfurogenes produced ethanol and amylases with different components as primary metabolites of starch fermentation. Starch fermentation parameters were compared in mono- and cocultures of these two thermoanaerobes to show that the fermentation was dramatically improved as a consequence of coordinate action of amylolytic enzymes and synergistic metabolic interactions between the two species. Under given monoculture fermentation conditions, neither species completely degraded starch during the time course of the study, whereas in coculture, starch was completely degraded. In monoculture starch fermentation, C. thermohydrosulfuricum produced lower levels of pullulanase and glucoamylase, whereas C. thermosulfurogenes produced lower levels of beta-amylase and glucoamylase. In coculture fermentation, improvement of starch metabolism by each species was noted in terms of increased amounts and rates of increased starch consumption, amylase production, and ethanol formation. The single-step coculture fermentation completely degraded 2.5% starch in 30 h at 60 degrees C and produced 9 U of beta-amylase per ml, 1.3 U of pullulanase per ml, 0.3 U of glucoamylase per ml, and >120 mM ethanol with a yield of 1.7 mol/mol of glucose in starch. The potential industrial applications of the coculture fermentation and the physiological basis for the interspecies metabolic interactions are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Field evaluation of transgenic potato plants expressing an antisense granule-bound starch synthase gene: increase of the antisense effect during tuber growth.

Transgenic plants of a tetraploid potato cultivar were obtained in which the amylose content of tuber starch was reduced via antisense RNA-mediated inhibition of the expression of the gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). GBSS is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of starch and catalyses the formation of amylose. The antisense GBSS genes, based on the full-length GBSS cDNA driven by the 35S CaMV promoter or the potato GBSS promoter, were introduced into the potato genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Expression of each of these genes resulted in the complete inhibition of GBSS gene expression, and thus in the production of amylose-free tuber starch, in mature field-grown plants originating from rooted in vitro plantlets of 4 out of 66 transgenic clones. Clones in which the GBSS gene expression was incompletely inhibited showed an increase of the extent of inhibition during tuber growth. This is likely to be due to the increase of starch granule size during tuber growth and the specific distribution pattern of starch components in granules of clones with reduced GBSS activity. Expression of the antisense GBSS gene from the GBSS promoter resulted in a higher stability of inhibition in tubers of field-grown plants as compared to expression from the 35S CaMV promoter. Field analysis of the transgenic clones indicated that inhibition of GBSS gene expression could be achieved without significantly affecting the starch and sugar content of transgenic tubers, the expression level of other genes involved in starch and tuber metabolism and agronomic characteristics such as yield and dry matter content.

Amylose↗
PubMed2026

Integrating GWAS and Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes for Kernel Starch Quality Traits in Maize.

Maize (Zea mays L.) starch quality is a complex trait with significant implications for grain processing and industrial applications. However, the genetic basis underlying starch quality, particularly for gelatinization and thermodynamic properties, remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated 12 starch quality traits, including seven gelatinization characteristics, four thermodynamic traits, and kernel starch content (KSC) in a diverse panel of 335 maize inbred lines. Considerable phenotypic variation was observed for all traits. A total of 228 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were significantly associated with 12 starch quality traits through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). By integrating a dynamic transcriptome analysis of two maize inbred lines with contrasting starch quality, we identified 60 candidate genes. One gene, waxy1, encoding a starch synthase, was found to be associated with enthalpy of gelatinization (&#x394;Hgel) and pasting temperature (Ptemp). Six variants in waxy1 contributed to natural variation in &#x394;Hgel and Ptemp, and a cost-effective InDel and two PARMS-based molecular markers were developed and validated in 144 maize inbred lines, enabling efficient marker-assisted selection. Our findings provide key genes and molecular markers for high-quality maize breeding with improved starch properties.

Zea mays↗
PubMed1997

Alternatives to albumin: starch replacement for plasma exchange.

