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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Suppression of electroencephalogram delta power density during non-rapid eye movement sleep as a result of a prolonged cognitive task prior to sleep onset.

The effects of a prolonged cognitive task prior to sleep onset on subsequent sleep patterns were examined in 14 healthy subjects who were randomly assigned to two conditions. Those assigned to a working condition were asked to engage in a prolonged cognitive task until close to bedtime (0200 hours), whereas those assigned to a relaxing condition were instructed to perform the same task during the daytime and then to stay awake in a relaxed state until the same bedtime as the work group. Visual scoring of sleep stages showed no significant differences in the amounts of stage 4 and slow wave sleep (stage 3+4) between the two conditions. Power spectrum analysis of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed that the EEG delta (0.5-4.0 Hz) power density in the first non-rapid eye movement (REM)-REM sleep cycle was significantly lower following the prolonged cognitive task prior to sleep onset than following the relaxed wakefulness and that the decreased EEG delta power density in the first sleep cycle was not compensated for during the later part of the sleep. These findings would indicate that the prolonged cognitive task prior to sleep onset may suppress EEG delta power density during subsequent sleep, suggesting that such a task may interfere with the development of deep non-REM sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sleep, its subjective perception, and daytime performance in insomniacs with a pattern of alpha sleep.

Intrusion of alpha activity, an electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern typical for wakefulness, into sleep stages has repeatedly been described and investigated in various populations. Some studies suggested that it is a less deep and restorative sleep, but others did not support this interpretation. The present study was carried out to collect ample data on neurophysiology and subjective experience of sleep and on daytime cognitive performance to clarify this point. A sample of 128 primary insomniacs was investigated with polysomnography (PSG) that was submitted to a computerized, automatic analysis of alpha activity during sleep. It yielded two groups of 64 Ss each with a normal, that is, nonalpha sleep EEG and with alpha-sleep, respectively. Contrasting the two groups for PSG showed that alpha sleep Ss had significantly more stage 4 and a (nonsignificant) tendency for more awakenings. Subjectively, they largely underestimated intermittent wake time and consequently overestimated sleep duration by 50 min. The performance test battery showed a difference in one test only, that is, a better short-term memory function by alpha sleep Ss. In conclusion, there was no result supporting the assumption that alpha sleep is less restorative, but a significant lack of perception of intermittent awakenings during night sleep by alpha sleep Ss was found. The authors propose an explanation and point to the implications this misperception might have for the clinician.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed2004

Long sleep and mortality: rationale for sleep restriction.

Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that sleeping >8 h per night is associated with increased mortality. Indeed, the most recent American Cancer Society data of 1.1 million respondents showed that sleeping longer than 7.5 h was associated with approximately 5% of the total mortality of the sample. The excess mortality was found even after controlling for 32 potentially confounding risk factors. Although epidemiologic data cannot prove that long sleep duration causes mortality, there is sufficient evidence to warrant future testing of the hypothesis that mild sleep restriction would decrease mortality in long sleepers. Sleep restriction might resemble dietary restriction as a potential aid to survival. Sleep restriction has several potential benefits besides possible enhanced survival. Acute sleep restriction can have dramatic antidepressant effects. Also, chronic sleep restriction is perhaps the most effective treatment for primary insomnia. Conversely, spending excessive time in bed can elicit daytime lethargy and exacerbate sleep fragmentation, resulting in a vicious cycle of further time in bed and further sleep fragmentation. Sleep restriction may be most beneficial for older adults, who tend to spend excessive time in bed and have more sleep fragmentation compared with young adults.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Are changes in beliefs and attitudes about sleep related to sleep improvements in the treatment of insomnia?

Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep are presumed to play an important mediating role in perpetuating insomnia. The present study evaluated the impact of cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments for insomnia on sleep-related beliefs and attitudes and the relationship between those changes and sleep improvements. The participants were older adults with chronic and primary insomnia. They received cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapy (PCT), combined CBT+PCT (COMB), or a medication placebo (PLA). In addition to daily sleep diaries and sleep laboratory measures, the participants completed the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep scale (DBAS) at baseline and posttreatment, and at 3-, 12- and 24-month follow-up assessments. The results showed that CBT and COMB treatments produced greater improvements of beliefs and attitudes about sleep at posttreatment than PCT and PLA. Reductions of DBAS scores were significantly correlated with improvements of sleep efficiency as measured by daily sleep diaries and by polysomnography. In addition, more adaptive beliefs and attitudes about sleep at posttreatment were associated with better maintenance of sleep improvements at follow-ups. These findings highlight the importance of targeting sleep-related beliefs and attitudes in the treatment of insomnia.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