Today, albumin, or a combination of saline and albumin, is used and widely accepted as a replacement for routine plasma exchange. However, decreased availability (due to market recalls secondary to Creutzfeld-Jacob or bacterial contamination risk) rising costs, recognition of drug interactions with albumin (i.e., ACE inhibitors) and a fear of disease transmission have led several groups to reconsider the use of colloid starches as partial or full replacement for plasma during plasma exchange. There are two hydroxyethyl starches: hetastarch (Hespan and Pentaspan) currently licensed for human use in the United States. While both are approved for granulocyte collection only Hespan is approved as a plasma volume expander. Anecdotal experience and limited reports in the literature with the use of starches as a replacement for plasma exchange suggest that such starch products are a reasonable replacement for albumin as an initial wash-out fluid or in combination with either albumin or saline. Kinetic modeling of the wash-out of starch used as a replacement fluid demonstrate that relatively little residual starch remains compared to the total amount infused. Hydroxyethyl starches are biochemically similar to glycogen, which likely explains the lack of immunogenicity and lack of adverse reactions. Substantial cost savings are associated with the substitution of starch for albumin. It is concluded that HES is well-tolerated and cost-effective as full or partial volume replacement with plasma exchange. It is anticipated that the use of HES will emerge as a standard of care in apheresis.

Albumins↗
PubMed2006

Microstructural imaging and characterization of the mechanical, chemical, thermal, and swelling properties of starch-chitosan blend films.

Chitosan has wide range of applications as a biomaterial, but barriers still exist to its broader use due to its physical and chemical limitations. The present study evaluated the properties of the polymeric blend films obtained from chitosan and potato starch by the casting/solvent evaporation method. The swelling properties of the different films studied as a function of pH showed that the sorption ability of the blend films increased with the increasing content of starch. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses confirmed that interactions were present between the hydroxyl groups of starch and the amino groups of chitosan in the blend films while the x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the films to exhibit an amorphous character. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that in the blend films, the thermal stability increased with the increasing starch content and the stability of starch and chitosan powders reduced when they were converted to film. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed an endotherm corresponding to water evaporation around 100 degrees C in all the films and an exotherm, corresponding to the decomposition in the chitosan and blend films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations indicated that the blend films were less homogenous and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed the chitosan films to be smooth and homogenous, while the starch films revealed characteristic granular pattern. The blend films exhibited an intermediate character with a slight microphase separation. The starch-chitosan blend films exhibited a higher flexibility and incorporation of potato starch into chitosan films improved the percentage elongation.

Chitosan↗
PubMed1990

Experimental study of starch-induced intraperitoneal adhesions.

The effects of starch on the development of postoperative adhesions were examined in 144 Sprague Dawley rats. Groups of rats were injected intraperitoneally with suspensions of washings from starched gloves, starch-free gloves and starch-poor washed gloves, and after operative manipulation of the bowel. The incidence of adhesions was greatest (78 per cent) after laparotomy and injections of starch-rich washings and least when starch-poor (33 per cent) or starch-free glove suspensions (37 per cent) were used, confirming an advantage for washing gloves or switching to starch-free products.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Nutritional value of broad bean seeds. Part 3: Changes of dietary fibre and starch in the production of commercial flours.

We report on the impact of flour production from small- and large-seed varieties of broad bean on the quantitative and qualitative distribution of dietary fibre and starch. The experimental material consisted of the seeds of small-seed varieties of broad bean: Gobik and Goral, large-seed varieties of broad bean: Windsor Bialy and Bartom, and pea seeds of Albatros, Karat and Miko varieties (for comparison). The seeds were at full physiological maturity. Soaking and hydrothermal processing were shown to cause multidirectional, statistically significant changes in dietary fibre and starch, depending on both parameters of the process and type of the seeds. The flours of both small-seed broad bean varieties contained 20.15%-28.31%, flours of the large-seed broad bean 23.10%-27.50%, and those from pea seeds 20.13%-22.81% total dietary fibre. Attention should be paid to the considerable, approximately 2-fold increase in the soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content, compared to the raw material. The processing of seeds caused significant changes also with reference to starch. The most considerable changes were observed when the variant with the longest times of soaking (18 h) and heating (45 min) was applied. In the broad bean flours, the content of analytically available starch decreased by 22.94-30.60% and its digestibility was observed to decrease up to 30.25%. The pea flours, however, were characterised by an increased concentration of both forms of starch, especially significant for the digestible starch. The calculated content of resistant starch (RS) differentiated, to a high extent, the flours obtained. Under the same processing conditions, the flours of small-seed Gobik and Goral varieties of broad bean were characterised by a significantly higher RS content than those obtained from the large-seed varieties. A decrease in the starch digestibility rate index (SDRI) values, especially high for the small-seed varieties, should also be emphasised. The results obtained indicate that the nutritional value of flours can be determined by controlled processing parameters.

Dietary Fiber↗